Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A PROJECT REPORT ON
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ABDULLAH
MOHAMMED JAWAD HUSSAIN
SUFIAN ASHER KHAN
SYED AAMER HUSSAIN
SYED ABDUL HANNAN
SYED MUSHTAQ HUSSAIN SAJJAD
MOHAMMADABDUL RAHEEM
08E01A0102
08E01A0120
08E01A0139
08E01A0140
08E01A0141
08E01A0152
09E05A0103
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mir Mujahid Ali H.O.D of
Civil Engineering Department for having permitted us to carry out this project work.
Needless to mention that, Mr. S. Khalid Hashmi, Assistant vice-president of
Kirby Building India(P) Ltd, who had been a source of inspiration and for his
timely guidance in the conduct of our project work, I take this opportunity to thank for
his guidance toward us throughout the project period.
I take this opportunity to thank Mr. Syed Muneer Hussain, G.M Associates for
his esteem guidance and support throughout the project period during the program
would be nothing without the enthusiasm and imagination from you.
I acknowledge the untiring of Mr. S. Khalid Hashmi (External Guide) for his
excellent guidance without which the completion of this project would have been
impossible. His continuous encouragement and support has always been an
inspiration and a source of energy for us. We thank him for all of his valuable time,
effort and help. Without which the project could not have been completed.
The Materialization of ideas and views of the project work has been valuable
contributing of numerous friends and academics in the form of selfless criticism, well
wishes and above all words of inspiration. I am deeply indebted to all of them for
their support and guidance and sincerely thank each of them. Also my sincere thanks
to all other people who were directly or indirectly associated with the same in any
other way.
CONTENTS
PAGE N0
INTRODUTION
MODULE I
1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
2. INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT STATE DESIGN
25
3. ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED
31
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
4. DESIGN OF SLABS
80
5. DESIGN OF BEAMS
96
6. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
132
7. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
152
8. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
168
178
MODULE II
10. INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURES
179
185
189
205
215
238
252
267
273
275
MODULE III
20. ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES OF R.C.C MEMBERS
276
294
22. CONCLUSION
297
INTRODUCTION
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new
building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economics of nations,
and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building
designers and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope
demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in past. They
must serve more purposes, last longer and require less maintenance and repair. As in
past they must look more attractive. Yet, both building construction and operation
cost must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease. To meet
this challenge successfully continual improvement in building design and construction
must be made.
One advance of note to building design is the adaption of operation research,
or system design and comparison of different type constructions. In the past, design of
a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building.
Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare
occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation. It is a precise
procedure that guides creativity towards the best decisions. As a result, it can play
significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity
and costs.
I. PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and the
ground that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment
performance of human activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination
of these.
Building design is the process of providing all information necessary for
construction of a building that will meet its owners requirements and also satisfy
public health, welfare, and safety requirements. Architecture is the art and science of
building design. Building design and construction is the process of assembling
members and materials to form a building.
Architects are persons legally permitted to practice architecture. Engineers
are experts in specific scientific disciplines and are legally permitted to design parts of
buildings; in some cases, complete buildings. Building construction is generally
performed by laborers and crafts people engaged for the purpose by an individual or
organization, called a contractor.
additional task of retaining the earth along the outside of the building. The
superstructure in such cases is erected atop the foundation walls
The first method has got the limitation that will be economical only up to 2 to
3 storey's. With composite construction technique, the economy is achieved even if 6
storey's or more has to be necessarily dealt with framed type of construction.
ADVANTAGES OF FRAMED CONSTRUCTION OVER OTHER TYPES
1)
2)
3)
4)
MODULE I
1.1 CONCRETE:
Concrete is a composite material consisting of cement, aggregate and water in
suitable proportions. The chemical interaction between cement and water binds the
aggregates in to a solid mass. Fresh concrete will be plastic, so that it can be moulded
to any desired shape in the moulds and compacted to form a dense mass. Water has to
be applied for few days over the concrete surface soon after its setting because the
hydration reactions between cement and water continue for a longer period due to
which hardening of concrete takes place. This period when concrete is kept moist
during which concrete gains strength is called curing period. Hence, the strength of
concrete increases with age. The process of solidification of concrete from plastic
stage is called setting while gaining of strength after setting is called hardening.
Usually, setting completes within a maximum duration of 10 hours, while about 90%
of hardening is completed by 28 days.
The properties and quality of cement concrete are influenced by the
properties of its ingredients and quality control maintained during its making and
curing. Hence, it is necessary to study the ingredients of concrete.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Types of Cement
Ordinary Portland
Cement
33 Grade
43 Grade
53 Grade
(for OPC,
compressive strength
of cement at 28 days
in N/mm2 is called as
grade of cement)
Rapid hardening
cement
Low heat Portland
cement
Port land slag cement
IS Code
IS: 269
IS: 8112
IS: 12269
IS: 8041
IS: 12600
Mass concreting-Dams
IS: 455
Marine structures
General building works,
Mass concrete,
Marine structures
Marine structures
foundations in sulphate
bearing soils
Swimming pools, floors of
food processing plants
Marine structures
Marine structures,
construction of sewers
5.
Portland pozzolana
cement
IS: 1489
6.
Sulphate resisting
Portland cement
IS: 12330
7.
Hydrophobic cement
IS: 8043
8.
IS: 6452
9.
Where Used
IS: 6909
b) Aggregates:
Around 75% volume of concrete is occupied by the aggregates. Hence, the
structural behavior of concrete is significantly influenced by the type of aggregates
used. The aggregates used for the concrete should be durable, strong, hard, chemically
inert and well graded.
Aggregates whose particle size varies from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm are called as
fine aggregate. Aggregates with particle sizes more than 4.75 mm are called as
coarse aggregates. Usually sand is used as fine aggregate whereas crushed rock and
gravel is used as coarse aggregate.
Type of
aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Size of aggregate
Size bigger than 4.75 mm
4.75 mm and less
TABLE 1.2
1979 lays down the procedures for evolution of admixtures for concrete. The different
types of admixtures used are given below.
1. Accelerating Admixtures: These are added to concrete to increase the rate of
early strength development, which in turn facilitates earlier removal of
formwork. Common accelerators are calcium chloride, flu silicates and
trietanlamine.
2. Retarding Admixtures: These are added to slow down the rate of setting of
cement. They are useful in hot weather concreting. Common types of retarders
are starches and cellulose products, sugar and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids.
3. Water Reducing or Plasticizing Admixtures: The addition of plasticizer
allows greater workability for given water cement ratio or alternatively retains
the workability while reducing the water content. The basic ingredients of
water reducing agents are either lignosulphonate slats or polyhydroxy
compounds.
4. Air-Entraining Admixtures: These are used to incorporate air in the form of
minute bubbles in concrete usually to increase workability and resistance to
freezing and thawing. Commonly used air-entraining agents are animal and
vegetable oils, natural wood resin and their sodium salts of sulphated and
aulphonated organic compounds.
Action of plasticizers:
GRADES OF CONCRETE
Group
Grade Designation
M 10
M 15
M 20
M 25
M 30
M 35
M 40
M 45
M50
M 55
M 60
M 65
M 70
M 75
M 80
TABLE 1.3
Ordinary
Concrete
Standard Concrete
High
Strength
Concrete
Specified Characteristic
Compressive Strength of
150 mm Cube at 28 Days
in
N/mm2
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Strain x 10-3
Formwork:
Formwork shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid
during placing and compaction of concrete. The joints are plugged to prevent the loss
of slurry from concrete.
Stripping time of formwork:
TYPE OF FORMWORK
a.
b.
c.
d.
7 days
Spanning up to 4.5 m
7 days
14 days
14 days
21 days
10
11
12
Structural planning
Action of forces and computation of loads
Methods of analysis
Design of members
Detailing, drawing and preparation of schedules.
Structural planning:
After getting architectural plan of the building, the structural planning of the
building frame is done. This involves determination of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13
A FLOWCHART ON
INVESTIGATION OF
BUILDING
14
surrounding ground, which is in direct contact with substrata and transmits all
the loads coming from super structure to the subsoil.
(2) Plinth: It is the middle part of the structure, above the surface of the
surrounding ground up to the surface at the floor (i.e. floor level), immediately
above the ground.
(3) Superstructure: The part of the structure constructed above the plinth level
(or ground floor level) is termed as superstructure.
Buildings are generally classified as residential, educational, institutional,
assembly, business, and mercantile industrial storage and hazardous.
2.
3.
15
Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where the groups of people
meet or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, political, civil
halls, marriage halls, town halls, auditoriums, exhibition halls, museums,
skating rinks, gymnasiums, restaurants (also used as assembly halls),
places of working, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and
terminals of air, surface and other public transportation services,
recreation places and stadia etc.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Storage Buildings: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or
sheltering (including servicing, processing or repairs incidental to
storage) of goods, wares or merchandise (except those that involve
highly combustible or explosive products or materials) vehicles and
animals, as warehouse, cold storage plants, freight depots, transit sheds,
store houses, truck and marine terminals, garages, hangers (other than
aircraft repair hangars), grain elevators, barns and stables.
9.
16
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
17
Serviceability
Safety
Durability
Economy
Aesthetic beauty
1.10 PLANNING:
Once the site is chosen of accepted, the architects or engineers aim to fix the
direction of plan of building and finally to play the building keeping in view the local
bye-laws, principles of planning and requirements of owner.
Orientation is defined as a method of setting or fixing the direction of the plan
of the building in such a way that it devices maximum benefits from the elements of
nature. The knowledge of orientation is the first prerequisite of a good planning. It
should be noted that poor orientation of the buildings results in uncomfortable
conditions inside the building.
Bye-laws are certain rules and regulations laid down the by the municipalities
or town planning authorities in their jurisdiction. These have to be considered while
planning and designing the layout of buildings.
Building line, which is often known as set back refers to the line up to which
the plinth of a building adjoin a street may lawfully extend. Building line facilities
future widening of street and keeps away the noise and dust of the streets.
18
Open space requirements should be left inside and around a building to meet
the lightening and ventilation requirements of the rooms. The open space left on front,
rear serve the purpose of future widening of streets.
1.11 DESIGNING:
Designing of structures is an art and science of designing a safe, durable and
elegant structure with economy. This not only requires imaginations but also good
knowledge of science of designing besides practical aspects, like the relevant codes
and local municipal bye-law with experience and judgment.
The architect whereas the requirement of safety, serviceability, durability and
economy are taken care of by the structural engineer looks after the design of structure
of planning of the structure and the aesthetics.
As mentioned earlier stages in structural design
Structural planning
Estimation of loads
Analysis of the structure
Design of the members
Drawings and preparation of schedules
Loading:
This stage involves determination of various types that are acting on the
structures. The values of types of loads are taken from relevant IS-codes.
Types of loads:
Various types of loads on a structure and requiring consideration in design
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dead load
Live load
Wind load
Seismic load
1. Dead loads:
19
20
function. The objective of structural design is to plan a structure that meets the basic
requirements such as serviceability, safety, durability, economy, aesthetic beauty,
feasibility and acceptability.
21
Orientation of columns:
Columns normally provided in the building are rectangular, width of columns
not less than the width of support for effective load transfer. As far as possible, the
width of column shall not exceed the thickness of the walls to avoid the offsets.
Restrictions on the width of the column necessitate the other side (the depth) of the
column to be larger to get desired load carrying capacity. This leads to the
problems of orientation of columns.
2. BEAMS LOCATIONS:
Following are some of the guiding principles for the positioning of beams:
a. Beams shall, normally be provided under the walls and below a heavy
concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Basic
principle in deciding the layout of a component member is that heavy loads
should be transferred to the foundation along the shortest path.
b. Since beams are primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be
decided by the maximum spans of slabs. Slabs require the maximum
volume of concrete to carry a given load (i.e. its volume/load ratio is very
large compared to other components). Therefore the thickness of slab is
required to be kept minimum.
c. Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria.
Larger spans of beams shall also be avoided from the considerations of
controlling and cracking. This is because it is well known that the
deflection varies directly with the cube of the span and inversely with the
cube of the depth i.e. L3/D3. Consequently, increase in D is less than
increase in span L which results in greater deflection for large span.
However, for large spans, normally higher L/D ratio is taken to restrict the
depth from considerations of headroom, aesthetics and psychological effect
( a long, heavy, deep beam creates a psychological feeling of crushing load
leading to a fear of collapse). Therefore, spans of beams which require the
depth of beam greater than one meter should as far as possible be avoided.
3. SPANNING OF SLABS:
Span of slabs is decided by the position of supporting beams of walls. The slab
can be made to span in one direction (one-way) or two directional (two-way),
depending on support conditions aspect ratio that is Lx/Ly, ratio of reinforcement
in the two directions. The designer is free to decide as to whether slab should be
designed as one-way or two-way.
The points to be considered in making a decision i.e. whether slab should be
designed as one-way or two-way.
22
a. The slab acts as two way slab when (Lx/Ly) < 2, a slab acts as one-way
(Lx/Ly) > 2.
b. A two-way slab is economical compare to one-way slab, because steel
along with directions act as main steel and transfers loads to all the
supports, while in one-way slab, main steel is provided along short
span only and load is transferred to either of two supports.
c. Two-way is advantageous, essentially for large spans (greater than 3m)
and for live loads greater than 3 KN/Sq. m. For short spans and light
loads steel required for two-way slab does not appreciably differ as
compare to steel for one-way slab because of requirement of main
steel.
d. Spanning of slab is also decided by the necessity of continuity to
adjacent slab
e. Canopy or porch: while designing any slab as cantilever slab, it is of
utmost importance to see whether adequate anchorage to the same is
available or not.
f. Decide type of slab
While deciding the type of slab, whether a cantilever or a simply supported or a
continuous slab, loaded by udl it should be borne in mind that the maximum bending
moment in a cantilever (M=wL2/2) is four times that of a simply supported slab
(M=wL2/8), while it is five to six times that of a continuous or fixed slab
(M=wL2/12) for the same span length.
Similarly, deflection of a cantilever loaded by a uniformly distributed load is given
by:
= wL4/ 8EI = (48/5) x( 5wL4/384EI)
Which is 9.6 times that of a simply supported slab ( = 5wL4/384EI) for the
same span and load ( besides, additional reduction in deflection is obtained in simply
supported slab due to partial fixity at supports).
In case of cantilevers, on the contrary, there is a probability of increase in
deflection due to probable rotation of the supporting beam due to lack of adequate end
restraint for the beam.
23
4. FOOTING:
The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and
the bearing capacity of the supporting soil. Even under one small building the soil
may vary from soft clay to a hard morum. The nature and properties of soil may
change with season and weather, like swelling in wet weather. Increase in moisture
content results in substantial loss of bearing capacity in case of certain soils which
may lead to differential settlements. It is necessary to conduct the survey in the areas
for soil properties. For framed structure, isolated column footings are normally
preferred except in case of exists for great depths, pile foundations can be an
appropriate choice. If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil
is low, raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For a column on the boundary
line, a combined footing or a raft footing may be provided.
24
25
strengths are derived from the characteristic values through us e of partial safety
factors.
26
d= f / f
Steel
Concrete
1.15
1.5
TABLE 2.1
Limit state of
Serviceability
1.0
1.0
L.L
1.5
W.L
---
D.L
1.0
L.L
1.0
W.L
---
---
1.5
1.0
---
1.0
1.2
1.2
TABLE 2.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
MATERIAL
Plain concrete
Reinforced concrete
Flooring material
Brick masonry
Fly ash
DENSITY
24.0 KN/m3
25.0 KN/m3
20.0 KN/m3
19.0 KN/m3
5.0 KN/m3
TABLE 2.3
27
Roof slab
= 1.5 KN/m2
= 2.0 KN/m2
ii.
iii.
= 3.0 KN/m2
= 3.0 KN/m2
Grades of concrete:
Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as M15, M20 etc. in which
letter M refers to concrete mix and number 15, 20 denotes the specified compressive
strength (fck) of 150mm cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2. Thus, concrete is
known by its compressive strength. M20 and M25 are the most common grades of
concrete, and higher grades of concrete should be used for severe, very severe and
extreme environments.
2. Compressive strength:
Like load, the strength of the concrete is also a quality which varies
considerably for the same concrete mix. Therefore, a single representative value,
known as characteristic strength is used.
28
3.
