PEC DC DC Converters

POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS
FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA (fernando@isec.pt)

MARINA S. D. PERDIGO (perdigao@isec.pt)
EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO
Course Contents:
1. Overview on Power Electronics Devices (Prof. Fernando Ferreira)
2. Rectifiers (Prof. Marina Perdigo)
3. DC-DC Converters (Prof. Marina Perdigo)
4. Inverters (Prof. Fernando Ferreira)
5. Back-to-back and Matrix Converters (Prof. Fernando Ferreira)
6. Resonant Converters (Prof. Marina Perdigo)
7. Auxiliary Circuits: Drive and Snubber Circuits (Prof. Fernando Ferreira)
9. Power Converter Modelling, Simulation and Control Basics
Course Organization:
- Theoretical Lectures;
- Laboratorial Classes (Exercises, Simulations, Experiments);
- Personal Support at the Professor office/chamber.
Course Evaluation:
- 60% for the written exam
- 40% for the laboratory work
DC-DC POWER CONVERTERS

Buck, Boost and Buck-boost
DC-DC conversion?
Single-phase or
three-phase
rectifier
Buck
Boost
Buck-boost
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion
Purpose: regulated output voltage
The average output voltage must be
controlled to be equal to a desired level,
though the input voltage and the output
load may fluctuate;
In a switch-mode dc-dc converter with a
given input voltage the average output
voltage is controlled by controlling the
switch on and off durations therefore,
the average output voltage depends on
and
= ; = 1
DC-DC conversion
Purpose: regulated output voltage
The average output voltage must be
controlled to be equal to a desired level,
though the input voltage and the output
load may fluctuate;
In a switch-mode dc-dc converter with a
given input voltage the average output
voltage is controlled by controlling the
switch on and off durations therefore,
the average output voltage depends on
and
Switching a constant frequency and simply
adjusting the on duration of the switch is
called pulse-width-modulation
= ; = 1
The switch duty ratio is defined as the

ratio of the on duration to the switching
time period
PWM switching scheme
Note: The frequency of the sawtooth dictates the value

of the switching frequency of the converter (typically
few kHz to a few hundred kHz)
= ; = 1
10
DC-DC conversion
average value of the output voltage
1
=
()
0
1
=
+
0 =
0
= ; = 1
11
DC-DC converters:
Buck
1. Step-down converter: buck converter;

2. Step-up converter: boost converter;
3. Step-up, step down converter: buck-boost;

4. Isolated dc-dc converters;
Boost
Flyback converter;
Forward converter.
Buck-boost
12
1. Buck converter
General remarks:
The circuit operates in steady-state:
all voltages and current are periodic
and ending at the same points over
one switching period;
C is very large resulting in constant
output voltage = ;
At first current in is assumed to be
continuous;
The circuit is assumed to be lossless
( = )
13
1. Buck converter
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
14
1. Buck converter
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch OFF
15
1. Buck converter
The output voltage fluctuations are

diminished by using a low-pass filter,
consisiting of an inductor and a
capacitor:
corresponds to the input of the low-pass
filter, which consists of a dc component and the
harmonics at the switching frequency and its
multiples
If the corner frequency of the filter is selected to
be much lower than the switching-frequency, the
ripple will be essentially eliminated
16
1. Buck converter
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch OFF
17
1. Buck converter
SWITCH CLOSED:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in
+ = 0 =
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch OFF
18
1. Buck converter
SWITCH OPEN:
current in
+ = 0 =
(1 )
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch OFF
19
1. Buck converter
=0
(1 )

= 0
=
voltage conversion ratio
=
=
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch OFF
20
1. Buck converter
average value of the inductance voltage
() =
0
+
0
=0
1 = 0
21
1. Buck converter
maximum and minimum values of the inductor current
= +
1 1
=
+
2
= =
= = =
22
1. Buck converter
Output voltage ripple
=
=
2
2
2
=
=
=
(1 )
8 2
(1 )
=
8 2
23
1. Buck converter
Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)
=0
2
24
1. Buck converter

=0
2
Example of
discontinuous
conduction
25
1. Buck converter

26
1. Buck converter

when = 0.5
1
= =
2
=

=
=
1
2
2
2
During an operation
condition (with a given
values of , , , and
, if the average output
current (and hence the
average inductor
current) becomes less
than , then
becomes discontinuous
27
1. Buck converter
For given constant values of , , and , if the output

load power is decreased (i.e., the load resistance goes up),
then the average inductor current will decrease.
Example of
discontinuous
conduction
This dictates a higher value of than before and results in

a discontinuous current
28
1. Buck converter
For given constant values of , , and , if the output

load power is decreased (i.e., the load resistance goes up),
then the average inductor current will decrease.
This dictates a higher value of than before and results in
a discontinuous current
Example of
discontinuous
conduction
1 = 0
1
= = =
2
=
=
=
+ 1
If is constant

