Chapter #3: Cells

I.
II.

Prokaryotic Cells: Does not have a nucleus. DNA resides in the middle of the cell
Eukaryotic Cells:
i. Has a central control structure called a nucleus, containing the cells DNA
ii. About 10X larger
iii. Internal structure organized into compartments

I.

Plasma Membrane (all cells)

a. Take in nutrients
b. Dispose waste
c. Build molecules
d. Regulate heat
e. Regulate flow of materials
Structure consists of a Phospholipid bilayer: Contains membrane proteins
Receptor protein
Recognition proteins
Transport proteins
Enzymatic portions
Also contains carbohydrate chains (recognition), and cellulose (structure)

II.

Types of transport:
A. Passive:
1.
a.
b.
2.
a.
b.

Diffusion: Solvent dissolves in a solute, is randomly distributed

Simple diffusion passes through membrane
Facilitated: assisted by carrier molecule (transport proteins)
Osmosis: Water diffusing across a membrane:
Isotonic in balance
Hypotonic
a. Solute concentrations LOWER outside cell
b. Water diffuses into cell
c. Hypertonic
a. Solute concentration higher outside cell
b. Water diffuses out
B. Active transport:
1.
Primary: Uses energy directly from ATP
2.
Secondary: ???
C. Endocytosis:
1.
Phagocytosis cell engulfs a large particle (vesicle)
2.
Pinocytosis cells take in dissolved particles and liquid
3.
Receptor-mediated - receptor proteins bind to a specific particle, then engulf it
D. Exocytosis: - particles are packed in a vesicle. The vesicles outer shell fuses with the cell
membrane. The particles are expelled.

III.

Primary connections between cells:

A. Tight junctions continuous, water-tight seals
B. Desmosomes act like Velcro to fasten cells together
C. Gap junctions pores surrounded by special proteins that form an open channel between 2
cells

IV.

9 characteristics of eukaryotic cells:

A. Nucleus
1.
Largest, most prominent organelle
2.
2 functions:
a. Genetic control center
b. Storehouse for hereditary info
3.
Chromatin: thin fibers of DNA inside the nucleus
4.
Nucleolus
a. Area near the center or the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
B. Cytoplasm
C. Cytoskeleton:
1.
Inner scaffolding
2.
Provides shape and support
3.
Controls traffic flow
4.
Enables movement
D. Cilia and Flagellum - control movement
E. Mitochondria: Energy converters
1.
Dual walls
2.
Endosymbiosis
F. Lysomes garbage disposals, contain digestive enzymes and acids
G. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Modifies proteins to be shipped to other locations, has
ribosomes
H. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies molecules, no ribosomes
I. Golgi Apparatus: processes products for distribution throughout the body (outside the cell)

V.

Plant cell walls: Provide additional support

A. Vacuoles: multipurpose storage sacs
1.
Nutrient storage
2.
Waste management
3.
Predator deterrence
4.
Sexual reproduction
5.
Physical support
B. Chloroplast:
1.
Site of photosynthesis
a. Thylakoids collect light for photosynthesis