Characteristic strength:
It is defined as the value of the strength below which not more than 5% of the
test results are expected to fall (i.e. there is 95% probability of achieving this value
only 5% of not achieving the same)
4. Characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member:
The characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member is taken as 0.67
times the strength of concrete cube
5. Design strength (fd) and partial safety factor for material strength:
The strength to be taken for the purpose of design is known is known as
design strength and is given by
Design strength (fd) = characteristic strength/ partial safety factor for material strength
The value of partial safety factor depends upon the type of material and upon the type
of limit state. According to IS code,
Partial safety factor ( fs ) is taken as
1.5 for concrete
1.15 for steel
Design strength of concrete in member = 0.45 fck
6. Tensile strength:
The estimate of flexural tensile or the modulus of rupture or the cracking
strength of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained by the relations.
fcr = 0.7 fck N/mm
29
9. Modular ratio:
Short term modular ratio is the modulus of elasticity of steel to the modulus of
elasticity of concrete.
Short term modular ratio = Es / Ec
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel (2x10 5 N/mm )
2
As the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age at loading etc.
the modular ratio also changes accordingly. Taking into account the effects of creep
and shrinkage partially IS code gives the following expression for the long term
modular ratio.
Long term modular ratio (m) = 280/ (3fcbc)
Where, fcbc = permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in N/mn2
10. Poissons ratio:
Poissons ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength concrete and 0.2 for weak
mixes. It is normally taken as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability
criteria.
11. Durability:
Durability of concrete is its ability to resist its disintegration and decay. One of
the chief characteristics influencing durability of concrete is its permeability to
increase of water and other potential y deleterious materials. The desired low
permeability in concrete is achieved by having adequate cement, sufficient low
water/cement ratio, by ensuring full compaction of concrete and by adequate curing.
12. Unit weight of concrete:
The unit weight of concrete depends on percentage of reinforcement, type of
aggregate, amount of voids and varies from 23 to 26KN/m . The unit weight of plain
and reinforced concrete as specified by IS: 456 are 24 and 25KN/m respectively.
2
30
Out of the above mentioned methods here Finite Element Method is adopted.
31
3.2
32
33
34
3.7
AISC ASD 89
AISC LRFD 93
API RP2A WSD 2000
API RP2A LRFD 97
ASCE 10-97
BS59950-90
BSS5950-2000
CISC 95
Euro code 3-1993
Indian IS 800-1987
UBC 97 ASD
UBC 97 LRFD Etc.,
ACI 318-99
BS 8110-89
BS 8110 97
CSA-A23 3-94
Euro code 2-1992
Indian IS 456-2000
Italian DM 14-2-92
Mexican RCDF 2001
NZS 3101-95
UBC 97 Etc.,
35
Type of building
Number of storey's
Area of the Building
Total Height of the building
Height of each storey
Number of flats in each floor
Number of commercial stores
Area of each flat
Wall thickness
Beam size
Column sizes
Thickness of slab
No. of Restraints/supports
TABLE 3.1
3.9
GENERATION OF NODES.
MODELING OF THE STRUCTURE.
ASSIGNING OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
RESTRAINTS.
APPLICATION OF LOADS.
RUN ANALYSIS.
1. Generation of nodes:
The nodes are generated based on the dimensions of the building. The
building is divided in to equal number of known grids. Then the grid spacing
is given on the STAADPROV8i window. The STAADPROV8i automatically
generates grids with specified spacing.
2. Modeling of the structure:
After the nodes are created they are joined with line elements. Based
on the dimension of the building the nodes are joined. Unwanted nodes could
be deleted.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
36
Self-weight
Gravity Load
Wind Load
Seismic Load
The loads are applied on the structure as gravity loads (Dead & Live
Loads), Joint Loads (Seismic Load), Nodal Loads (Wind Load). After the
application of different load cases, combination of loads has to be specified as
mentioned in IS: 456 2000.
5. RUN ANALYSIS:
This is the last step in the analyzing of a structure using
STAADPROV8i software. When the run analysis is executed it shows
ANALYSIS COMPLETE, which indicated the termination of analysis
process.
37
3.65; 16 13.8 0 3.65; 17 17.5 0 3.65; 18 20.5 0 3.65; 19 0 0 7.15; 20 3 0 7.15; 21 6.7 0
7.15; 22 10.25 0 7.15; 23 13.8 0 7.15; 24 17.5 0 7.15; 25 20.5 0 7.15; 26 0 0 11.3; 27
3 0 11.3; 28 6.7 0 11.3; 29 10.25 0 11.3; 30 13.8 0 11.3; 31 17.5 0 11.3; 32 20.5 0
11.3; 33 0 1.5 0; 34 3 1.5 0; 35 6.7 1.5 0; 36 10.25 1.5 0; 37 11.9 1.5 0; 38 13.8 1.5
0;39 17.5 1.5 0; 40 20.5 1.5 0; 41 6.7 1.5 2; 42 11.9 1.5 2; 43 13.8 1.5 2;44 0 1.5 3.65;
45 3 1.5 3.65; 46 6.7 1.5 3.65; 47 10.25 1.5 3.65; 48 13.8 1.5 3.65; 49 17.5 1.5 3.65;
50 20.5 1.5 3.65; 51 0 1.5 7.15; 52 3 1.5 7.15; 53 6.7 1.5 7.15; 54 10.25 1.5 7.15; 55
13.8 1.5 7.15; 56 17.5 1.5 7.15; 57 20.5 1.5 7.15; 58 0 1.5 11.3; 59 3 1.5 11.3; 60 6.7
1.5 11.3; 61 10.25 1.5 11.3; 62 13.8 1.5 11.3; 63 17.5 1.5 11.3; 64 20.5 1.5 11.3; 65
6.7 3.1 0; 66 6.7 3.1 2; 67 0 4.7 0; 68 3 4.7 0; 69 6.7 4.7 0; 70 10.25 4.7 0; 71 11.9 4.7
0; 72 13.8 4.7 0; 73 17.5 4.7 0; 74 20.5 4.7 0; 75 6.7 4.7 2; 76 11.9 4.7 2; 77 13.8 4.7
2; 78 0 4.7 3.65; 79 3 4.7 3.65; 80 6.7 4.7 3.65; 81 10.25 4.7 3.65; 82 13.8 4.7 3.65;
83 17.5 4.7 3.65; 84 20.5 4.7 3.65; 85 0 4.7 7.15; 86 3 4.7 7.15; 87 3.85 4.7 7.15; 88
6.7 4.7 7.15; 89 10.25 4.7 7.15; 90 13.8 4.7 7.15; 91 16.65 4.7 7.15; 92 17.5 4.7 7.15;
93 20.5 4.7 7.15; 94 0 4.7 11.3; 95 3 4.7 11.3; 96 3.85 4.7 11.3; 97 6.7 4.7 11.3; 98
10.25 4.7 11.3; 99 13.8 4.7 11.3; 100 16.65 4.7 11.3; 101 17.5 4.7 11.3; 102 20.5 4.7
11.3; 103 6.7 6.3 0; 104 6.7 6.3 2; 105 0 7.9 0; 106 3 7.9 0; 107 6.7 7.9 0; 108 10.25
7.9 0; 109 11.9 7.9 0; 110 13.8 7.9 0; 111 17.5 7.9 0; 112 20.5 7.9 0; 113 6.7 7.9 2;
114 11.9 7.9 2; 115 13.8 7.9 2; 116 0 7.9 3.65; 117 3 7.9 3.65; 118 6.7 7.9 3.65; 119
10.25 7.9 3.65; 120 13.8 7.9 3.65; 121 17.5 7.9 3.65; 122 20.5 7.9 3.65; 123 0 7.9
7.15; 124 3 7.9 7.15; 125 3.85 7.9 7.15; 126 6.7 7.9 7.15; 127 10.25 7.9 7.15; 128
13.8 7.9 7.15; 129 16.65 7.9 7.15; 130 17.5 7.9 7.15; 131 20.5 7.9 7.15; 132 0 7.9
11.3; 133 3 7.9 11.3; 134 3.85 7.9 11.3; 135 6.7 7.9 11.3; 136 10.25 7.9 11.3; 137
13.8 7.9 11.3; 138 16.65 7.9 11.3; 139 17.5 7.9 11.3; 140 20.5 7.9 11.3; 141 6.7 9.5 0;
142 6.7 9.5 2; 143 0 11.1 0; 144 3 11.1 0; 145 6.7 11.1 0; 146 10.25 11.1 0; 147 11.9
11.1 0; 148 13.8 11.1 0; 149 17.5 11.1 0; 150 20.5 11.1 0; 151 6.7 11.1 2; 152 11.9
11.1 2; 153 13.8 11.1 2; 154 0 11.1 3.65; 155 3 11.1 3.65; 156 6.7 11.1 3.65; 157
10.25 11.1 3.65; 158 13.8 11.1 3.65; 159 17.5 11.1 3.65; 160 20.5 11.1 3.65; 161 0
11.1 7.15; 162 3 11.1 7.15; 163 3.85 11.1 7.15; 164 6.7 11.1 7.15; 165 10.25 11.1
7.15; 166 13.8 11.1 7.15; 167 16.65 11.1 7.15; 168 17.5 11.1 7.15; 169 20.5 11.1
7.15; 170 0 11.1 11.3; 171 3 11.1 11.3; 172 3.85 11.1 11.3; 173 6.7 11.1 11.3; 174
10.25 11.1 11.3; 175 13.8 11.1 11.3; 176 16.65 11.1 11.3; 177 17.5 11.1 11.3; 178
20.5 11.1 11.3; 179 6.7 12.7 0; 180 6.7 12.7 2; 181 0 14.3 0; 182 3 14.3 0; 183 6.7
14.3 0; 184 10.25 14.3 0; 185 11.9 14.3 0; 186 13.8 14.3 0; 187 17.5 14.3 0; 188 20.5
14.3 0; 189 6.7 14.3 2; 190 11.9 14.3 2; 191 13.8 14.3 2; 192 0 14.3 3.65; 193 3 14.3
3.65; 194 6.7 14.3 3.65; 195 10.25 14.3 3.65; 196 13.8 14.3 3.65; 197 17.5 14.3 3.65;
198 20.5 14.3 3.65; 199 0 14.3 7.15; 200 3 14.3 7.15; 201 3.85 14.3 7.15; 202 6.7 14.3
7.15; 203 10.25 14.3 7.15; 204 13.8 14.3 7.15; 205 16.65 14.3 7.15; 206 17.5 14.3
7.15; 207 20.5 14.3 7.15; 208 0 14.3 11.3; 209 3 14.3 11.3; 210 3.85 14.3 11.3; 211
6.7 14.3 11.3; 212 10.25 14.3 11.3; 213 13.8 14.3 11.3; 214 16.65 14.3 11.3; 215 17.5
14.3 11.3; 216 20.5 14.3 11.3; 217 6.7 15.9 0; 218 6.7 15.9 2; 219 0 17.5 0; 220 3
17.5 0; 221 6.7 17.5 0; 222 10.25 17.5 0; 223 11.9 17.5 0; 224 13.8 17.5 0; 225 17.5
17.5 0; 226 20.5 17.5 0; 227 6.7 17.5 2; 228 11.9 17.5 2; 229 13.8 17.5 2; 230 0 17.5
3.65; 231 3 17.5 3.65; 232 6.7 17.5 3.65; 233 10.25 17.5 3.65; 234 13.8 17.5 3.65;
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
38
235 17.5 17.5 3.65; 236 20.5 17.5 3.65; 237 0 17.5 7.15; 238 3 17.5 7.15; 239 3.85
17.5 7.15; 240 6.7 17.5 7.15; 241 10.25 17.5 7.15; 242 13.8 17.5 7.15; 243 16.65 17.5
7.15; 244 17.5 17.5 7.15; 245 20.5 17.5 7.15; 246 0 17.5 11.3; 247 3 17.5 11.3; 248
3.85 17.5 11.3; 249 6.7 17.5 11.3; 250 10.25 17.5 11.3; 251 13.8 17.5 11.3; 252 16.65
17.5 11.3; 253 17.5 17.5 11.3; 254 20.5 17.5 11.3; 255 6.7 20.7 0; 256 10.25 20.7 0;
257 11.9 20.7 0; 258 13.8 20.7 0; 259 11.9 20.7 2; 260 13.8 20.7 2; 261 6.7 20.7 3.65;
262 10.25 20.7 3.65; 263 13.8 20.7 3.65;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 33 1; 2 34 2; 3 35 3; 4 36 4; 5 37 5; 6 38 6; 7 39 7; 8 40 8; 9 41 9; 10 42 10; 11 43
11; 12 44 12; 13 45 13; 14 46 14; 15 47 15; 16 48 16; 17 49 17; 18 50 18; 19 51 19;
20 52 20; 21 53 21; 22 54 22; 23 55 23; 24 56 24; 25 57 25; 26 58 26; 27 59 27; 28 60
28; 29 61 29; 30 62 30; 31 63 31; 32 64 32; 101 33 67; 102 34 68; 103 65 69; 104 35
65; 105 36 70; 106 37 71; 107 38 72; 108 39 73; 109 40 74; 110 66 75; 111 41 66;
112 42 76; 113 43 77; 114 44 78; 115 45 79; 116 46 80; 117 47 81; 118 48 82; 119 49
83; 120 50 84; 121 51 85; 122 52 86; 123 53 88; 124 54 89; 125 55 90; 126 56 92;
127 57 93; 128 58 94; 129 59 95; 130 60 97; 131 61 98; 132 62 99; 133 63 101; 134
64 102; 201 67 105; 202 68 106; 203 103 107; 204 69 103; 205 70 108; 206 71 109;
207 72 110; 208 73 111; 209 74 112; 210 104 113; 211 75 104; 212 76 114; 213 77
115; 214 78 116; 215 79 117; 216 80 118; 217 81 119; 218 82 120; 219 83 121; 220
84 122; 221 85 123; 222 86 124; 223 88 126; 224 89 127; 225 90 128; 226 92 130;
227 93 131; 228 94 132; 229 95 133; 230 97 135; 231 98 136; 232 99 137; 233 101
139; 234 102 140; 301 105 143; 302 106 144; 303 141 145; 304 107 141; 305 108
146; 306 109 147; 307 110 148; 308 111 149; 309 112 150; 310 142 151; 311 113
142; 312 114 152; 313 115 153; 314 116 154; 315 117 155; 316 118 156; 317 119
157; 318 120 158; 319 121 159; 320 122 160; 321 123 161; 322 124 162; 323 126
164; 324 127 165; 325 128 166; 326 130 168; 327 131 169; 328 132 170; 329 133
171; 330 135 173; 331 136 174; 332 137 175; 333 139 177; 334 140 178; 401 143
181; 402 144 182; 403 179 183; 404 145 179; 405 146 184; 406 147 185; 407 148
186; 408 149 187; 409 150 188; 410 180 189; 411 151 180; 412 152 190; 413 153
191; 414 154 192; 415 155 193; 416 156 194; 417 157 195; 418 158 196; 419 159
197; 420 160 198; 421 161 199; 422 162 200; 423 164 202; 424 165 203; 425 166
204; 426 168 206; 427 169 207; 428 170 208; 429 171 209; 430 173 211; 431 174
212; 432 175 213; 433 177 215; 434 178 216; 501 181 219;502 182 220; 503 217
221; 504 183 217; 505 184 222; 506 185 223; 507 186 224; 508 187 225; 509 188
226; 510 218 227; 511 189 218; 512 190 228; 513 191 229; 514 192 230; 515 193
231; 516 194 232; 517 195 233; 518 196 234; 519 197 235; 520 198 236; 521 199
237; 522 200 238; 523 202 240; 524 203 241; 525 204 242; 526 206 244; 527 207
245; 528 208 246; 529 209 247; 530 211 249; 531 212 250; 532 213 251; 533 215
253; 534 216 254; 601 255 221; 602 256 222; 603 257 223; 604 258 224; 605 259
228; 606 260 229; 607 261 232; 608 262 233; 609 263 234; 1001 33 34; 1002 34 35;
1003 35 36; 1004 36 37; 1005 37 38; 1006 38 39; 1007 39 40; 1008 42 43; 1009 44
45; 1010 45 46; 1011 46 47; 1012 47 48; 1013 48 49; 1014 49 50; 1015 51 52; 1016
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
39
52 53; 1017 53 54; 1018 54 55; 1019 55 56; 1020 56 57; 1021 58 59; 1022 59 60;
1023 60 61; 1024 61 62; 1025 62 63; 1026 63 64; 1027 35 41; 1028 37 42; 1029 38
43; 1030 33 44; 1031 34 45; 1032 36 47; 1033 39 49; 1034 40 50; 1035 41 46; 1036
43 48;1037 44 51; 1038 45 52; 1039 46 53; 1040 47 54; 1041 48 55; 1042 49 56;1043
50 57; 1044 51 58; 1045 52 59; 1046 53 60; 1047 54 61; 1048 55 62; 1049 56 63;
1050 57 64; 1051 65 66; 2001 67 68; 2002 68 69; 2003 69 70; 2004 70 71; 2005 71
72; 2006 72 73; 2007 73 74; 2008 76 77; 2009 78 79; 2010 79 80; 2011 80 81; 2012
81 82; 2013 82 83; 2014 83 84; 2015 85 86; 2016 86 87; 2017 87 88; 2018 88 89;
2019 89 90; 2020 90 91; 2021 91 92; 2022 92 93; 2023 94 95; 2024 95 96; 2025 96
97; 2026 97 98; 2027 98 99; 2028 99 100; 2029 100 101; 2030 101 102; 2031 67 78;
2032 68 79; 2033 69 75; 2034 75 80; 2035 70 81; 2036 71 76; 2037 72 77; 2038 77
82; 2039 73 83; 2040 74 84; 2041 78 85; 2042 81 89; 2043 84 93; 2044 85 94; 2045
87 96; 2046 88 97; 2047 89 98; 2048 90 99; 2049 91 100; 2050 93 102; 2051 103
104; 3001 105 106; 3002 106 107; 3003 107 108; 3004 108 109; 3005 109 110; 3006
110 111; 3007 111 112; 3008 114 115; 3009 116 117; 3010 117 118; 3011 118 119;
3012 119 120; 3013 120 121; 3014 121 122; 3015 123 124; 3016 124 125; 3017 125
126; 3018 126 127; 3019 127 128; 3020 128 129; 3021 129 130; 3022 130 131; 3023
132 133; 3024 133 134; 3025 134 135; 3026 135 136; 3027 136 137; 3028 137 138;
3029 138 139; 3030 139 140; 3031 105 116; 3032 106 117; 3033 107 113; 3034 113
118; 3035 108 119; 3036 109 114; 3037 110 115; 3038 115 120; 3039 111 121; 3040
112 122; 3041 116 123; 3042 119 127; 3043 122 131; 3044 123 132; 3045 125
134;3046 126 135; 3047 127 136; 3048 128 137; 3049 129 138; 3050 131 140; 3051