=
=
1
2
2
2
Or
( + 1 <1)
The maximum value of occurs at = 0.5
If is constant
=

=
=
1
2
2
2
The maximum value of occurs at = 0
29
1. Buck converter
30
1. Buck converter
31
2. Boost converter
32
2. Boost converter
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
33
2. Boost converter
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
34
2. Boost converter
SWITCH CLOSED:
current in
= 0 =

Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
35
2. Boost converter
SWITCH OPEN:
current in
+ = 0 =
(1 )

Equivalent
=
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
36
2. Boost converter
=0
(1 )
+
= 0
1
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
37
2. Boost converter
The ideal boost converter is capable of

producing any output voltage greater
than the input voltage
=0
(1 )
+
= 0
In the real converter the inductor current

( = ) flows through the semiconductor
forward voltage drops, the inductor winding
resistance and other sources of power
losses. As approaches 1, becomes very
large and these components non-idealities
lead to large power losses. As consequence
the efficiency of the converter decreases
rapidly at high duty ratio
1
=
1
38
2. Boost converter
= +

=
+
2
(1 )2
2
2
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
39
2. Boost converter
average value of the inductor current
2
= = = =
=
1 2
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
40
2. Boost converter

=
=
41
2. Boost converter
=0
2
42
2. Boost converter

=
=
1
2
2
2
= (1 )
when = 0.5
when =

1
2
1
3
During an operation
condition (with a given
values of , for a
constant ,and for a
given , if the average
output current drops
below and hence the
average inductor current
becomes less than ,
then becomes
discontinuous
43
2. Boost converter
Example of
discontinuous
conduction
The discontinuous current conduction occurs due to the

decrease of the output load power, hence the average
inductor current will decrease - = and =
(considering , = ).
Since the peak inductor current remains the same in both

modes, but is lower, (this current is now discontinuous )
this implies that a higher value of is required
1 ( ) = 0
=
( + 1 <1)
1 +
=
44
2. Boost converter
Example of
discontinuous
conduction
The average input current which is also equal to the

average inductor current:

(1 + )
2
2 1
1 ( ) = 0
=
( + 1 <1)
1 +
=
1
=
1 +
45
2. Boost converter
If is held constant and must vary in response to the

variation in it is more useful to obtain the required
duty ratio as a function of the load current for various
values of /
46
3. Buck-boost converter
The buck-boost converter is used when

a negative polarity may be desired with
respect to the common terminal of the
input voltage
This converter can be obtained by the
cascade connection of a buck and a
boost converter and the voltage
conversion ratio can be obtained by
multiplying the two voltage ratios
(assuming that the switches in both
converters have the same duty ratio)
47
Buck
Boost
1
=
1
The buck-boost converter is used when

a negative polarity may be desired with
respect to the common terminal of the
input voltage
This converter can be obtained by the
cascade connection of a buck and a
boost converter and the voltage
conversion ratio can be obtained by
multiplying the two voltage ratios
(assuming that the switches in both
converters have the same duty ratio)
Buck-boost
1
=
48
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
49
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
50
SWITCH CLOSED:
current in
= 0 =

Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
51
SWITCH OPEN:
current in
= 0 =
(1 )
=
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
52
The ideal buck-boost converter is

capable of producing any output
voltage greater or smaller than the
input voltage, depending on the duty
ratio of the switch
=0
(1 )

= 0
If > 0.5, the output is larger than the

input, and if < 0.5, the output is smaller
than the input (the circuit combines the
capabilities of the buck and of the boost
converter)
Polarity reversal of the output may be a
disadvantage in some applications
The source is never directly connected to
the load
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
53
=0
(1 )

= 0
1
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
54
=0
(1 )

= 0
average value of the inductance voltage
() =
0
+
0
=0
1 = 0
55
= = =
=
1
=
2
= = = =
=
=

1 2
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
56
= +

=
+
2
(1 )2
2
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
OFF
57

=0
2
1 2
=
2
58


=
=
1
2
2
2

=
1
2
when = 0
when = 0
59

=
=
60

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POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS

FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA (fernando@isec.pt)

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

DC-DC POWER CONVERTERS

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

The switch duty ratio is defined as the

PWM switching scheme

Note: The frequency of the sawtooth dictates the value

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

1. Step-down converter: buck converter;

3. Step-up, step down converter: buck-boost;

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

The output voltage fluctuations are

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

average value of the inductance voltage

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

maximum and minimum values of the inductor current

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

Output voltage ripple

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

For given constant values of , , and , if the output

This dictates a higher value of than before and results in

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

For given constant values of , , and , if the output

voltage conversion ratio

The maximum value of occurs at = 0.5

The maximum value of occurs at = 0

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

The ideal boost converter is capable of

In the real converter the inductor current

voltage conversion ratio

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

maximum and minimum values of the inductor current

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO

average value of the inductor current

EMMC-STEPS * POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS * FERNANDO J. T. E. FERREIRA & MARINA S. D. PERDIGO