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Pediatrics

TaylorKominek

EnglishIIIHonors
Mr.Piatak
February27,2014

Kominek2
TaylorKominek
Mr.Piatak
EnglishIIIHonors
February27,2014
Pediatrics
Aboutsevenbillionpeoplelivesimultaneouslyaroundtheworld.Fromthoseseven
billionpeople,approximately48%findthemselveswithintheagegroupsofnewborntoyoung
adult(CIA).Thesegroupsrequireaspecifictypeofhealthcareduetotheongoingchangesthat
developineachindividual.Thosewhofindthemselvesinoneoftheseagegroupstypically
requirestheservicesofapediatrician.Thesespecialtypesofmedicalphysiciansworkhardto
ensureeachchildreceivesthefullamountofcareneededtohelpthemgrow.Thehardwork
thesedoctorsputforthservestocreatehealthyadultswithbetterlifestylesforfuturegenerations.
Withoutpediatricians,childrenallovertheworldwouldnotobtainthepropercareandnutrition
theirbodiesneed.Pursuingacareerinpediatricsincludesattendingmedicalschoolaftercollege,
thenmovingontoaresidencyprogrampertainingtochildhealth,devotingtimeandefforttoget
thepropereducation,andprovidingcareforinfants,children,adolescents,andyoungadults.
Inordertobecomeapediatrician,onemustgothroughmanyyearsofschoolingand
training.Studentsusuallystartbyreceivingacollegeeducationaftertheycompletehighschool.
Theseyoungadultswilltypicallyspendfouryearsincollegebeforemovingontomedical
school(RequirementsforBecomingaPhysician).PopularuniversitiesinNorthCarolinathat
featurestrongmedicalprogramsincludeUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotteandEast
CarolinaUniversity("ParticipatingMedicalSchoolsinNorthCarolina").Bothoftheseschools

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providetheproperguidanceandeducationneededtopreparestudentsfortheirfuturecareersin
themedicalfield.
TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,foundedin1946,locatedeightmilesfrom
uptownCharlotteandhometoover26,000students,standsasthesecondlargestschoolinthe
UniversityofNorthCarolinaschoolsystem(UNCC).ItfeaturesitsownCollegeofHealthand
HumanServiceswhichservestopreparestudentsforthefutureaheadofthemandeducatesthem
onthedifferentaspectsofmedicalandhealthsciences.Theyfocusontheeducationandresearch
aspectsofmedicalhealthandreachforadvancementsinallareasconcerningmedicalhealth
studies(UNCC).Studentswhoattendthiscollegewillfeelwellpreparedfortheirfuture
endeavorsduetotheeducationtheyreceiveatthisuniversity.
EastCarolinaUniversity,locatedinGreenville,NorthCarolina,providesmanydiverse
opportunitiesfortheirstudentpopulation.Theuniversityincludesmanydifferentprograms
pertainingtoeducationinthemedicalfieldforstudentstogainunderstandingonthesubject.The
BrodySchoolofMedicine,partofEastCarolinaUniversity,aimstoeducatethoseinterestedin
pursuinganeducationinhealthstudiesandusesanoriginalstyleofteachingtofurtherprepare
studentsforacareerinmedicine(ECU).Thiscollegeprovidesaninformativeandinteresting
educationforallpeoplewhodecidetoattend.
Byobtaininganundergraduateeducation,studentswillreceiveaBachelorofScienceor
BachelorofArtsdegreewithastrongemphasisoncertainclassesusuallypertainingtoscience
(RequirementsforBecomingaPhysician).Examplesofdifferentcoursesincludegeneraland
organicchemistry,biology,physics,biochemistry,calculus,andstatistics.However,many
medicalschoolsliketoseestudentstakepartinvolunteerprogramsathospitalsandclinicsas