141 142; 4001 143 144; 4002 144 145; 4003 145 146; 4004 146 147; 4005 147 148;
4006 148 149; 4007 149 150; 4008 152 153; 4009 154 155; 4010 155 156; 4011 156
157; 4012 157 158; 4013 158 159; 4014 159 160; 4015 161 162; 4016 162 163; 4017
163 164; 4018 164 165; 4019 165 166; 4020 166 167; 4021 167 168; 4022 168 169;
4023 170 171; 4024 171 172; 4025 172 173; 4026 173 174; 4027 174 175; 4028 175
176; 4029 176 177; 4030 177 178; 4031 143 154; 4032 144 155; 4033 145 151; 4034
151 156; 4035 146 157; 4036 147 152; 4037 148 153; 4038 153 158; 4039 149
159;4040 150 160; 4041 154 161; 4042 157 165; 4043 160 169; 4044 161 170; 4045
163 172; 4046 164 173; 4047 165 174; 4048 166 175; 4049 167 176; 4050 169 178;
4051 179 180; 5001 181 182; 5002 182 183; 5003 183 184; 5004 184 185; 5005 185
186; 5006 186 187; 5007 187 188; 5008 190 191; 5009 192 193; 5010 193 194; 5011
194 195; 5012 195 196; 5013 196 197; 5014 197 198; 5015 199 200; 5016 200 201;
5017 201 202; 5018 202 203; 5019 203 204; 5020 204 205; 5021 205 206; 5022 206
207; 5023 208 209; 5024 209 210; 5025 210 211; 5026 211 212; 5027 212 213; 5028
213 214; 5029 214 215; 5030 215 216; 5031 181 192; 5032 182 193; 5033 183 189;
5034 189 194; 5035 184 195; 5036 185 190; 5037 186 191; 5038 191 196; 5039 187
197; 5040 188 198; 5041 192 199; 5042 195 203; 5043 198 207; 5044 199 208; 5045
201 210; 5046 202 211; 5047 203 212; 5048 204 213; 5049 205 214; 5050 207 216;
5051 217 218; 6001 219 220; 6002 220 221; 6003 221 222; 6004 222 223; 6005 223
224; 6006 224 225; 6007 225 226; 6008 228 229; 6009 230 231; 6010 231 232; 6011
232 233; 6012 233 234; 6013 234 235; 6014 235 236; 6015 237 238; 6016 238 239;
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
40
6017 239 240; 6018 240 241; 6019 241 242; 6020 242 243; 6021 243 244; 6022 244
245; 6023 246 247; 6024 247 248; 6025 248 249; 6026 249 250; 6027 250 251;6028
251 252; 6029 252 253; 6030 253 254; 6031 219 230; 6032 220 231; 6033 221 227;
6034 227 232; 6035 222 233; 6036 223 228; 6037 224 229; 6038 229 234; 6039 225
235; 6040 226 236; 6041 230 237; 6042 233 241; 6043 236 245; 6044 237 246; 6045
239 248; 6046 240 249; 6047 241 250; 6048 242 251; 6049 243 252; 6050 245 254;
7001 255 256; 7002 256 257; 7003 257 258; 7004 259 260; 7005 261 262; 7006 262
263; 7007 255 261; 7008 256 262; 7009 257 259; 7010 260 258; 7011 260 263;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
3 4 6 14 16 20 21 23 24 27 28 30 31 103 TO 105 107 116 118 122 123 125 126 129
130 132 133 203 TO 205 207 216 218 222 223 225 226 229 230 232 233 303 304 TO
305 307 316 318 322 323 325 326 329 330 332 333 403 TO 405 407 416 418 422 423
425 426 429 430 432 433 503 TO 505 507 516 518 522 523 525 526 529 530 532
533 601 602 604 607 609 PRIS YD 0.5 ZD 0.3
1 2 7 8 12 13 15 17 TO 19 22 25 26 29 32 101 102 108 109 114 115 117 119 TO 121
124 127 128 131 134 201 202 208 209 214 215 217 219 TO 221 224 227 228 231
234 301 302 308 309 314 315 317 319 TO 321 324 327 328 331 334 401 402 408
409 414 415 417 419 TO 421 424 427 428 431 434 501 502 508 509 514 515 517
519 TO 521 524 527 528 531 534 608 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.5
5 9 TO 11 106 110 TO 113 206 210 TO 213 306 310 TO 313 406 410 TO 413 506
510 TO 513 603 605 606 1001 TO 1051 2001 TO 2051 3001 TO 3051 4001 TO 4051
5001 TO 5051 6001 TO 6050 7001 TO 7011 PRIS YD 0.4 ZD 0.3
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
1 TO 32 FIXED
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
41
42
43
5011 5012 5023 5024 5026 TO 5028 5030 5031 5036 TO 5038 5040 5042 5044 5047
5050 6003 TO 6005 6008 6011 6012 6036 TO 6038 UNI GY -16
1027 1035 2009 2010 2013 TO 2022 2032 TO 2035 2039 2045 2046 2048 2049 3009
3010 3013 TO 3022 3032 TO 3035 3039 3045 3046 3048 3049 4009 4010 4013 TO
4022 4032 TO 4035 4039 4045 4046 4048 4049 5009 5010 5013 TO 5022 5032 TO
5035 5039 5045 5046 5048 5049 6033 6034 UNI GY -8
6001 6002 6006 6007 6023 TO 6031 6040 6041 6043 6044 6050 7001 TO 7003 7005
7006 TO 7007 7010 7011 UNI GY -2
1051 2051 3051 4051 5051 UNI GY -20
LOAD 10 LOADTYPE None TITLE LIVE LOAD
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 FLOAD -2 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 0 3.65 GY
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 FLOAD -2 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 7.15 11.3 GY
ONEWAY LOAD
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 ONE -2 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 3.65 7.15 GY
LOAD COMB 11 SERVICE (DL+LL)
9 1.0 10 1.0
LOAD COMB 12 ULTIMATE 1.5 (DL+LL)
9 1.5 10 1.5
LOAD COMB 13 1.2 (DL+LL+WL XP)
9 1.2 10 1.2 5 1.2
LOAD COMB 14 1.2 (DL+LL+WL XN)
6 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
LOAD COMB 15 1.2 (DL+LL+WL ZP)
9 1.2 10 1.2 7 1.2
LOAD COMB 16 1.2 (DL+LL+WL ZN)
9 1.2 10 1.2 8 1.2
LOAD COMB 17 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ XP)
1 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
44
45
3 1.5 9 0.9
LOAD COMB 32 0.9DL+1.5 EQ ZN
4 1.5 9 0.9
LOAD COMB 33 0.9DL+1.5 WL XP
9 0.9 5 1.5
LOAD COMB 34 0.9DL+1.5 WL XN
9 0.9 6 1.5
LOAD COMB 35 0.9DL+1.5 WL ZP
9 0.9 7 1.5
LOAD COMB 36 0.9DL+1.5 WL ZN
8 1.5 9 0.9
PERFORM ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 11 TO 36
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION
FINISH
46
1
( )
2
Area of trapezoidal =
A+B
47
0.65
0.05
0.1
6.75
0.3
0.45
0.6
3.65
3.70
3.65
10.25
4.15
4.15
4.15
1.5
1.825
1.775
1.75
1.925
1.85
1.775
3.0
3.65
3.55
3.50
3.85
3.70
3.55
slab.No
Wt. c.p
(tri)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
0.54
0.799
0.756
0.735
0.890
0.821
0.756
Wt.
floor
(tri)
2.10
3.11
2.94
2.86
3.465
3.196
2.943
Area of
triangle
2.25
3.331
3.151
3.0625
3.71
3.422
3.151
Area of
trapezoidal
3.225
3.421
3.328
14.875
4.283
4.578
4.215
T.D.L
(tri)
L.L
(tri)
T.L (tri)
F.L (tri)
2.64
3.90
3.696
3.595
4.355
4.017
3.699
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.64
5.90
5.696
5.595
6.355
6.017
5.699
6.96
8.85
8.544
8.393
9.533
9.026
8.548
48
Wt. c.p
Wt. floor
T.D.L
L.L
T.L
F.L
0.774
0.821
0.798
3.57
1.027
1.098
1.012
3.012
3.195
3.108
13.893
4.00
4.275
3.936
3.786
4.016
3.906
17.463
5.027
5.373
4.948
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
5.786
6.016
5.906
19.463
7.027
7.373
6.948
8.679
9.024
8.859
29.194
10.541
11.061
10.423
49
50
51
52
3.12
WIND LOADS:
Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the
code-specified wind loads. Calculating wind loads is important in design of the wind
force-resisting system, including structural members, components, and cladding,
against shear, sliding, overturning, and uplift actions.
DESIGN WIND LOADS:
The wind pressure on a structure depends on the location of the
structure, height of structure above the ground level and also on the shape of the
structure.
The code gives the basic wind pressure for the structures in various
parts of the country. Both the wind pressure viz. including wind of short duration and
excluding wind of short duration have been given. All structures should be designed
for the short duration wind. For buildings up to 10 m in height, the intensity of wind
pressure, as specified in the code, may be reduced by 25% for stability calculations
and for the design of framework as well as cladding. For buildings over 10 m and up
to 30m height, this reduction can be made for stability calculations and for design of
columns only.
The total pressure on the walls or roof of an industrial building will
depend on the external wind pressure and also on internal wind pressure. The
internal wind pressure depends on the permeability; the internal air pressure may be
neglected. In the case of buildings with normal permeability the internal pressure
can be 0.2p. Here + indicates pressure and _ suction, p is the basic wind
pressure. If a building has openings larger than 20% of the wind pressure. If a
building has openings larger than 20% of the wall area, the internal air pressure will
be 0.5 p.
WIND PRESSURE ON WALLS:
The wind pressure per unit area p on the wall is taken as 0.5p
pressure on the windward surface and 0.5p suction on leeward surface. When the
walls form an enclosure, the windward wall will be subjected to a pressure of 0.5p
and leeward wall to a suction of 0.5p. The total pressure on the walls will depend on
the internal air pressure also.
For buildings with small permeability, design pressure on wall = 0.5p
For buildings with normal permeability, design pressure on wall = 0.7p
For buildings with large openings, design pressure on wall = p
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
53
If the wind blows parallel to the ridge of the roof, the average external wind
pressure of the roof may be taken as -0.6p on both slopes of the roof over a length
from the gable end equal to the mean height of the roof above the surrounding ground
level and as-0.4p over the remaining length of the roof on both slopes.
When the wind blows parallel to a surface, a wind force acts on the
surface in the direction of the wind. This force is called the Wind Drag. In the case
of industrial buildings, when wind blows normal to the ridges, the wind drag is equal
to 0.5p measured on plan area of roof and when the direction of wind parallel to the
ridge, wind drag is equal to 0.025p measured on plan area of roof.
54
HEIGHT IN METRES
UPTO 30
40
45
50
57
PRESSURE IN Kg/m2
200
209
217
222
228
55
The Basic wind speed (Vb) for any site is obtained from Fig no 1 of IS 875(PART-III) and shall be modified to include the following effects to get a design
wind velocity at height.
Height of the building above ground level h= 19.2 m
Lateral dimensions of Building = 20.8m x 11.6 m
Design wind speed
Vz
Vb.K1.K2.K3
(5.3.1 of IS 875-III)
=1
K2= Terrain, Height and Structure size factor
(5.3.2 of IS 875-III)
Category-4
Class -B
From Table no 2 of IS-875(PART-III) K2= 0.76
K3= Topographic factor
(5.3.3 of IS 875-III)
=1
Design wind speed Vz = 44x1x0.76x1
= 33.44 m/s
Design wind pressure (Pz) = 0.6Vz2
= 0.6 x 33.442
= 670 N/m2
= 0.670 KN/m2
56
57
58
TABLE 3.6
A TABLE FROM STAAD OUTPUT SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM BENDING
MOMENT FOR WIND LOAD
59
equilibrium of the earth mass and spreading from there in all directions.
REASONS FOR HIGH CASUALITY:
1) Urbanization is rapidly increasing and due to increase in land cost,
many multi storied buildings are being constructed.
2) Code is not mandatory.
3) Construction as such is governed by municipal bye-laws.
4) Seismic provisions are not incorporated.
5) Non enforceation of elaborated checks proper ways.
6) No checks even for simple ordinary design.
GENERAL GUIDE LINES:
DRIFT: It is the maximum lateral displacement of the structure with respect to
total height or relative inter-storey displacement. The overall drifts index is the ratio
of maximum roof displacement to the height of the structure and inter-storey drift is
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
60
the ratio of maximum difference of lateral displacement at top and bottom of the
storey divided by the storey height.
Nonstructural elements and structural non seismic members
primarily get damaged due to drift. Higher the lateral stiffness lesser is the likely damage.
The storey drift in any storey due to minimum specified design lateral force with partial
safety factor of unity shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height.
Separation between adjacent units or buildings:
Two adjacent buildings or two adjacent units of the same
building with separation joint in between shall be separated by distance equal to the
amount R times the sum of the calculated storey displacements as specified above of
each of them to avoid damaging contact when the two units deflect towards each
other.
Soft storey:
Soft storey or flexible storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than
70% of that in the storey above or less than 80% of the average lateral stiffness of the
three storey's above. In case of buildings with a flexible storey such as ground storey
consisting of open spaces for parking i.e. stilt buildings, special arrangements are
need to be made to increase the lateral strength and stiffness of the soft storey.
For such buildings, dynamic analysis is carried out including the
strength and stiffness effects of infill s and inelastic deformations in the members
particularly those in the soft storey and members designed accordingly. Alternatively,
the following design criteria are to be adopted after carrying the
earthquake analysis neglecting the effect of infill walls in other storey's. When the
floor levels of two similar adjacent buildings are at the same elevation levels, factor R
can be taken as R/2.
a) The columns and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the
storey shear and moments calculated under seismic loads specified.
b) Besides the columns designed and detailed for calculated storey shears and
moments, shear walls placed symmetrically in both feasible to be designed
exclusively for 1.35 times the lateral storey shear calculated.
Foundation:
The use of foundations vulnerable to significant differential settlement due to
ground shaping shall be avoided for structures in seismic zones-III, IV & V.
individual spread footings or pile caps shall be interconnected with ties except when
individual spread footings are directly supported on rock. All ties shall be capable of
carrying in tension and in compression an axial force equal to Ah/A times the larger
of the column or pile cap load in addition to the otherwise computed forces where Ah
is the design horizontal spectrum value.
61
Projections:
a) Vertical projections: Tanks, towers parapets, chimneys and other vertical
cantilever projections attached to buildings and projecting the
above roof shall be designed and checked for stability for 5 times the
design horizontal seismic co-efficient Ah. In the analysis of the building,
the weight of these projecting elements will be lumped with the roof
weight.
b) Horizontal projections: All horizontal projections like cornices and
balconies shall be designed and checked for stability for 5 times the
design vertical co-efficient equal to 10/3 Ah. These increased design
forces either for vertical projection or horizontal projection are only
for designing the projecting parts and their connection with the
main structures. This means that for the design of main structure such
increase need not to be considered.
Shape of the building:
Very slender buildings should be avoided. Large overhangs and projections
attract large earthquake forces. Heavy masses like water tanks, etc., at the top shall be
avoided. Small water tanks, if provided, should be properly connected with the
framing system. Building should be sufficiently be away from steep slopes. It should
be built on filled up soil.
Symmetry should be avoided as they undergo torsion and extreme corners are
subjected to very large earthquake forces.
Damping:
Damping is the removal of kinetic energy and potential energy from a
vibrating structure and by virtue of which the amplitude of vibration diminishes
steadily. Some vibrations are due to initial displacement or initial velocity. Due to
damping, these vibrations decay in amplitude.
1. When there are harmonic applied forces and its period is nearly equal to
the natural period of the structure. The vibration will grow from zero
displacement and velocity. Damping limits the vibration maximum
amplitude.
2. More damping less is the amplitude.
3. Negative damping arise while the vibration is small, followed by positive
damping at large amplitude vibrations. The code adopted for design of
multistoried buildings considering a seismic force is IS: 1893 (part I)
2002. More than 60% area of India is earthquake prone. According to IS:
1893(part I) -2002, India is divided into several zones to their magnitude
of intensities.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
62
63
Design philosophy:
The design approach is IS: 1893 is
is a
2Rg
Where,
z- Zone factor
i- Importance factor
sa/ g Spectral acceleration coefficient
R Response reduction factor
From clause 6.4 of IS: 1893 2002
T = 0.075 h0.75
Time period,
0.72785 SEC
0.72785 SEC
0.72785 SEC
64
0.72785 SEC
65
66
67
BEAM
NO.
BEAM
CROSSSECTION(M)
BEAM
LENGTH
(M)
@ star support
(-ve)
@mid-span
(+ve)
@end support
(-ve)
1001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
32.633
12.755
38.451
1002
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
42.931
18.381
49.323
1003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
47.176
17.581
46.029
1004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
35.415
18.726
26.626
1005
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
27.417
14.725
34.632
1006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
46.584
19.181
43.995
1007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
38.217
15.495
33.055
1008
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
32.145
15.876
28.055
1009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
32.499
15.690
38.837
1010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
43.873
18.733
43.340
1011
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
48.911
16.683
40.533
1012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
40.323
16.603
48.598
1013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
47.889
18.800
44.362
1014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
38.558
15.561
32.823
1015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
34.200
15.375
41.380
1016
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
48.839
17.834
48.759
1017
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
46.786
16.887
41.569
1018
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
41.262
16.823
47.103
1019
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
48.336
17.897
49.281
1020
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
40.932
15.246
34.624
1021
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
33.292
15.252
41.749
1022
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
48.087
17.954
48.228
68
0.300 x 0.400
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
46.685
15.548
41.293
3.55
42.012
16.975
45.438
1025
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
47.744
17.867
48.969
1026
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
41.037
15.181
33.763
1027
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
47.496
19.257
51.048
1028
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
49.395
19.338
49.154
1029
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
26.778
12.837
24.410
1030
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
24.985
15.658
26.386
1031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
47.104
19.794
49.502
1032
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
27.293
16.304
27.534
1033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
29.104
17.433
25.351
1034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
24.795
12.282
25.963
1035
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
46.528
19.588
50.348
1036
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
48.458
19.562
52.575
1037
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
47.051
16.230
47.764
1038
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
38.479
14.152
40.940
1039
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
33.676
14.710
43.132
1040
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
49.624
16.748
51.377
1041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
33.749
14.566
42.512
1042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
39.300
14.441
41.661
1043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
47.974
16.487
49.310
1044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
58.106
23.535
54.393
1045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
52.402
25.886
44.739
1046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
56.028
25.938
48.960
1047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
59.694
23.878
58.167
1048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
55.994
25.911
47.463
1049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
52.929
26.020
45.073
69
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
58.937
23.701
55.853
1051
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
44.458
30.724
45.315
2001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
44.777
21.253
48.630
2002
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
57.491
27.412
63.879
2003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
42.468
22.840
41.874
2004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
39.687
25.887
35.022
2005
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
37.754
22.386
48.304
2006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
64.115
27.015
57.696
2007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
47.533
21.009
45.748
2008
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
46.531
22.873
32.731
2009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
43.859
21.023
47.790
2010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
55.686
26.349
67.464
2011
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
80.267
30.346
61.970
2012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
60.548
28.923
78.189
2013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
65.963
26.551
57.008
2014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
47.208
20.694
44.612
2015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
45.403
19.854
60.963
2016
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
88.301
18.140
9.784
2017
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
9.783
32.812
72.969
2018
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
65.875
23.159
50.008
2019
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
49.543
23.055
68.584
2020
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
72.414
33.136
9.775
2021
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
9.774
18.160
89.713
2022
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
60.260
19.559
46.144
2023
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
44.992
20.696
58.999
2024
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
69.573
18.609
9.438
2025
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
9.440
31.847
51.178
70
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
62.004
23.731
53.353
2027
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
53.822
22.783
63.285
2028
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
70.429
31.324
9.447
2029
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
9.448
29.151
86.157
2030
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
60.467
19.998
45.328
2031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
70.180
27.990
66.314
2032
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
65.620
26.092
64.743
2033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
35.945
29.585
36.845
2034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
46.035
22.382
33.786
2035
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
63.504
27.080
55.150
2036
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
36.505
27.069
37.662
2037
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
42.999
28.258
37.525
2038
0.300 x 0.400
1,65
42.703
38.899
35.313
2039
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
68.375
27.096
68.005
2040
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
71.746
28.999
68.925
2041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
38.700
27.031
40.014
2042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
60.319
23.991
72.120
2043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
40.166
29.430
42.655
2044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
76.690
34.407
80.259
2045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
36.152
52.264
39.547
2046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
61.352
40.680
66.587
2047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
91.337
44.480
94.345
2048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
63.880
40.679
66.183
2049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
37.463
55.264
39.314
2050
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
78.020
34.553
82.853
2051
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
44.511
32.654
45.356
3001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
46.268
20.177
45.654
71
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
56.798
27.003
64.658
3003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
39.836
24.131
43.900
3004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
37.935
33.052
34.612
3005
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
38.098
27.134
43.990
3006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
65.218
27.143
57.669
3007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
43.975
19.762
47.717
3008
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
46.461
31.613
27.074
3009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
45.119
20.023
45.586
3010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
55.998
26.507
67.003
3011
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
83.471
30.452
58.268
3012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
56.403
29.011
81.434
3013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
65.076
26.762
58.063
3014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
44.606
19.522
46.279
3015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
46.416
18.980
56.710
3016
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
88.620
31.885
9.558
3017
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
9.558
31.973
71.594
3018
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
67.217
23.368
47.818
3019
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
47.172
23.289
67.958
3020
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
70.907
32.289
9.550
3021
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
9.548
30.745
90.227
3022
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
55.896
18.928
47.268
3023
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
45.032
19.877
55.933
3024
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
69.076
30.018
9.139
3025
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
9.140
31.291
49.686
3026
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
63.359
22.977
51.358
3027
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
52.675
22.686
62.902
3028
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
68.126
30.532
9.148
72
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
9.150
27.788
86.956
3030
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
56.452
19.114
45.950
3031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
70.383
27.566
67.030
3032
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
65.577
25.428
64.582
3033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
32.698
27.174
35.342
3034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
48.503
40.553
32.134
3035
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
68.220
28.692
50.237
3036
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
34.009
25.656
36.889
3037
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
43.586
26.820
36.930
3038
0.300 x 0.400
1,65
43.444
37.758
33.029
3039
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
68.309
26.399
67.938
3040
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
71.730
28.594
69.708
3041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
39.278
28.086
39.610
3042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
59.195
25.121
74.234
3043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
40.585
30.414
42.382
3044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
77.232
33.865
80.927
3045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
36.012
55.884
40.115
3046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
61.819
39.257
69.348
3047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
89.968
43.670
97.419
3048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
64.652
39.257
68.250
3049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
37.334
54.882
39.933
3050
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
78.414
34.048
83.601
3051
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
39.013
27.093
41.106
4001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
44.051
18.662
41.045
4002
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
54.284
26.384
61.740
4003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
35.363
21.481
41.824
4004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
31.181
27.346
30.938
73
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
33.781
21.212
37.280
4006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
62.992
26.759
55.403
4007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
38.913
18.846
45.931
4008
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
42.206
27.381
18.962
4009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
42.772
18.238
41.122
4010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
53.929
26.579
63.660
4011
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
82.479
30.595
53.088
4012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
50.951
29.350
80.428
4013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
61.506
26.875
56.463
4014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
39.944
17.867
44.185
4015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
42.970
18.677
49.971
4016
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
84.948
29.420
8.073
4017
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
8.073
31.538
66.797
4018
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
64.888
23.417
43.116
4019
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
42.484
23.350
65.579
4020
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
66.101
31.891
8.067
4021
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
8.064
28.238
86.600
4022
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
49.202
18.666
43.793
4023
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
40.963
18.251
49.509
4024
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
64.897
27.590
7.585
4025
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
7.585
28.895
45.008
4026
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
60.549
21.820
46.958
4027
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
48.865
21.764
59.236
4028
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
62.778
29.148
7.593
4029
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
7.596
25.081
83.356
4030
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
49.885
17.608
42.058
4031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
64.988
26.256
61.232
74
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
59.346
25.553
58.989
4033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
25.547
21.860
32.463
4034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
46.892
37.667
26.458
4035
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
67.440
28.555
42.537
4036
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
27.892
20.797
32.450
4037
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
39.300
21.659
33.220
4038
0.300 x 0.400
1,65
40.712
33.635
27.283
4039
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
61.348
25.583
61.747
4040
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
65.816
26.749
63.550
4041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
34.604
23.221
34.237
4042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
53.594
24.493
72.348
4043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
35.453
24.879
36.684
4044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
72.047
33.940
76.186
4045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
33.986
54.961
38.069
4046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
57.503
39.556
65.534
4047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
84.811
33.780
94.726
4048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
60.353
39.556
63.857
4049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
35.170
54.958
37.752
4050
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
72.815
33.914
78.527
4051
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
30.265
19.115
33.648
5001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
38.112
17.132
36.016
5002
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
50.657
26.463
54.747
5003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
29.423
14.537
35.869
5004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
19.307
19.073
24.840
5005
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
25.689
11.592
28.653
5006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
57.571
26.471
51.657
5007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
33.188
16.956
40.486
75
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
34.587
19.403
9.000
5009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
37.235
17.655
35.622
5010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
50.109
26.755
57.027
5011
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
77.849
30.701
46.623
5012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
44.271
29.721
75.860
5013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
54.889
27.016
53.010
5014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
34.108
17.476
38.941
5015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
35.652
18.684
40.636
5016
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
77.703
25.403
5.403
5017
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
5.403
31.555
58.809
5018
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
59.030
23.461
36.886
5019
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
36.432
23.387
59.558
5020
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
58.252
31.967
5.399
5021
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
5.396
24.286
79.206
5022
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
40.106
18.647
36.286
5023
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
32.975
17.986
39.907
5024
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
57.765
23.178
4.906
5025
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
4.906
24.546
37.582
5026
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
53.739
21.945
41.115
5027
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
43.592
21.357
52.385
5028
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
54.710
28.915
4.904
5029
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
4.908
20.903
76.100
5030
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
40.958
17.047
33.817
5031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
55.184
25.360
51.351
5032
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
49.757
25.364
49.748
5033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
15.534
14.669
28.846
5034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
42.350
31.563
17.089
76
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
61.350
27.431
32.453
5036
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
18.787
14.796
25.745
5037
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
31.786
13.822
27.277
5038
0.300 x 0.400
1,65
34.862
25.084
18.961
5039
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
50.777
25.369
51.608
5040
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
55.462
25.383
53.005
5041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
26.622
14.426
25.750
5042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
44.420
21.296
66.045
5043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
26.968
15.345
27.578
5044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
63.158
34.172
67.198
5045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
30.355
54.860
34.149
5046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
49.977
39.168
57.224
5047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
76.977
43.601
86.958
5048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
52.281
39.168
55.153
5049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
31.285
54.855
33.619
5050
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
63.475
3.150
68.891
5051
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
18.228
12.216
25.151
6001
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
16.864
8.389
9.912
6002
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
18.660
12.199
30.269
6003
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
40.641
23.416
54.548
6004
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
19.806
6.237
21.137
6005
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
18.701
6.304
14.139
6006
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
29.414
13.671
20.523
6007
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
7.964
8.484
18.330
6008
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
26.206
13.521
3.436
6009
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
19.038
13.946
20.892
6010
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
29.858
19.652
39.189
77
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
70.503
31.136
42.801
6012
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
39.441
30.108
71.122
6013
0.300 x 0.400
3.70
37.182
20.325
32.218
6014
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
20.250
13.656
19.975
6015
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
18.221
14.848
25.236
6016
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
49.153
114.921
2.598
6017
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
2.597
22.457
38.337
6018
0.300 x 0.400
3. 55
40.408
17.448
22.966
6019
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
22.633
17.531
40.576
6020
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
37.860
22.483
2.595
6021
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
2.593
14.535
49.828
6022
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
24.976
14.841
18.452
6023
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
12.185
8.056
17.665
6024
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
34.914
13.850
2.264
6025
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
2.285
16.439
25.753
6026
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
27.475
9.754
12.706
6027
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
14.746
10.961
22.266
6028
0.300 x 0.400
2.85
22.254
15.709
2.277
6029
0.300 x 0.400
0.85
2.279
12.294
38.417
6030
0.300 x 0.400
3.00
16.619
8.114
13.044
6031
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
22.963
12.394
21.781
6032
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
27.416
19.730
27.079
6033
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
6.758
9.806
26.053
6034
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
34.073
20.634
11.753
6035
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
44.125
20.295
12.262
6036
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
7.557
11.811
19.413
6037
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
21.499
10.437
21.095
78
0.300 x 0.400
1,65
26.767
14.239
10.396
6039
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
27.520
19.875
27.827
6040
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
22.940
12.431
22.585
6041
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
17.6693
5.954
16.418
6042
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
11.360
25.230
32.006
6043
0.300 x 0.400
3.50
17.783
6.295
17.358
6044
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
27.160
18.164
28.724
6045
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
17.313
41.062
20.635
6046
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
24.514
32.698
29.9411
6047
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
32.224
27.250
42.507
6048
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
25.930
32.697
28.414
6049
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
17.336
41.056
20.624
6050
0.300 x 0.400
4.15
27.223
18.137
29.659
7001
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
14.656
12.971
27.847
7002
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
4.571
1.847
12.022
7003
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
9.068
4.339
3.742
7004
0.300 x 0.400
1.90
13.668
11.256
2.290
7005
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
29.325
14.452
6.797
7006
0.300 x 0.400
3.55
4.983
12.407
31.235
7007
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
12.701
19.062
16.717
7008
0.300 x 0.400
3.65
28.585
20.730
17.301
7009
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
1.942
9.086
9.953
7010
0.300 x 0.400
2.00
6.852
3.226
7.671
7011
0.300 x 0.400
1.65
10.162
3.788
3.788
79
4. DESIGN OF SLABS
4.1 GENERAL:
Slabs are usually supported on two parallel sides or an all the four sides.
Beams or walls are the common supports for slabs. If a slab is supported on two
opposite edges, it bends in only one direction. Hence it needs reinforcements in only
one direction. However distribution steel is to be provided at right angles to main
reinforcement so that load is distributed properly. Apart from this distribution steel
helps in distributing secondary stresses like temperature stresses. Hence slab
reinforcement is provided in both directions. Thus, Slabs supports mainly transverse
loads and transfer them to the supports by bending action in one or more directions.
Beams or walls are the common supports for the slab.