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wellasdisplayincreasedknowledgeinotherareasofscienceandmedicalresearch(UNCC).
Aftercompletionofthefouryearsatauniversity,studentstaketheMedicalSchoolAdmission
Test(MCAT)toachieveacceptanceintomedicalschoolaroundeighteenmonthsbeforethey
planonapplying(Bostwicketal).MostschoolsrequirestudentstotaketheMCATbeforethey
allowacceptanceintomedicalschool.Thisparticulartestincludesmultiplechoicesectionson
differentscienceandcognitiveskills.Themainpurposeofthisexamaimstoseeifstudents
understandtheitemsnecessaryformedicalschool(MedicalCollegeAdmissionTest
(MCAT)).Thistestallowsstudentstotakeastepfurthertowardafutureinmedicine.
OnceastudentcompletesandsuccessfullypassestheMCAT,theybecomeeligiblefor
acceptanceintomedicalschool.Thisprocessbeginswithresearchondifferentmedicalschools
thatmaysoundinterestingtostudents.Moststudentssendintheirapplicationsduringthe
summerorearlyfall,althoughspecificdeadlinesdependontheschools.Thosewhowishtoenter
medicalschoolmustalsopreparethemselvesfortheamountoftime,work,andmoneythat
schoolrequires(Bostwicketal).Fortunately,formanystudents,theAmericanMedical
Associationprovidesavarietyofdifferentwaysthatstudentscangainfinancialaidtohelppay
forthedebtthataccumulatesfrommedicalschool(RequirementsforBecomingaPhysician).
Thiseasesthestrainputonstudentsandgivesthemachancetomoveforwardintheircareer
choice.
MoreexamplesoftopmedicalschoolsinNorthCarolinaincludeWakeForestUniversity
andUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill.Manyindividualsconsiderthesetwoschoolsas
someofthemostprestigiousinthecountry("ParticipatingMedicalSchoolsinNorthCarolina").
WakeForestUniversity,locatedinWinstonSalem,consistentlyfindsitselfoneofthetop

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twentyfiveschoolsintheUnitedStates.Itprovidesstudentswiththeattentionrequiredfortheir
educationandgivesthemthechancetopursuestudiespertainingtotheirinterests(WFU).The
UniversitycontainsitsownSchoolofMedicinewhichdedicatesitselftoteachingstudentsthe
differentelementsofbecomingaphysicianandleadingthemthroughthevariousresponsibilities
andcareerchoicesthattheycanchoosetoseekaftermedicalschool.Italsoleadsstudents
throughtheDoctorofMedicineprogramwhichputsastrongfocusonresearch,patientcare,and
educationtoprovideafullyengagingexperience("SchoolofMedicine").Thisuniversityworks
towardcreatinganunderstandingofallaspectsofhealthstudiesinorderfortheirstudentstofeel
wellpreparedfortheircareerinthemedicalfield.
TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,knownasthecountrysfirstpublic
universityandlocatedinChapelHill,NorthCarolina,hasbecomeoneofthemostwellknown
schoolsintheworld,earningcreditforitsvarietyofopportunitiesprovidedandthechallenges
studentsfaceandlearntoovercomeeveryday(UNC).ItalsofeaturesitsownSchoolofMedicine
whosestudentsandstaffworkhardtofurthereducatethemselvesinthefieldofmedicine.The
DoctorofMedicineprogramofferedattheSchoolofMedicineensuresthateachstudentreceives
fouryearsofmedicaltrainingandeducationtogainknowledgeindifferentareasofresearchand
anunderstandingofpatientcarebeforestartingacareerasaphysician.Studentsthencontinue
learningmoreabouttheirjobandstrivetowardprovidinghealthcaretothoseinneed("UNC
ChapelHillSchoolofMedicine").ThoseinattendanceatUNClearnfromtheirstudiesandwork
throughchallengeseverydaytomoveforwardtowardtheirgoalofearningaspotinthemedical
field.
Medicalschoolconsistsoffouryearsofschoolaftercollege.Thefirstandsecondyear