If the slab is supported on all the four sides, it bends in both directions and
needs reinforcement in both directions. In such case the reinforcements are to be
designed in for both directions. However, from the analysis of slabs by plate theory it
is found that if the ratio of larger span to smaller span (ly/lx) is more than 2, the
bending moment in the direction of larger span is very small. The main reinforcement
required works out to be less than that required as distribution steel for one-way slab.
The bending moment in shorter span is almost equal to bending moment in one way
slab and hence the slab may be designed as one-way slab if the ratio of larger span(ly)
to shorter span (lx) is more than 2.
The slabs in which main reinforcement is to be designed in only one direction
is called one-way slab. If main reinforcement is to be designed in both directions, the
slab is called two-way slab. Slabs may be a roof or a floor depending on its location in
the building, the design value of live load on slab panels as per IS: 875 part-II is as
follows:
1) Design L.L for roof slab
2) Design L.L for typical floor slab
: 1.5 KN/m
: 2.0 KN/m
80
Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as they are
used for beams. The following methods of analysis are available:
a) Elastic Analysis idealization into strips or beams.
b) Semi Empirical co-efficient as given in code.
c) Yield line Theory.
General Design Requirements for Slabs as per IS 456: 2000
1. Effective span:
The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear
span plus effective depth of the slab or center to center distance between the
supports whichever is less.
The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of
the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a
continuous slab where the length to the Centre of support shall be taken.
2. Limiting stiffness:
The stiffness of slab is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per
Clause 23.2 of IS: 456 for spans not exceeding 10 m, the span to depth ratio
(basic values) should not exceed the limits given below.
Cantilevers
-7
Simply supported
- 20
Continuous
- 26
Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above
values have to be modified as per fig.4 of IS: 456 2000.For two-way slabs,
the shorter span should be used for calculating the span to effective depth
ratio.
3. Minimum Reinforcement:
The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than
0.15% of gross cross-sectional area if mild steel is used. However, this value is
reduced to 0.12% where high strength deformed bars (HYSD) are welded by
fabrics are used. (Clause 26.5.2.1 of IS: 456 2000).
4. Maximum Diameter of Bars:
The diameter of bars shall not exceed one eighth of the total thickness
of slab (Clause 26.5.2.2 of IS: 456 2000)
5. Spacing of Main Reinforcement:
The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than
three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is less.
(Clause 26.3.3 of IS: 456 2000)
81
6. Distribution Reinforcement:
The area of distribution reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15% of
gross cross-sectional area if plane bars are used and 0.12% if high yield
strength deformed bars are used. The spacing of distribution reinforcement in
slabs shall not be more than five times of the effective depth of slab or 450
mm whichever is less.
7. Cover to Reinforcement:
Reinforcement shall have concrete cover of thickness as follows:
a) At each end of reinforcement bar not less than 25 mm nor less than
twice the diameter of such bar.
b) The bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 20 mm nor
less than the diameter of such bars.
wul2/8
Bending Moment
Vu
wul/2
Shear Force
Mu, lim
k. fck.b. d2
82
1000 mm,
wul/2
Shear Force
Vu/ b. d
ast/ S. d
-------
--------
83
For solid slabs, the shear strength of concrete shall be c.k. Value of k should
be taken from clause 40.2.1.1 depending depth of slab, which is given below.
Overall
depth
K
300 or
more
1.00
275
250
225
200
175
1.05
1.10
1.15
TABLE 4.1
1.20
1.25
150 or
less
1.30
Also note for slabs, nominal shear stress (c) shall not exceed 0.5 c max, where
c max is as given as table-20 IS: 456. Shear reinforcements in slabs should be
avoided, since they work out cumbersome and expensive. Hence, if v > c,
increase the thickness of slab and redesign.
9) Check for Development Length :
Ld (M1 V) + Lo
The check for shear and check for development length are mostly
satisfied in all cases of slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads and
therefore omitted in design calculations
(wdl2/12) + (wLl2/9)
0.6wd+0.6wL
Design Procedure:
I.
II.
84
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
ii.
iii.
iv.
For uniformly distributed loads, the bending moment and shear force is
Mu
=
wul2/8
Bending Moment
Vu
=
wul
Shear Force
Basic value of span to depth ratio for cantilever = 7
To find the trial depth, l/d ratio may be taken as 10 taking the modification
factors in to consideration.
Main bars are to be provided at top and distribution bars are to be provided in
the transverse direction.
There should be check for anchorage length of main bars at the support.
85
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5
7
FIG4.1
Where Mx & My are the design moments along short and long spans
w = uniformly distributed load on slab
lx & ly are the lengths of short and long spans.
x & y are the moment coefficients given in table 26 of IS: 456.
86
Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panel supported on four sides with
provision of torsion at corners
(IS 456:2000 Clause D-1.1 and 24.4.1)
Ca
se
No
.
Type of Panel
and Moments
considered
(1)
(2)
Interior Panels:
Negative
moment at
continuous edge.
Positive moment
at mid span
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Long
span
coefficie
nts y
for all
values
of ly/lx
(11)
0.032
0.037
0.043
0.047
0.051
0.053
0.060
0.065
0.032
0.024
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.039
0.041
0.045
0.049
0.024
0.037
0.043
0.048
0.051
0.055
0.057
0.064
0.068
0.037
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.039
0.041
0.044
0.048
0.052
0.028
0.037
0.044
0.052
0.057
0.063
0.067
0.077
0.085
0.037
0.028
0.033
0.039
0.044
0.047
0.051
0.059
0.065
0.028
0.047
0.053
0.060
0.065
0.071
0.075
0.084
0.091
0.047
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.049
0.053
0.056
0.063
0.069
0.035
0.045
0.049
0.052
0.056
0.059
0.060
0.065
0.069
--
0.035
0.037
0.040
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.049
0.052
0.035
87
Positive moment
at mid span
Two Long
Edges
Discontinuous:
Negative
moment at
continuous edge.
Positive moment
at mid span
Three Edges
Discontinuous
(One Long
Edge
Continuous):
Negative
moment at
continuous edge.
Positive moment
at mid span.
Three Edges
Discontinuous
(One Short
Edge
Continuous):
Negative
moment at
continuous edge.
Positive moment
at mid span
Four Edges
Discontinuous:
Positive moment
at mid span.
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
0.045
0.035
0.043
0.051
0.057
0.063
0.068
0.080
0.088
0.035
0.057
0.064
0.071
0.076
0.080
0.084
0.091
0.097
--
0.043
0.048
0.053
0.057
0.060
0.064
0.069
0.073
0.043
0.057
0.043
0.051
0.059
0.065
0.071
0.076
0.087
0.096
0.043
0.056
0.64
0.072
0.079
0.085
0.089
0.100
0.107
0.056
TABLE 4.2
88
Fe 250
35
40
Fe 415
28
32
TABLE 4.3
(b) If lx > 3.5 m and L.L >3 3 KN/m2, the allowable lx/d ratio is same as
that of one-way slabs.
2. Find the effective spans lx and ly
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
89
4. Obtain the design moment coefficients along short and long spans
depending on the boundary conditions given in table 26 of IS: 456 as
applicable. Calculate the bending moments by multiplying the coefficients
by wlx2.
5. Calculate the minimum depth required to resist the absolute maximum
design moment (Mx and My) which should be less than the depth provided,
otherwise increase the depth.
6. Calculate the area of steel at the mid span (and at support if the slab is
continuous) in both the directions using
Mu = 0.87 FY Ast d {1 [(FY Ast) (fck b d)]}
The short span bars are provided in the bottom layer and long span bars are
provided above the short span bars in the mid span regions.
Thus for
short span d = D clear span /2
Long span d1 = (D clear span /2) = d
The main reinforcement shall be provided in the middle strips of width
equal to of slab width.
7. Torsion steel:
(a) At corners where slab is discontinuous over both the edges At =
Astx
(b) At corners where slab is discontinuous over one edge At = 3/8
Astx
(c) At corners where slab is continuous over both edges, At = 0,
i.e., no torsion steel is required.
Where Astx = Area of steel for maximum mid span moment.
This area of torsion reinforcement will be provide at corners in the
form of mesh, one at top and the other at bottom for a length of lx/5 in each
orthogonal direction, parallel to the sides of the slab.
8. Check for Deflection:
Calculate the Pt % corresponding maximum mid span moment
Take the modification factor (MF) from figure-4 IS: 456
(l/d) provided < (l/d) maximum = basic value x MF
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
90
9.
v < c
10. Check for Development Length:
Ld (M1 V) + Lo
The check for shear and check for development length are mostly
satisfied in all cases slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads and
therefore omitted in design calculations. The general arrangement of
reinforcement in two-way.
4.7 CALCULATIONS:
SLAB PANEL: S1
Length of longer span ( ly ): 3.65 m
Length of shorter span (lx ): 3.00 m
Now ratio of longer span to shorter span i.e.,
lx
3.65
3.00
= 1.217 < 2
2 KN/m2
Floor finish
fck
fy
=
=
=
1.5 KN/m2
20 N/mm2
415 N/mm2
Thickness of slab:
Assume effective depth d =
span
32
3000
32
= 93.75
Adopt d = 100 mm
Effective Cover = 20 mm
Overall depth D = 120 mm
Loads per unit area of slab
Self-weight of the slab = 0.12 x 25
Live load
= 3.0 kN/m2
= 2 N/m2
91
Floor finish
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load
= 6.5 KN/m2
Spacing
Ast pro
mm
mm
mm
0.56
0.16%
157.04
120
200
251.33
4.20
0.42
0.12%
116.77
120
200
251.33
0.045
3.98
0.40
0.11%
110.54
120
200
251.33
0.034
2.98
0.30
0.08%
82.42
120
200
251.33
Mu
Mu/bd
Pt
Coefficient
kN.m
N/mm2
0.064
5.60
0.048
x
shorter
Min
Ast
mm
Dia
Ast
reqd
mm
Moment
(-ve)
x
(+ve)
y
longer
(-ve)
y
(+ve)
TABLE 4.4
Check for deflection:
Basic value of Lx/d ratio = 26
From figure 3 of I.S 456:1978 modification factor is 1.66
Maximum permitted l/d ratio =
1.66 26 =
43.16
92
10.25 m
3.50 m
lx
10.25
3.50
= 2.92 > 2
= 2 KN/m2
Floor load
= 1 KN/m2
= 415 N/mm2
Thickness of slab:
Assume effective depth d =
span
28
3500
28
= 125
Adopt d = 125 mm
Cover = 20 mm
Overall depth = 145 mm
Loads: per unit area of slab
Self-weight of the slab = 0.145 x 25 = 3.3.625 kN/m2
Live load
2 kN/m2
Floor finish
1 kN/m2
Total load
6.625 kN/m2
93
By using SP 16
TABLE 4.5
Ast
reqd
mm
Min
Ast
mm
Dia of
bar
mm
0.28%
352.46
150
Mu
Mu/bd
Pt
kN.m
N/mm2
15.22
0.97
Spacing
Ast pro
mm
mm
140
359.04
Distribution reinforcement:
Minimum percentage of steel as per IS 456 Is 0.12% of gross cross sectional area
Ast
174 mm2
1.43 20 = 28.6
28.6
94
Lx
(m)
Ly
(m)
Effecti
ve
depth
d (mm)
Type of
slab
Along X-direction
Along Y-direction
-ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
S1
3.00
3.65
100
Two way
Continues
8 -200 c/c
8 -200 c/c
8 -200 c/c
8 -200 c/c
S2
3.65
3.70
100
Two way
Continues
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
S3
3.55
3.65
100
Two way
Continues
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
S4
3.50
10.25
125
One way
-----
8 -140 c/c
-----
8 -280 c/c
S5
3.85
4.15
100
Two way
Continues
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
8 -200 c/c
8 -250 c/c
S6
2.85
4.15
100
Two way
Continues
8 -250 c/c
8 -300 c/c
8 -250 c/c
8 -300 c/c
S7
3.55
4.15
100
Two way
Continues
8 -250 c/c
8 -300 c/c
8 -250 c/c
8 -300 c/c
TABLE 4.6
Note :
Effective cover for all slabs is 20 mm
Total depth for two way slabs is 120 mm
Total depth for one way slabs is 145 mm
Diameter of bar and spacing is in mm
95
5. DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
In a building frame at every floor level, there can be large number of
beams with different spans, end conditions, and loadings. It would not be
practicable to design all beams serially from first to last. It is quite likely
that some of the beams may have the same end conditions, spans, and/or
loadings. Under such circumstances, it is always advisable to categorize
them and group them to facilitate design, and reduce the computational
efforts.
Design of reinforced concrete beams involves sizing and finding
required quantity of steel based on the consideration of strength and
serviceability requirements. It also involves detailing. The major
consideration in the design of beams is bending moment. Hence first
beams are designed for bending moment and then the design for shear is
taken up. Checks are applied for deflection and crack width. If the
requirement for any limit state fails redesign is to be made. The detailing
of reinforcement is to be made with neat sketches/drawings taking into
account bond, cracking and durability considerations.
Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension.
Hence plain concrete cannot be used in situations where considerable
tensile stresses develop. If flexural members like beams and slabs are
made of plain concrete their load carrying capacity is very low due to its
low tensile strength. Since steel is very strong in tension, steel bars are
provided to resist tensile stresses at a place where the maximum tensile
stresses are developed.
In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses are induced in
bottom layers because of positive bending moment (sagging bending
moment) and hence steel bars are provided near the bottom of the beam.
In cantilever beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist
the tensile stresses developed in top layers due to the negative bending
moment (hogging bending moment).
A
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
96
Positioning of beams:
Some of the guiding principles for the positioning of beams are as
follows:
(a) Beams are generally provided under walls or below heavy
concentrated loads to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
(b) The spacing of the beams is governed by the maximum spans of the
slabs.
(c) For larger spans and heavier loads the two-way action is advantageous,
as the steel required is minimum.
(d) For designing the cantilever slabs, availability adequate anchorage
should be checked.
Categorization of beams:
The categorization of beams may be done on the basis of design which
depends on the following factors:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(ii)
97
For example, if it is to be used for a big residential complex with large number
of such units, then small excess of concrete and/or steel that may occur by using
simplifying assumption in design of one unit can lead to appreciable increase in
overall cost of materials in the entire big scheme.
The decisions regarding the assumptions made for the end conditions of the
beam materially affects the design procedure and designs itself.
Bearing the above points in mind, the decision has to be taken very carefully
whether to use the methods of structural analysis or simplifying assumptions and
approximations. A beam may be assumed as simply supported at discontinuous end
for simplicity on safer side, simultaneously taking care to provide steel at top at least
equal to 1/3rd the mid-span steel to account for partial fixity developed.
For approximate method, the beams may be categorized on the basis of end
conditions as follows:
5.2 CATEGORY:
(1) Beam simply supported at both ends and carrying only UDL.
(2) Beam simply supported at one end and continuous at the other end
and carrying UDL.
(3) Beam continuous at both ends and carrying UDL only.
(4) Miscellaneous beams such as overhanging beams, beams with any end
condition but carrying unusual loading like UDL over part of the
length of beam, continuous beams with abnormally unequal spans
etc.
The beams under each category may further be divided into different groups
on the basis of approximate equality of spans and loads. For beams with uniform
cross section and having the same end conditions the equality of spans may be
assumed when they do not differ more than 15% of the longest.
Types of Beams:
Designer has to decide whether the section of the beam is going to act as
rectangular or L or T-beam. A single span beam supported on masonry wall can be
considered as simply supported beam. It has zero moments at ends and sagging (+ve)
moment throughout. If slab is cast over it monolithically, the slab is on compression
side. Hence when beam bends part of slab acts as flange of the beam in resisting
bending moment. If the slab is on both sides, it becomes T-beam and if it is only on
one side it is L-beam.
If the beam is part of a framed structure or is continuous over a number of
supports, it will be having sagging (+ve) moment in mid-span and hogging (-ve)
moment near the supports. If as usual slab is on the top of the beam and is cast
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
98
monolithically with beam, the mid-span section of the beam becomes flanged section.
At interior supports, the flange is on tension side and hence will not assist in resisting
moment. In such cases the beam is to be designed as a rectangular section for negative
moment.
The designer has to decide whether the section is to be designed as Singly
reinforced or Doubly reinforced. For this the depth of balanced section may be
found. If this depth cannot be permitted from the consideration of head room
requirement or from architectural consideration then the section is to be designed as
doubly reinforced. Otherwise it may be designed as singly reinforced.