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generallyincludebasicschoolingonclassroomandlaboratoryeducationwhichincludesthe
basicsciencesandclinicalrotations.Studentslearnbasicskillstobecomeaphysiciansuchas
performinganexaminationandmakingacorrectdiagnosisonapatientaswellaslearninghow
tocommunicateproperlywiththeirpatients.Thethirdyearfocusesonrotationsinvolvingthe
differentaspectsofbecomingaphysicianalongwiththeotherareasofmedicineonemightfind
themselvesinterestedinpursuing.Thelastyearinvolvestrainingandinternshipstofullyprepare
studentsforthecareersaheadofthemandachievetwopartsofcompletionoftheUnitedStates
MedicalLicensingExamination(Bostwicketal).Thesefouryearsofmedicalschoolprovide
studentswithnecessaryeducationandexperienceforenteringthemedicalworkfield.
Afterfouryearsofmedicalschool,studentsearntheirDoctorofMedicinedegreeand
starttraininginaresidencyprogram.Theseprogramscanlastanywherefromthreetoseven
yearsandprovideresidentswiththeopportunitytotrainunderseniorphysicianeducators
(RequirementsforBecomingaPhysician).Byenteringintothepediatricprogram,residents
signonforthreemoreyearsoftraining.Moststartwithevaluatingthedifferenttypesof
residenciesonecanchoosethatsuitstheirparticularinterest.Studentsthenfilloutapplications
fortheirdesiredresidencyprogramwhichinvolvesaresume,personalstatement,lettersof
recommendation,medicalschooltranscripts,andMedicalLicensingExaminationscores.These
applicationsrequireelectronicsubmission.Directorsoftheresidencyprogramslookoverthe
applicationsandofferinterviewsforthosetheyconsidergoodchoicesfortheirprogram.Once
onecompletestheirinterviews,theymoveontotheNationalResidentMatchingProgramwhere
studentslisttheirdesiredprogramsanddirectorssubmitalistofthoseeligiblefortheresidency
programs(Bostwicketal).Studentsmustworktoprovetheirfullpotentialinorderforthemto

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earnaplaceintheirspecifiedresidencyprogram.
Throughoutthethreeyearsofmedicaltraininginpediatricsaftermedicalschool,
residentslearnthroughexperienceandrotationsinwhichtheydiscoverindepthinformationon
pediatrics.Themaingoalofpediatricresidencytrainingaimstopreparestudentstobecomea
generalpediatricianandprovidecareforthosewithintheagegroupsofnewborntoyoungadult.
Residentsbecomeeducatedincontinuityofcareforpatients,carefornewborns,subspecialty
areasofpediatrics,andhealthcarefinancing.ThethirdpartoftheUnitedStatesMedical
LicensingExaminationtakesplaceduringthefirstorsecondyearofresidencytraining.This
helpsresidentsgaineligibilityforamedicallicense.Somealsochoosetobecomeboardcertified
whichrequiresgraduationfrommedicalschool,completionofaresidencytrainingprogram,
possessingverificationofcompletion,holdingavalidmedicallicense,andpassingawritten
examination(Bostwicketal).Oncetheycompletetheireducativeexperience,general
pediatriciansstarttheircareerinthepediatricfield.
Generalpediatricianshaveamultitudeofresponsibilitiesforwhichtheymustwork
towardtofulfill.AccordingtoBostwick,theirmainfocusdetailsthephysical,emotional,and
mentalhealthofinfants,children,andadolescents.Thedutiesofageneralpediatricianinclude
thediagnosisofacuteandchronicdisordersinchildrenalongwithhealthsupervisiontohelp
childrenmaintainhealthyandnutritionallifestyles(Bostwicketal).Thisprovidescontinuityfor
boththedoctorsandtheirpatientsduetotheongoingcarethatpediatricianssupplyforthe
childrenthatvisitthem.Generalpediatriciansusuallyhelpchildrenwithcommonillnessesand
otherchildhooddiseasessuchascolds,earaches,vomiting,diarrhea,andepilepsy.Whenfaced
withamoreseriousdisorder,pediatricianswillworkwithparentsandsubspecialiststohelpthe