Beam Section:
The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam consist of fixing breadth and
depth of the beam. The breadth of the beam is generally kept equal to the thickness of
the wall to avoid offset inside the room. It shall not exceed the width of the column
for effective transfer of load from beam to column. The minimum width of beam shall
be 200 mm to meet the requirements of fire resistance of 0.5 hours. (See fig.1 of IS:
456 2000).
FIG5.2
The depth of the beam is taken between L/10 to L/16. The types of beams
having different sections are kept minimum to facilitate reuse work. Even in some
cases, especially in residential buildings, the depth of the beam is provided equal to
the difference between the top of the floor and top of the door/ window. The
advantages are there is no need to provide lintel, the depth of the formwork remains
the same so that they can be reused and the top of the formwork being at the same
level there is considerable saving in labor.
99
5.3 ASSUMPTIONS:
The analysis and design of a reinforced concrete section for flexure is based
on the following assumptions. (IS: 456 2000, Clause 38.1)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
100
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
101
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
z = d 0.42 xu
102
,
=
0.0035
087
+ 0.0055
E
is dependent on grade of steel only.
103
fy (N/mm2)
250
0.53
415
0.48
500
0.46
Fe 250 steel
Fe 415 steel
Fe 500 steel
0.148fckbd2
0.138 fckbd2
0.133 fckbd2
2.96 bd2
3.45 bd2
3.33 bd2
3.7 bd2
3.45 bd2
3.33 bd2
General
M20
M25
Table 5.2 Limiting Moment of Resistance for Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Limiting Percentage of Steel:
The percentage of tensile reinforcement corresponding to the limiting
moment resistance is known as limiting percentage of steel. It can be
obtained by equating force of tension and compression.
0.87 , = 0.36 ,
, = 0.36 , /0.87
Limiting percentage of steel , =
=
100
0.36 ,
100
0.87
104
Grade of
concrete
Fe 415
Fe 500
M15
1.32
0.72
0.57
M20
1.76
0.96
0.76
M25
2.20
1.19
0.94
This works out only 0.2% for Fe 415 steel and 0.34% for Fe 250 steel.
105
4. Maximum Reinforcement:
The maximum area of tension reinforcement should not exceed 4% of
the gross cross sectional area (Clause 26.51 of IS: 456)
Ptmax < 0.04 bD
Where D = gross depth of the beam
5. Spacing of Bars:
The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars
shall usually be not less than the greatest of the following:
(a) Diameter of the bar if the diameters are equal.
(b) Diameter of the largest bar if the bars are unequal
(c) 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of the aggregate
When there are two or more rows of bars, the bars shall be vertically in
line and the minimum vertical distance between the bars shall be 15 mm,
two-thirds of nominal maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of
the bars whichever is greater.
The maximum spacing of bars in tension for beams is taken from
Table-15 of IS: 456 depending on the amount of redistribution carried
out in analysis and fy.
6. Cover to Reinforcement:
Reinforcement shall have concrete cover of thickness as follows:
(a) At each end of reinforcement bar not less than 25 mm nor less
than twice the diameter of such bar.
(b) For longitudinal reinforcing bar in beam, not less than 25 mm
nor less than the diameter of such bar.
7. Side Face Reinforcement:
Where the depth of the beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement
shall be provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement
shall not be less than 0.1% of the beam area and shall be distributed
equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or width of the
beam whichever is less.
Use of SP16 for Design and Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams:
The Indian standards Institutions special publication SP16, Design aids for
Reinforced concrete of IS: 456, contains a number of charts and tables for design of
reinforced concrete members.
The following are the data presented in SP16 for design and analysis singly
reinforced beams.
106
(i)
(ii)
107
The lever arm for the additional moment of resistance 2 is equal to the
distance between the centroid of the tension and compression reinforcements,
i.e., d-d,. Hence the additional moment of resistance is given by
2 = = 0.87 2
Where,
fsc = stress in compression steel
d = Distance of centroid of compression reinforcement from the maximum
compression fiber (effective cover to compression reinforcement)
Asc= Area of compression reinforcement required to resist Mu2
Ast2 = Area of additional tensile reinforcement to balance compression steel
Ast1= Area of tensile reinforcement for a balanced singly reinforced section
1. Neutral Axis:
The depth of neutral axis can be calculated by equating total force of
compression to total force of tension.
Compression force of concrete = 0.36
Compressive forces in compression steel =
Tensile force = 0.87
Equate force of Compression with Tension
+ =
Therefore, =
0.87
0.36
108
0.0035
=
x
x
Knowing the strain, the stress in compression steel can be obtained from
stress-strain curve of corresponding steel or from Table-A of SP-16 which is given
below
Stress level
Fe415
Fe500
Strain
Stress N/mm2
Strain
Stress N/mm2
0.80fyd
0.00144
288.7
0.00174
347.8
0.85fyd
0.00163
306.7
0.00195
369.6
0.90fyd
0.00192
324.8
0.00226
391.3
0.95fyd
0.00241
342.8
0.00277
413.0
0.975fyd
0.00276
351.8
0.00312
423.9
1.0fyd
0.00380
360.9
0.00417
434.8
109
Table 5.4 Salient points on the design stress strain curve for cold worked bars
(Table-A SP-16)
Note: Linear interpolation may be done for intermediate values
fyd = Design yield strength = 0.87fy
So fsc and xu are interrelated and cannot be found directly. Trial and error
procedure should be adopted.
For mild steel direct relation can be established between stress and strain since
the idealized stress strain curve is linear up to fy and then it is constant equal to fy
= starin x E
Substituting the value of strain and E for steel = 2x105 N/mm2
= 0.0035 (1-d/xu) 2x105
= 700(1-d/xu), subjected to a maximum of 0.87fy
Stress in Compression Steel (fsc) based on d/d :
As per SP-16, in designing doubly reinforced beam (by assuming xu= xu,max)
the following table gives the values of fsc for different values of d/d.
Grade of Steel
d'/d
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Fe415
355
353
342
329
Fe500
424
412
395
370
Table 5.5 Stress in Compression Steel (fsc) N/mm2 in Doubly Reinforced beams
with cold worked bars (Table-F in SP-16) when d/d < 0.2
For d/d < 0.2, fsc for mild steel is 0.87fy
Use of Design Aids SP-16:
SP-16 design tables 45 to 56 gives the percentage of tension and compression
reinforcement (Pt and Pc) for different ratios of (d/d) varying from 0.05 to 0.20 and
for various grades of concrete (fck= 15 to 30 N/mm2) and different grades of steel (fy=
250, 415 and 500 N/mm2) covering the moment of resistance factor (Mu/bd2) varying
from 2.24 to 8.30
110
3000 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
41.037 KN-m
15.561 KN-m
41.749 KN-m
41.037 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.97 KN/m2
Limiting moment of resistance
Mu,lim
0.138x fckxbxd2
0.138 x20x300x3752
117 KN-m
%pt
0.95
0.280
1.00
0.295
0.7822
0.287
Area of steel =
pt xbxd
100
111
322 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
322
2
4x12
2.84 ~ 3 nos
15.561 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.37 KN/m2
0.138x fckxbxd2
0.138 x20x300x3752
117 KN-m
100
95.625 mm2
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 nos
112
= 0.99 KN/m2
Limiting moment of resistance
Mu,lim
0.138x fckxbxd2
0.138 x20x300x3752
117 KN-m
%pt
0.95
0.280
1.00
0.295
0.92
0.292
Area of steel =
=
100
328 mm2
328
2
4x12
2.90 ~ 3 nos
Beam no's 1002,1006, 1010, 1013, 1016, 1017, 1022, and 1025
Length
3700 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
48.839 KN-m
19.181 KN-m
49.323 KN-m
113
48.839 x 10 6
=
bd 2
300x375 2
Mu
= 1.16 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.384 %
pt xbxd
Area of steel =
100
389 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
389
2
4x12
3.44 ~ 4 no's
19.181 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.45 KN/m2
100
144 mm2
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
= 2.03 ~ 3 no's
114
49.323x 10 6
=
2
300x375 2
= 1.17 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
percentage of reinforcement (%pt) = 0.349 %
Area of steel =
100
393 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
393
2
4x12
3.47 ~ 4 nos
3550 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
48.911 KN-m
17.581 KN-m
48.598 KN-m
= 1.16 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.346 %
Area of steel =
=
pt xbxd
100
389 mm2
115
389
2
4x12
3.44 ~ 4 no's
= 0.42 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
%pt = 0.118
Area of steel =
100
133 mm2
=
Check for Area of steel
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
48.598 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 1.15 KN/m2
100
387 mm2
116
No of bars
387
2
4x12
3.42 ~ 4 nos
1650 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
35.415 KN-m
18.726 KN-m
26.626 KN-m
= 0.84 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.254 %
pt xbxd
Area of steel =
100
276 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
276
2
4x12
2.44 ~ 3 no's
18.726 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.45 KN/m2
117
Area of steel =
100
142 mm2
=
Check for Area of steel
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
26.626 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.63 KN/m2
100
204 mm2
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 nos
Cross section =
1900 mm
300x400 mm
118
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
32.145 KN-m
15.876 KN-m
34.632 KN-m
32.145 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.76 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.221 %
Area of steel =
=
pt xbxd
100
249 mm2
249
2
4x12
2.20 ~ 3 no's
= 0.38 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
%pt = 0.107
Area of steel =
=
100
120 mm2
119
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
34.632 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.82 KN/m2
100
269 mm2
269
2
4x12
2.37 ~ 3 nos
3650 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
49.395 KN-m
19.794 KN-m
52.575 KN-m
120
49.395 x 10 6
=
bd 2
300x375 2
Mu
= 1.17 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.350 %
pt xbxd
Area of steel =
100
394 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
394
2
4x12
3.38 ~ 4 no's
19.794 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.47 KN/m2
100
150 mm2
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
121
52.575 x 10 6
=
2
300x375 2
= 1.25 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
percentage of reinforcement (%pt) = 0.374 %
Area of steel =
100
421 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
421
x12 2
4
.3.72 ~ 4 nos
4150 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
59.694 KN-m
19.794 KN-m
52.575 KN-m
59.694 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 1.41 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.431 %
Area of steel =
=
pt xbxd
100
484 mm2
122
No of bars
484
2
4x12
4.28 ~ 5 no's
19.794 x 10 6
300x375 2
= 0.47 KN/m2
100
150 mm2
0.85
=
230
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
= 1.25 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
percentage of reinforcement (%pt) = 0.374 %
Area of steel =
=
100
421 mm2
123
No of bars
421
2
4x12
3.72~ 4 nos
2000 mm
Cross section =
300x400 mm
Clear cover
25 mm
375 mm
44.458 KN-m
30.724 KN-m
45.315 KN-m
= 1.05 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
Percentage of steel = 0.312 %
Area of steel =
=
pt xbxd
100
351 mm2
351
2
4x12
3.10 ~ 4 no's
= 0.73 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
%pt = 0.211
124
Area of steel =
100
237 mm2
=
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars
237
2
4x12
2.03 ~ 3 no's
= 1.07 KN/m2
Referring to Table no 2 of SP 16 for M20 and Fe415
percentage of reinforcement (%pt) = 0.319 %
Area of steel =
=
100
359 mm2
359
2
4x12
= 3.17~ 4 nos
Beam no
2001, 2007, 2009, 2014,
2015, 2022, 2023, 2030,
3001, 3007, 3009, 3014,
3015, 3022, 3023,3030,
4001, 4007, 4009, 4014,
4015, 4022, 4023, 4030,
50001, 5007, 5009, 5014,
5015, 5022, 5023, 5030
2002, 2006, 2010, 2013,
3002, 3006, 3010, 3013,
4002, 4006, 4010, 4012,
5002, 5006, 5010, 5013
Length
(m)
3.00
3.70
Position of
Max B.M
Max B.M
(KN-m)
Reinforcement
@ Start
support(-ve)
60.47
#3-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
21.253
#3 -12
@ End
support(-ve)
60.963
#3-16
65.963
#3-16
27.412
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
@ Mid span
(+ve)
125
3.55
1.65
1.90
0.85
2.85
3.65
2.00
@ End
support(-ve)
67.464
#3-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
83.471
#4-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
30.701
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
81.434
#4-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
48.503
@ Mid span
(+ve)
40.553
#4-12
35.313
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
@ Start
support(-ve)
@ Mid span
(+ve)
@ End
support(-ve)
@ Start
support(-ve)
46.531
#3-16
#4-12
31.613
#3-12
48.304
#4-12
88.620
#4-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
31.885
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
90.227
#4-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
72.414
@ Mid span
(+ve)
33.136
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
72.969
#3-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
71.746
#4-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
28.99
#3-12
67.938
#3-16
@ End
support(-ve)
@ Start
support(-ve)
44.511
#3-16
#4-12
126
@ Mid span
(+ve)
@ End
support(-ve)
@ Start
support(-ve)
@ Mid span
(+ve)
@ End
support(-ve)
3.50
4.15
32.654
#3-12
45.356
#4-12
60.319
#3-16
30.414
#3-12
74.234
#4-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
91.337
#4-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
55.884
#3-16
@ End
support(-ve)
97.419
#3-16
Position of
Max B.M
Max B.M
(KN-m)
Reinforcement
@ Start
support(-ve)
24.96
#3-12
14.848
#3-12
25.236
#3-12
37.182
#3-12
Length
(m)
3.00
3.70
@ Mid span
(+ve)
@ End
support(-ve)
@ Start
support(-ve)
127
3.55
1.65
1.90
0.85
2.85
3.65
@ Mid span
(+ve)
20.325
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
39.189
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
70.503
#3-16
@ Mid span
(+ve)
31.136
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
71.122
#3-16
@ Start
support(-ve)
34.073
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
20.634
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
21.137
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
26.206
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
13.521
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
14.139
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
49.153
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
14.921
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
49.828
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
37.860
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
22.483
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
38.337
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
44.125
#3-12
128
2.00
3.50
4.15
@ Mid span
(+ve)
20.730
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
27.827
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
21.499
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
11.811
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
26.053
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
17.783
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
25.230
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
32.006
#3-12
@ Start
support(-ve)
32.224
#3-12
@ Mid span
(+ve)
41.062
#3-12
@ End
support(-ve)
42.507
#3-12
129
130.305 KN
1.58 N/mm2
c = 0.438
From table no J of SP 16
Max shear stress
Vu- Vuc
81 KN
130
Sv =
0.87fy .Asv .d
Vus
= 151.1 mm
Max allowed spacing = 0.75d = 281.25 mm
= 300 mm whichever is less
Hence provide 2 legged 6 mm stirrups @ 150 mm c/c at ends and 2 legged 6 mm
stirrups @ 200 mm c/c
131
6. DESIGN OF COLUMN
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
Concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. Longitudinal steel
rods are always provided to assist the direct loads. A minimum area of longitudinal
steel is provided in the column, to resist tensile stresses caused by some eccentricity
of the vertical loads. There is also an upper limit of amount of reinforcement in R.C.
columns, because higher percentage of steel may cause difficulties in placing and
compacting of concrete. Longitudinal reinforcing bars are tied laterally by ties or
stirrups at suitable interval, so that the bars do not buckle.
The design of column necessitates determination of loads transferred from
beam at different floors levels. Loads are transferred from slabs to beams and then to
columns. Hence, slabs and beams are normally designed prior to the design of
columns. This method is called as Exact method which enables one to assess the loads
on columns more accurately and thereby the design of columns becomes realistic and
economical.
However, in practice, many times situations arise which require the design of
columns and footings are required to be assessed using judgment based on past
experience and using approximate methods. The loads on the columns can be
determined approximately on the basis of floor area shared by each column. These
loads are normally calculated on higher side so that they are not less than the actual
loads transferred from slabs/beams. In such cases, the design of column is likely to be
uneconomical
The design procedure using both these approaches of column load calculation
has been explained.
132
(II)
(III)
133
Circular
Rectangular
Square
Hexagonal
Column
capital
C
O
L
U
M
N
C
O
L
U
M
N
FLAT SLAB
Drop
panel
C
O
L
U
M
N
134
BEAM
BEAM
lx
ly
Strut
STRUT
Column
L
Strut
COLUMN
Plan
135
BEAM
BEAM
BRACKET
COLUMN
Longitudinal reinforcement:
b.
To share the vertical load, thereby reducing the overall size of the
column
To resist tensile stresses caused in the column due to
1. Eccentric load
2. Moment
3. Transverse load
To prevent sudden brittle failure of the column
To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.
Transverse reinforcement:
136
FIG6.5
d. Composite column
FIG6.8
137
The unsupported length l shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral
dimension of the column ( l 60b ).