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childreceivethepropermedicalcaretheyneed.Anotherimportantaspectofworkingasa
pediatricianincludeshelpingchildrenworktowardactivelifestyles(Locketal).Thesignificance
apediatricianhasonachildslifeshowsthroughthedevelopmentanddailyhealthofthechild.
Pediatriciansmustalsomaintainacloserelationshipwithboththeirpatientsandthe
familiesofthesechildren.Thesedoctorsworkcloselywiththeirpatientsfrombirth,givingthem
thepropercareandimmunizationsnecessaryfortheirhealthduetotheimportanceof
maintaininghealthinessatsuchayoungage(Locketal).Parentscanalsoreceiveinformation
andguidanceonwhattheirchildrenneedinregardstokeepingahealthydietandexercise,or
whattodoiftheirchildshouldbecomeill.Withinthefirstfiveyearsofababy'sbirth,parents
needtovisittheirpediatricianaroundfifteentimesforcheckupsandimmunizationsfor
diphtheria,tetanus,pertussis,poliomyelitis,hepatitisB,HaemophilusinfluenzaetypeB,
measles,meningitis,mumps,rubella,andvaricella(Sears).Aftertakingcareofthesevaccines,
parentsmustkeepacomfortablerelationshipwiththeirchildspediatriciantoensuretheirchilds
healthinessthroughouttheirchildhoodandintotheiradolescence.
Workingasapediatricianprovestohavepositiveeffectsonthosewhoworkinthefield.
InaninterviewwithDr.MeeraGallagher,sheexplainshowpediatricmedicinehasimpactedher
lifeandhowshefeelstowardtheprofessionincludingimportantaspectsofthejobthataspiring
pediatriciansshouldknow.Shebelievessomeofthemostcrucialpartstobecominga
pediatricianincludetravelingtheworldandlearningaboutmanydifferentculturestobecome
moreunderstandingofothersandmaintainingahumbleattitudewhenworkingwithpatientsand
otherdoctors.Shealsostatesthatvolunteeringandlivingasarolemodeleachcontributeto
pursuingacareerinpediatrics.

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AccordingtoBostwick,mostpediatriciansfindtheirjobdeeplyrewardingandfeel
satisfiedwiththeircareerchoice.Dr.Gallagherstatesthatthemostsatisfyingaspectofworking
asapediatricianincludeshelpingchildrenstayhealthyandwatchingthemastheycontinueto
grow.However,shedescribesworkingwithrulesfromthirdparties,suchasinsurance
companiesandhospitals,asthemostdifficultpartofherjobduetothelimitsitputsoncarethat
canbeprovidedforchildreninneed.Shespendsroughly3040hoursworkingtowardschild
healthandkeepingfamiliesandchildreninformedonhowtheycanleadhealthylifestyles.
Pediatricianssimilartoherhaveleadtohealthierchildrenaroundtheworldwhichstrengthens
theneedforthoseinterestedinchildhealth.
Demandforpediatricianshasincreasedduetomanydifferentfactorssuchasbetter
accesstohealthcareandadvancementsintechnology.Increasingnumbersinmedicallycomplex
patientsandchildrenbornwithdisordersanddiseaseshasalsoleadtoaboostindemandfor
pediatriciansandchildhealthsubspecialists.Improvementsintechnologythroughouttheyears
havehelpedleadchildrentohighersurvivalratesandlowerdeathrates(Bostwicketal).
AccordingtoBostwick,pediatricianscontinuetobeinfluencedbyfactorssuchasgeographical
andclinicalcharacteristicsoffamilies,advancesinmedicineandtechnology,evolvinghealth
caresystems,andworkforcedynamics.
Likemostcareers,pediatricshasissuesconcerningthejobanditsdoctorsandpatients.
Themainproblemswithinthisfieldincludethechildrenwhodonothaveaccesstopediatriccare
orlackmoneytohavetheabilitytoreceivehelpwhentheyfallill.Childreninthesesituations
bornwithspecialneedsorchronicdisordersdonotreceivethenecessarytreatmenttohelpthem
growandkeepthemsafe(Bostwicketal).Dr.Gallagheralsostatesthatotherissues

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pediatriciansfaceincludeparentsrefusingtogivetheirchildrenthepropervaccinationsto
protectthemfromdangerousandlethaldiseasestheycancontractasyoungchildren.
Thosewhowishtofurthertheireducationinpediatricshavetheopportunitytopursue
internshipsindifferentsubspecialtiesofthefield.Pediatricsubspecialtiesrequiredevotiontoa
certainareaofmedicalcareandaddedtrainingandexaminationsneededforboardcertification.
Theseincludeawiderangeofareasthatpediatricianscanspecializeintofocusononeparticular
aspectofchildhealth.Pediatricsubspecialistsincludeagespecificgeneralists,acutecare
specialists,organspecificspecialists,andnonorganspecificspecialists(Bostwicketal).
Throughthis,physicianscanhaveanunderstandingofthebasicsinpediatricsallwhiledirecting
theirattentiontoaparticularspecialty.
Someofthemanypediatricsubspecialtiesincludepediatrichematologyoncology,
pediatricneurology,andneonatology.Pediatrichematologyoncologyencompassesthecareof
childrenwithcancerandhematologicdisorders.Aftercompletionofresidencytrainingand
examinations,pediatriciansmustfinishthreetofiveadditionalyearsoftrainingtoenterintothe
fieldofpediatrichematologyoncology.Theyworkindifferentaspectsofpatientcareforthe
firstthreeyearsofrequiredinstructionandthenmoveontodevotingthenexttwooptionalyears
toresearchinthefield.Oncetheyhavecompletedthemandatorytrainingandeducation,
pediatricianstakeanexamination,givenbytheSubboardofHematologyOncologyofthe
AmericanBoardofPediatrics,toachievecertificationasapediatrichematologistoncologist
(Buchanan).Onceoneachievesboardcertification,theycanstartspecializingtheirskillsand
workspecificallyaroundoneparticularaspectofpediatrics.
Thosewhoworkinthefieldofpediatrichematologyoncologyfindthemselvesdealing

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withthecareofchildrenandadolescentswhohavecancerorhematologicdisorders.These
mostlyincludegeneticdisorderssuchassicklecelldisease,hemolyticanemias,hemophiliaand
cancerssuchasacutelymphoblasticleukemiaandembryonaltumors.Theseillnessesrequire
physicianswithspecialmedicaltrainingtocorrectlyevaluateandprovidetreatmentforthe
childrenwhotheycontinuallyaffecteveryday.Pediatrichematologistoncologistsworkhardto
ensurethatthefieldprovidesbeneficialcaretowardchildrenandtoincreasetheknowledge
goingintothefieldbycontinuingimportantresearch.Thoughthisfieldmayseemdepressing,
manyspecialistsarguethattheyfeelrewardedaftercaringforthoseaffectedduetotheincrease
insurvivalratesforchildhoodcancer(Buchanan).Doctorsworkinginthisfieldservetotreat
childrenwithhematologicoroncologicissuesandhelpthemregaintheirhealth.
Pediatricneurology,anothertypeofsubspecialtyinthefieldofpediatrics,specializesin
issuesthatchildrenhaveconcerningthenervoussystem.Similartoothersubspecialists,pediatric
neurologistsmustcompletefouryearsofmedicalschoolandthreeyearsofresidencytrainingto
receivecertificationasapediatrician.Thesemedicaldoctorsmustthencontinuetheireducation
bycompletingaminimumofthreemoreyearsstudyingadultandchildrenspsychology.
PediatricneurologistsusuallyachieveboardcertificationfromboththeAmericanBoardof
PediatricsandtheAmericanBoardofPsychiatryandNeurology("WhatIsaChild
Neurologist?").Thiseducationallowsmedicaldoctorstohaveadeeperunderstandingofhow
theycanhelpchildrenwithillnessespertainingtothenervoussystemandworkwiththeir
primarypediatricianstoensuretheyreceivenecessarycare.
Pediatricneurologistsdealwithillnessesrelatedtothenervoussystemwhichincludesthe
brain,spinalcord,muscles,andnerves.Thewiderangeofillnessesanddisorderspediatric