If in any given plane , one end of the column is unrestrained 100 2 /
2
2
2
2
idealized conditions. But when it comes to practice end conditions are never ideal.,
but in case of frame structures it is difficult to idealize ends as fixed, free or hinged.
IS 456 gives a method of determining the effective length for such cases in terms of
stiffness of members meeting at joint.
In normal usage idealized end conditions may be assumed and effective length
determined as shown from table 28 in IS 456.
138
Degree of end
restraint of
compression
members
Effectively held in
position and
restrained against
rotation in both
ends
Effectively held in
position at both
ends, restrained
against rotation at
one end
Effectively held in
position at both
ends, but not
restrained against
rotation
Effectively held in
position and
restrained against
rotation at one end,
and at other
restrained against
rotation but not
held in position
Symbol
Theoretical
Recommended
value of
value of effective
effective length length
0.50 L
0.70 L
1.00 L
1.00 L
Effectively held in
position and
restrained against
rotation at one end,
and at other
partially restrained
against rotation but
not held in position
0.65 L
0.80 L
1.00 L
1.20 L
1.50 L
139
Effectively held in
position at one end
but not restrained
against rotation,
and at other end
restrained against
rotation but not
held in position
2.00 L
2.00 L
1.5
= 0.446 ck
140
4. The stress in reinforcement is derived from representative stressstrain curve for the type of steel used. Factor of safety 1.15 is applied
for steel
5. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is
taken as 0.002, and is uniform in section. Hence maximum
compressive stress in concrete, assumed to be uniform across the
section is taken equal to 0.446*fck according to assumption.
Short column:
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness
ratio lex/D and ley/D are less than 12, where
lex = effective length in bending with respect to major axis ( i.e. x- axis )
ley = effective length in bending with respect to major axis ( i.e. y- axis )
D = depth of the section in respect of major axis.
d = width of the section in respect of minor axis.
= + = + s
c fck = fc = stress in concrete at failure, at uniform of 0.002
s fy = fs = stress in steel at failure, at uniform of 0.002
Ac = area of concrete ; As = area of steel reinforcement
When a short column is axially loaded, the strain distribution across
the section will be rectangular. At failure, the strain in concrete will be uniform at a
value of 0.002. When concrete attains a limiting strain of 0.0002, the mild steel
reinforcement may develop full design stress ( fyd = 0.87 fy ) . In general therefore
stress fs in steel reinforcement at strain of 0.002, can be taken equal to s fy, where
the value of s will depend upon the type of reinforcement as given below ;
141
Value of (s )
0.87
0.79
0.75
TABLE 6.2
Type of reinforcement
Mild steel
Fe 415
Fe 500
Hence the load carrying capacity of a member, subjected to an axial load only, is
given by
= 0.446 + s
From IS CODE ( IS : 456-2000) adopts only the lowest value of s ( = 0.75
), which is for steel Fe 500 grade . Also the code has redesigned Pu as Puz in section
39.6 of the code, and has given the following expression in design aids ( SP : 16
1980 ).
= . + . s = . +
. .
500
30
, subject
to minimum of 20 mm
0.67 0.4
142
= .
+ .
Where,
Ag = gross area of cross section = b * D for rectangular section
0.36
143
Pu
Pu
= DEFLECTION
FIG6.11
= 0 (NO DEFLECTION )
CURVE.
144
May =
Where
Pu = axial load on member
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Pu = axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum compressive strain
0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
145
2. Transverse reinforcement :
A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face
has effective lateral support against buckling. The effective lateral support is given by
transverse reinforcement either in form of circular rings capable of taking up
circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angles not
exceeding 1350. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored.
i.
Lateral ties:
a. The diameter of lateral ties shall not less than of the diameter of
largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm.
b. The pitch of ties shall not exceed the following
ii.
146
Type
Internal Column or
Axially Loaded
II
III
Side Column or
Axially Loaded
with Uniaxial
Bending
Column Nos
Size of
column
Max Ultimate
load
300 x 500 mm
1637.006 KN
9,10,11
300 x 400 mm
818.406 KN
300 x 500 mm
1249.386 KN
300 x 400 mm
818.406 KN
1, 8, 26, 32
300 x 500 mm
790.593 KN
Corner column or
Axially Loaded
Biaxial
TABLE 6.3
Category I(a): (13,14,15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24)
Axially loaded columns
Factored axial load = 1637 KN
Breadth (B) = 300 mm
Depth (D) = 500 mm
Length (L) = 3200 mm
Gross area (Ag) = 300 x 500 = 150000 mm2
Area of concrete (Ac) = 150000- Asc
For a axially loaded short columns
Pu = 0.4 fck.Ac+0.67.fy.Asc
1637 x 103 = 0.4x20x (150000- Asc) + 0.67x 415x Asc
Asc = 1618.21 mm2
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
147
1
4
x16 = 4 mm
2. 6 mm
Hence, adopt 6 mm diameter of bars
Pitch of the lateral ties shall be minimum of:
1. Least of the lateral dimension = 300 mm
2. 16 x dia of longitudinal bar 16 x 16 = 256 mm
3. 300 mm
Provide 6 mm lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c
Category I(b): (9,10,11)
148
1
4
x12 = 3 mm
2. 6 mm
Hence, adopt 6 mm diameter of bars
Pitch of the lateral ties shall be minimum of:
1. Least of the lateral dimension = 300 mm
2. 16 x dia of longitudinal bar 16 x 12 = 192 mm
3. 300 mm
Provide 6 mm lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c
Category III:
Axial load (Pu) = 790.593 KN
About X
KN-m
About Y
KN-m
15.79
7.12
Eccentric Moments
15.81
18.24
15.81
18.24
Initial Moments
TABLE 6.4
Mx = 15.79 KN-m
My = 7.21 KN-m
Column size = 300 mm X 500 mm
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
149
M20 Fe415
Assume clear cover = 40 mm
Assume dia. Of main steel = 12 mm
Dia. Of link = 8 mm
Therefore effective cover = 40+8+ 12/2 = 54 mm
Assume % steel as p = 1.2 %
Emin.x = L/500 + d/30
= 3200 /500 + 500/30
= 23.066 mm
Emin.y= L/500 + d/30
= 3200/500 + 300/30
= 16.4 mm
P/fck = 1.2/20 = 0.06
P
P
=0.417
= 0.081
150
= 0.075
M uy
M uy 1
= 0.11 < 1
Schedule of columns:
category
Cross section
Longitudinal
reinforcement
300 x 500 mm
10-16
300 x 400 mm
10-12
300 x 500 mm
8-16
300 x 400 mm
8-12
300 x 500 mm
8-16
II
III
Lateral ties
(2 Legged)
6 250 C/C
6 250 C/C
6 250 C/C
TABLE 6.5
151
7. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
A Building is generally composed of super structure above the
ground and sub-structure, which forms the foundation below ground. The safe bearing
capacity of the soil must not be exceeded; otherwise settlement may occur, resulting
in damage to building and its facility ex. gas mains, water etc
It is important to have an engineer survey made of soil under a
proposed structure so that variation in strata and soil properties can be determined.
The design of foundation ,the areas of bases in contact with ground should be such
that the safe bearing pressure will not be exceeded ,If these loads are to properly
transmitted ,footing must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, and
provide safety against sliding, overturning.
If,
Shallow foundation
If,
Deep foundation
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Strap footing
Mat footing
152
1) Isolated footing:
Footing which are provided under each column independently is
called isolated footing. It may be square, rectangle, or circular in plan. Its
comprised of thick slab which may be flat or stepped or sloped as shown in
fig..
P
P
P
FLAT
Stepped
Slopped
2) Combined footing:
Footing that supports two or more columns is combined footing. These
may be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape, as shown in fig. This type of footing
is provided when isolated footing of adjacent columns overlap each other and
when exterior column close to boundary line.
P1
P2
P1
P2
153
3) Strap footing:
It is also one of the types of combines footing. It consists of an
isolated footing of two columns connected by beam called strap beam.
P1
P2
Connecting beam
Cantilever slab
154
(1 ) 2
(1+ )
Where,
h = Min depth
p = Safe bearing capacity
w = Unit weight of soil
= Angle of friction of soil
Loads for foundation:
For,
a) Dead load + Imposed load case, 1.0 DL + 1.0 IL
b) Dead load + Wind load case, 1.0 DL +1.0 WL
c) Dead + Imposed + Wind load case, 1.0 DL + 0.8 DL + 0.8WL
10% of load from column may take as self-weight of footing for determining
the area of footing required.
In case of multi-storey Building, one should take advantage of allowable
reduction in the live load for residential and office buildings
General design requirements for footing (IS 456-2000):
I.
In reinforcement and plain concrete footing, the min. thickness at the edges shall be
taken as given below.
For footing on soil 150 mm
For footing on piles 300 mm
II.
155
i.
At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footing supporting concrete
column, pedestal or wall
ii. Halfway b/w the center-line and edge of the wall, for footings under masonry
walls
iii. Halfway b/w the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base, for footing under gusseted bases
III. Shear:
The shear strength of footing is governed by the more serve of the
following 2 conditions.
For one way or beam action, the critical section for shear shall be assumed as a
vertical section located from face of the column. i.e. {pedestal or wall at a
dist. Equal to effective depth for footing on soil and dist. equal to half effective
depth in case of footing on piles}.
For 2 way action of the footing, the critical section for shear shall be at a dist.
Of D/2 from the periphery of the column perpendicular to the plane of the
slab.{where d = effective depth of section}
IV.
Bond:
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall
be assumed at the same planes as those prescribed for bending moment and also at
other planes where minimal changes of section occur.
Tensile reinforcement:-
V.
= (
2
+1
156
ee
End Band
Central band
FIG7.5
)
End band
VI.
Footing
A1= Max. Area of supporting surface
2d
2d
A2
157
Min. reinforcement:-
VII.
VIII.
Column Bar
Development length of column bars
Dowel
Bars
1.1
P = working load
1.5
=
158
)
b
B-b / 2
b
aa
B
Qu
FIG7.8 CRITICAL SECTION OF BENDING MOMENT
Projection of the footing =
()
2
2
2
Mu =
.( 2 )2
2
()2
8
Using the bars of dia not less than 10 mm, find the spacing of bars.
Spacing =
159
Vu
bd
Bb
2
(B-b/2)-d
B
b
FIG7.9
6) Check for Two way shear:
Two way shears is also known as Punching shear. if the footing
depth is less, the column may punch through the footing because of the shear
stresses in the footing around the perimeter of the column. As per IS 456-2000,the
critical section for two way shear is at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column as shown in the fig.
Perimeter of the punching area = 4(b+d)
Area of concrete resisting punching force = perimeter of punching x depth
A=4 b+d d
Force of punching S = Qu shaded area
= [2 - ( + )2 ]
Punching shear stress,
p =0.25
.
160
d/2
d/2
d/2
b+d
d/2
b+d
B
FIG7.10 Critical section of two way shear
7) Check for bond length:
Since the footing is designed as a cantilever with reinforcement
subjected to deigned strength at the column face, sufficient bond length should be
available from the face of the column.
Ld =
0.87fy
4 bd
<
=0.45
Where,
1
2
, in which
1
2
161
Critical section
(a)
For bending
a+d
B-b / 2
B
b
d/2
d
b
L-a/2
d/2
(b)
FIG7.11 critical section for one way shear; FIG7.12critical section for two way shear
Bending moment along longer direction = M1 = Q u
B(La)2
()2
8
The maximum B.M shall be taken for calculating the depth of footing. The
depth calculated should be checked for one way shear and two way shear similar to
that of square/isolated footing.
162
b+d
NODES
Fx (KN)
Fy (KN)
Fz (KN)
Mx (KNm)
My (KNm)
Mz (KN-m)
16.254
739.600
24.614
31.044
0.229
9.252
16.191
1046.546
22.836
22.386
0.255
13.294
16.392
1146.586
13.988
16.481
0.193
27.988
15.314
834.852
23.547
19.712
0.288
33.174
20.698
681.782
13.669
12.918
0.128
18.742
28.706
960.644
13.785
14.3
0.170
25.731
12.083
1039.918
22.933
28.382
0.080
15.051
5.696
749.144
25.288
32.406
0.106
14.775
2.826
770.377
18.641
16.520
0.153
12.038
10
16.323
665.521
8.274
10.354
0.087
14.016
11
10.261
818.406
14.191
12.940
0.067
15.740
12
16.470
838.848
20.098
29.327
0.129
9.106
13
16.524
1178.568
15.828
24.937
0.185
12.937
14
15.173
1212.995
28.885
23.043
0.150
27.362
15
13.614
1637.006
22.396
33.776
0.065
13.704
16
17.264
1239.291
21.983
18.184
0.127
26.632
17
11.970
1180.815
15.879
26.009
0.058
14.999
18
5.750
842.925
21.148
31.041
0.092
14.831
19
17.832
903.807
23.072
31.145
0.085
9.309
20
21.037
1225.531
19.100
15.719
0.116
27.221
21
17.198
1361.846
22.471
19.967
0.162
27.370
22
13.826
1586.945
26.535
35.947
0.068
13.791
23
17.147
1367.383
18.648
16.853
0.103
27.433
24
17.231
1225.577
19.854
16.375
0.398
29.104
25
6.348
906.918
24.121
32.666
0.145
15.649
163
17.284
788.709
7.832
22.196
0.076
9.110
27
21.470
986.219
4.293
6.199
0.105
26.112
28
16.008
1056.792
6.420
9.360
0.268
26.894
29
14.089
1249.386
10.368
26.330
0.088
13.121
30
17.391
1201.954
5.169
7.041
0.137
26.234
31
16.685
1020.677
4.528
6.523
0.343
27.889
32
6.211
790.593
8.410
23.730
0.395
15.087
Group
Column Nos
1, 8, 26, 32
II
Size of column
Max Ultimate
load
300 x500 mm
790.593 KN
1249.386 KN
300 x500 mm
III
300 x500 mm
1637.006 KN
IV
5,9,10,11
300 x 400 mm
818.406 KN
164
2.
3.
Design calculations
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
General Data
Max column load Pu
KN
Design working load (P)=Pu/1.5 KN
Column section (b x D) mm x mm
S.B.C of soil
KN/m2
790.593
527.062
300 x 500
200
1249.386
832.924
300 x 500
200
1637.006
1091.133
300 x 500
200
818.406
545.604
300 x 400
200
2.64
2.88
1.80
1.60
0.650
4.16
4.83
2.30
2.10
0.90
5.46
5.75
2.50
2.30
1.00
2.64
3.06
1.80
1.70
0.70
189
172
190
178
kN-m
17.40
40.16
59.31
19.66
kN-m
15.46
36.67
54.57
18.57
mm
62.77
121
147
84
360
470
470
360
410
520
520
410
135
242
361
155
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.205
431
12
557
12
554
16
425
12
200
180
180
200
MuL =
8
w L Cx 2
MuB =
Depth d =
0.138. .
Total depth
mm
Reinforcement along:
(Ast )y=
0.5 f ck
fy
4.6
.. 2
1
xBxd mm2
165
5.
85
183
235
105
0.148
0.162
0.221
0.174
0.157
0.157
0.237
0.157
0.260
0.260
0.332
0.260
safe
safe
safe
Safe
3040
3480
3480
2840
1094.4x103
1635.6 x
103
1635.6 x
103
1022.4 x
103
423
0.389
706
0.440
952
0.598
458
0.459
1.118
1.118
1.118
1.118
safe
safe
safe
safe
ast x 100
Sxd
6.
166
Group
Length
Lf m
Breadth
Bf m
D mm
d mm
1.80
1.60
410
II
2.30
2.10
III
2.50
IV
1.80
Asty
Clear
cover
(mm)
Dia
spacing
Dia
spacing
360
12
200
12
200
50
520
470
12
180
12
180
50
2.30
520
470
16
180
16
180
50
1.70
410
360
12
200
12
200
50
167
8. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
8.1 INTRODUCTION:
Stairs are provided in a building to afford a means of communication
between the various floors, they are called staircase. Since they have to
perform the very important function, the slab over which the steps rests should
be designed properly to provide maximum comfort, easy and safety.
Staircase provides access for the various floors of the building. The
stair consists of series of steps with landings at appropriate intervals. The
stretch between the two landings is called flight. The room or space where
stairs are provided is called stair case.
The width of stair depends up on the type of building in which it is
provided. Generally in residential buildings, the width of stair is kept as 1 m
and in case of public buildings it may be up to 2 m. to allow free flow of users,
the width of landings should be at least equal to the width of stairs.