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neurologistsattendtoincludeseizuredisorders,headinjuriesandbraintumors,nervemuscle
disorders,headaches,behavioraldisorderssuchasattentiondeficit/hyperactivitydisorder
(ADHD)andautism,developmentaldisorders,intellectualdisability,andhydrocephalus.They
usetheirmedicalknowledgeofeachproblemandworktofindwaystodiagnoseandtreattheir
patients.However,somechildrencallforcontinuousmedicalcareregardingproblemswiththe
nervoussystemandrequiremedicalattentionthroughouttheirchildhoodandintotheir
adolescenceduetochronicillnessessuchasepilepsy,birthdefects,ormentalretardation("What
IsaChildNeurologist?").Pediatricneurologistsusetheirknowledgeofthenervoussystemto
helpchildrenwithrelatedissuesandprovidethemwithmedicaltreatmentaccordingtotheir
specificailment.
Inadditiontothetwopreviouslystatedsubspecialties,neonatologyspecializesinthecare
ofnewbornbabiesbornprematureorthosewhohaveseriousillnessesorinjuriesatbirth.
Althoughgeneralpediatriciansusuallyhandlenewborns,neonatologistsstepinwhensituations
becomecomplicatedandrisky.Similartopediatrichematologistoncologistsandneurologists,
neonatologistsmustcompletethenecessaryfouryearsofmedicalschoolandthreeyearsof
residencytrainingtoenterintothefieldofpediatrics("WhatIsaNeonatologist?").Furthermore,
generalpediatricianswhowishtopursueneonatologymustthencompletethreeyearspreparing
inNeonatalPerinatalMedicinetoaccomplishcertificationbytheAmericanBoardofPediatrics
SubboardofNeonatalPerinatalMedicine("PediatricNeonatology").Educationinthisfield
preparesfutureneonatologistsfortheirfutureinthepracticeofthisspecializedfield.
Mostneonatologistsworkinthenewbornintensivecareunitaswellasspecialcare
nurseriestoensureprematurebabiesreceivethecareandattentionneededtoprotectthehealthof

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thebaby.Neonatologistsworkwithnewbornswhohaveconditionssuchasbreathingdisorders
andbirthdefectsandtreatthemaccordingtotheirsymptoms.Theyalsomanagethespecifictype
ofcareandnourishmentneededforthenewborntokeepithealthyandgrowing.Ifbothmother
andchildfaceproblemsduringbirth,aneonatologistwillstepinandintervenethroughoutthe
delivery,especiallyincasesofacesareansection.Alongwithdealingwithcriticalmedical
problems,neonatologistsalsoworkcloselywithpediatriciansandfamilyphysicianstokeepeach
otheruptodateconcerningtheconditionofthebabyandwhetherornotitshealthprogressesor
deteriorates("WhatIsaNeonatologist?").Thesespecificdoctorsplayanimportantrolein
regardstobabiesbyworkingtotakecareofprematureandinjurednewbornsandgivethema
chancetolivelong,healthylives.
Althoughadvancementsintechnologyandmedicinehaveleadtoincreasedsurvivalrates
andlowerdeathrates,childrenwillalwaysneedpediatricianstoguidethemthroughouttheir
childhoodandadolescence.Theirimportancetowardchildrenworldwidecontinuestoproveits
significancethroughthelivesofhealthychildrenwhocangrowuptofulfilltheirambitionsas
adultsduetobeneficialdecisionsmadeearlierinlife.Pediatriciansworkhardeachdaytoensure
childrenandadolescentsestablishlifeskillsforproperdevelopmentandcontinuetomake
healthychoicesthroughouttherestoftheirlives.

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