Each step has one tread (going) and one rise. Rise and tread are
proportioned so as to provide convenient and easy access. The rise may vary
from 150 mm to 200 mm. the tread is in between 250 mm to 300 mm. as per
IS: 456, the slope or pitch of the stairs should be in between 250 to 400.
The most important aspect in providing staircase is its location. The
location of stair should be such as to provide as easy access so that in case of
any causality, e.g. fire break, earth, food etc. occupation should be placed in
the center or to the side of a building. The location depends upon the position
of the rooms ant type of approach needed. In residential buildings, it should
be placed centrally so as to:
1. Provide easy access from all rooms,
2. Maintain privacy.
3. In public building, the staircase should be located near the main entrance.
168
169
170
8. Landing: The width of landing should not be less than width of stair.
9. Winders:
The introduction of winders in stairs should be provided as far
as possible. They are liable to be dangerous and involve extra expenses in
construction. They are difficult to carpet and are especially unsuitable for
public buildings. However, where the winders cannot be dispensed with, they
should preferably be provided near the lower end of flight. Thus instead of
quarter space landing three winders may be used and for a half/space landing 5
winders and four radiating risers may be adopted.
10. Step Proportions:
The rise and tread of each step in a stair should be uniform dimension
throughout. The ratio of going and the rise of a step should so proportioned as
to ensure a comfortable access of the stair way.
171
Span
<1m
< 1m
G+X+Y
<1m
> 1m
G+X+1
> 1m
<1m
G+Y+1
>1m
>1m
G+1+1
3. Loads on Stairs:
Live loads:
Stairs are prescribed in IS: 875 which is given per unit horizontal area.
Generally the following values of live loads on stairs may be taken.
(a) 5 KN/m2, if crowded.
(b) 3 KN/m2, if not crowded.
Dead loads:
These are to be calculated per unit horizontal area. If T, R and D are tread, rise
and thickness of waist slab in m, then the dead load can be calculated as given below.
(a) Weight of waist slab per unit horizontal area
2 + 2
x25 = D 1 + [ ]2 x25
w2 =
1
xRxTx
2
25
1
2
xRx25
Where R in meter
Providing load (0.5 to 1 KN/m2) may be added to the above values
4. Distribution of Loading on the Stairs:
In case of stairs with open wells, where spans cross at right angles, the load on
areas common to any two such spans may be taken as one half in each direction.
172
w u l2
8
5. Determine the minimum depth required to resist the bending moment by equating
Mu = Mu,lim = k fck bd2
b = 1000 mm, k = 0.138 for Fe415 steel & 0.148 for mild steel
Provided depth should be more than this value. Otherwise increase the depth.
6. Calculate the area of steel per meter width of slabs by using
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d[1
fy Ast
]
fck bd
1000xast
Ast
173
R2 + T 2
R.T
R.T
w l2
8
A
]
.
174
1000 mm
= 3200 mm
Live load
= 3 KN/2
Let,
Riser (R)
= 160 mm
Tread (T)
= 250 mm
sec =
250 2 +160 2
250 2
3200
160
= 1.1877
= 20
= 10 1 = 9
Therefore,
Going = 250 x 9 = 2250 mm
Assuming, width of landing at end = 800 mm
Flight I is supported on beam
a) Mid-landing level
Total span L = 2250 + 800 + 300 = 3350 mm {Horizontally}
Design of Flight I:
Type one way single span simply supported inclined slab.
L = 3350 mm ~ 3.35 m
Trial depth of waist slab
Basic
ratio = 20
Assuming = 0.4%
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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Modification factor
456:2000}
3350
1.32 20
= 130 mm
R
2
= 2 KN/2
= 25 x 0.16 / 2
= 5 KN/2
Live load
= 1 KN/2
Floor finish
Total working load
12.45 KN/2
2
8
18.68 x 3.35 2
8
= 26.20 KN.m
0.5 x 20
4.5
4.6 x 26.20 x 10 6
20 x 1000 x 130 2
x 1000 x 130
= 619.66 m2
176
x 102 = 78.57 m2
Spacing:
A st
a st
X 1000 =
78.57
619.66
x 1000 = 126 mm
Therefore,
Provide # 10 mm @ 120 mm c/c
Ast Provided = 654.762 m2
Distribution Steel:
For, Fe415
Ast =
0.12
100
Pt = 0.12%
177
MODULE II
178
Structural Steel:
The structural steel is the steel used for the manufacture of rolled structural
steel sections, fastenings and other elements for use in structural steel works. This
material steel is an alloy of iron and carbon (small percentage) and other elements in
varying percentages. The strength, hardness and brittleness of steel increase and
ductility of steel decreases with the increase of percentage of carbon. Depending on
the chemical composition, the different type of steels are classified as mild steel,
medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, low alloy steel and high alloy steel. The mild
steel, medium carbon steel and low alloy steel are generally used for steel structures.
The copper bearing quality of steel contains small percentage of copper contents. The
corrosive resistance of such steel is increased.
1. Mild steel: The mild steel is used for the manufacture of rolled structural steel
sections, rivets and bolts. Following operations can be done easily on mild
steel :
1. Cutting
2. Punching
3. Drilling
4. Machining
5. Welding
6. Forging when heated
The mild steel cannot be used for manufacture of cutting tools.
All structural steels used in general construction, coming within the
preview of IS: 800-84 shall, before fabrication, comply with one of the
following Indian Standard Specifications.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
179
varying from to 80 depending on the section and rolling mill practice. The angle of
intersection of ISMB section is 80. Abbreviated reference symbols (JB, LB, MB, WB,
SC and HB) have been used in designating the Indian Standard Sections as per BIS
(IS: 808-1989)
180
181
2.
3.
4.
It is to note that as per IS: 808- 1978 (part II), H beam sections have been deleted.
10.2.4 ROLLED STEEL ANGLE SECTIONS
The rolled steel angle sections are classified into the following three series.
1. Indian Standard Equal Angles---------------ISA
2. Indian Standard Unequal Angles------------ISA
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
182
183
184
185
Part II:
imposed loads
Part III:
wind loads
Part IV:
snow loads
Part V:
Permissible Stresses:
186
fy
fcc
2E
187
1.
2.
3.
4.
The partial safety factors for loads (f) for the limit states of strength and
serviceability for different load combinations is shown in table below:
Limit state of
serviceability
LL
DL+ER
(2)
1.5
(3)
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.5
(0.9)
1.2
(0.9)
AL
DL
Accomp
anying
DL+WL/EL
WL/E
L
Leading
(1)
DL+LL+CL
DL+LL+CL+WL/
EL
DL+LL+CL+WL/
EL
DL
WL/E
L
(4)
1.05
(5)
---
(6)
---
(7)
1.0
(8)
1.0
(9)
1.0
(10)
---
1.2
1.05
0.6
---
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.53
1.2
---
---
1.5
---
1.0
---
---
1.0
1.2
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
Accomp
anying
Combination
Leading
LL
0.3
0.35
--1.0
--------5
(1) When action of different live loads is simultaneously considered, the leading live
load shall be considered to be the one causing the higher load effects in the
member/section.
(2) This value is to be considered when the dead load contributes to stability against
overturning is critical or the dead load causes reduction in stress due to other
loads.
Abbreviations:
DL= Dead Load, LL=Imposed Load (live load), WL= Wind Load, CL= Crane
Load (vertical/horizontal), AL= Accidental Load, ER= Election Load, EL=
Earthquake Load.
Note: The effects of actions (load) in terms of stresses resultant may be obtained
from an appropriate method of analysis.
DL+LL+AL
1.0
188
189
10.25 7.9 3.65; 120 13.8 7.9 3.65; 121 17.5 7.9 3.65; 122 20.5 7.9 3.65; 123 0 7.9
7.15; 124 3 7.9 7.15; 125 3.85 7.9 7.15; 126 6.7 7.9 7.15; 127 10.25 7.9 7.15; 128
13.8 7.9 7.15; 129 16.65 7.9 7.15; 130 17.5 7.9 7.15; 131 20.5 7.9 7.15; 132 0 7.9
11.3; 133 3 7.9 11.3; 134 3.85 7.9 11.3; 135 6.7 7.9 11.3; 136 10.25 7.9 11.3; 137
13.8 7.9 11.3; 138 16.65 7.9 11.3; 139 17.5 7.9 11.3; 140 20.5 7.9 11.3; 141 6.7 9.5 0;
142 6.7 9.5 2; 143 0 11.1 0; 144 3 11.1 0; 145 6.7 11.1 0; 146 10.25 11.1 0; 147 11.9
11.1 0; 148 13.8 11.1 0; 149 17.5 11.1 0; 150 20.5 11.1 0; 151 6.7 11.1 2; 152 11.9
11.1 2; 153 13.8 11.1 2; 154 0 11.1 3.65; 155 3 11.1 3.65; 156 6.7 11.1 3.65; 157
10.25 11.1 3.65; 158 13.8 11.1 3.65; 159 17.5 11.1 3.65; 160 20.5 11.1 3.65; 161 0
11.1 7.15; 162 3 11.1 7.15; 163 3.85 11.1 7.15; 164 6.7 11.1 7.15; 165 10.25 11.1
7.15; 166 13.8 11.1 7.15; 167 16.65 11.1 7.15; 168 17.5 11.1 7.15; 169 20.5 11.1
7.15; 170 0 11.1 11.3; 171 3 11.1 11.3; 172 3.85 11.1 11.3; 173 6.7 11.1 11.3; 174
10.25 11.1 11.3; 175 13.8 11.1 11.3; 176 16.65 11.1 11.3; 177 17.5 11.1 11.3; 178
20.5 11.1 11.3; 179 6.7 12.7 0; 180 6.7 12.7 2; 181 0 14.3 0; 182 3 14.3 0; 183 6.7
14.3 0; 184 10.25 14.3 0; 185 11.9 14.3 0; 186 13.8 14.3 0; 187 17.5 14.3 0; 188 20.5
14.3 0; 189 6.7 14.3 2; 190 11.9 14.3 2; 191 13.8 14.3 2; 192 0 14.3 3.65; 193 3 14.3
3.65; 194 6.7 14.3 3.65; 195 10.25 14.3 3.65; 196 13.8 14.3 3.65; 197 17.5 14.3 3.65;
198 20.5 14.3 3.65; 199 0 14.3 7.15; 200 3 14.3 7.15; 201 3.85 14.3 7.15; 202 6.7 14.3
7.15; 203 10.25 14.3 7.15; 204 13.8 14.3 7.15; 205 16.65 14.3 7.15; 206 17.5 14.3
7.15; 207 20.5 14.3 7.15; 208 0 14.3 11.3; 209 3 14.3 11.3; 210 3.85 14.3 11.3; 211
6.7 14.3 11.3; 212 10.25 14.3 11.3; 213 13.8 14.3 11.3; 214 16.65 14.3 11.3; 215 17.5
14.3 11.3; 216 20.5 14.3 11.3; 217 6.7 15.9 0; 218 6.7 15.9 2; 219 0 17.5 0; 220 3
17.5 0; 221 6.7 17.5 0; 222 10.25 17.5 0; 223 11.9 17.5 0; 224 13.8 17.5 0; 225 17.5
17.5 0; 226 20.5 17.5 0; 227 6.7 17.5 2; 228 11.9 17.5 2; 229 13.8 17.5 2; 230 0 17.5
3.65; 231 3 17.5 3.65; 232 6.7 17.5 3.65; 233 10.25 17.5 3.65; 234 13.8 17.5 3.65;
235 17.5 17.5 3.65; 236 20.5 17.5 3.65; 237 0 17.5 7.15; 238 3 17.5 7.15; 239 3.85
17.5 7.15;240 6.7 17.5 7.15; 241 10.25 17.5 7.15; 242 13.8 17.5 7.15; 243 16.65 17.5
7.15; 244 17.5 17.5 7.15; 245 20.5 17.5 7.15; 246 0 17.5 11.3; 247 3 17.5 11.3; 248
3.85 17.5 11.3; 249 6.7 17.5 11.3; 250 10.25 17.5 11.3; 251 13.8 17.5 11.3; 252 16.65
17.5 11.3; 253 17.5 17.5 11.3; 254 20.5 17.5 11.3; 255 6.7 20.7 0; 256 10.25 20.7 0;
257 11.9 20.7 0; 258 13.8 20.7 0; 259 11.9 20.7 2; 260 13.8 20.7 2; 261 6.7 20.7
3.65;262 10.25 20.7 3.65; 263 13.8 20.7 3.65;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 33 1; 2 34 2; 3 35 3; 4 36 4; 5 37 5; 6 38 6; 7 39 7; 8 40 8; 9 41 9; 10 42 10; 11 43
11; 12 44 12; 13 45 13; 14 46 14; 15 47 15; 16 48 16; 17 49 17; 18 50 18; 19 51 19;
20 52 20; 21 53 21; 22 54 22; 23 55 23; 24 56 24; 25 57 25; 26 58 26; 27 59 27; 28 60
28; 29 61 29; 30 62 30; 31 63 31; 32 64 32; 101 33 67; 102 34 68; 103 65 69; 104 35
65; 105 36 70; 106 37 71; 107 38 72; 108 39 73; 109 40 74; 110 66 75; 111 41 66;
112 42 76; 113 43 77; 114 44 78; 115 45 79; 116 46 80; 117 47 81; 118 48 82; 119 49
83; 120 50 84; 121 51 85; 122 52 86; 123 53 88; 124 54 89; 125 55 90; 126 56 92;
127 57 93; 128 58 94; 129 59 95; 130 60 97; 131 61 98; 132 62 99; 133 63 101; 134
64 102; 201 67 105; 202 68 106; 203 103 107; 204 69 103; 205 70 108; 206 71 109;
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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207 72 110; 208 73 111; 209 74 112; 210 104 113; 211 75 104; 212 76 114; 213 77
115; 214 78 116; 215 79 117; 216 80 118; 217 81 119; 218 82 120; 219 83 121; 220
84 122; 221 85 123; 222 86 124; 223 88 126; 224 89 127; 225 90 128; 226 92 130;
227 93 131; 228 94 132; 229 95 133; 230 97 135; 231 98 136; 232 99 137; 233 101
139; 234 102 140; 301 105 143; 302 106 144; 303 141 145; 304 107 141; 305 108
146; 306 109 147; 307 110 148; 308 111 149; 309 112 150; 310 142 151; 311 113
142; 312 114 152; 313 115 153; 314 116 154; 315 117 155; 316 118 156; 317 119
157; 318 120 158; 319 121 159; 320 122 160; 321 123 161; 322 124 162; 323 126
164; 324 127 165; 325 128 166; 326 130 168; 327 131 169; 328 132 170; 329 133
171; 330 135 173; 331 136 174; 332 137 175; 333 139 177; 334 140 178; 401 143
181; 402 144 182; 403 179 183; 404 145 179; 405 146 184; 406 147 185; 407 148
186; 408 149 187; 409 150 188; 410 180 189; 411 151 180; 412 152 190; 413 153
191; 414 154 192; 415 155 193; 416 156 194; 417 157 195; 418 158 196; 419 159
197; 420 160 198; 421 161 199; 422 162 200; 423 164 202; 424 165 203; 425 166
204; 426 168 206; 427 169 207; 428 170 208; 429 171 209; 430 173 211; 431 174
212; 432 175 213; 433 177 215; 434 178 216; 501 181 219; 502 182 220; 503 217
221; 504 183 217; 505 184 222; 506 185 223; 507 186 224; 508 187 225; 509 188
226; 510 218 227; 511 189 218; 512 190 228; 513 191 229; 514 192 230; 515 193
231; 516 194 232; 517 195 233; 518 196 234; 519 197 235; 520 198 236; 521 199
237; 522 200 238; 523 202 240; 524 203 241; 525 204 242; 526 206 244; 527 207
245; 528 208 246; 529 209 247; 530 211 249; 531 212 250; 532 213 251; 533 215
253; 534 216 254; 601 255 221; 602 256 222; 603 257 223; 604 258 224; 605 259
228; 606 260 229; 607 261 232; 608 262 233; 609 263 234; 1001 33 34; 1002 34 35;
1003 35 36; 1004 36 37; 1005 37 38; 1006 38 39; 1007 39 40; 1008 42 43; 1009 44
45; 1010 45 46; 1011 46 47; 1012 47 48; 1013 48 49; 1014 49 50; 1015 51 52; 1016
52 53; 1017 53 54; 1018 54 55; 1019 55 56; 1020 56 57; 1021 58 59; 1022 59 60;
1023 60 61; 1024 61 62; 1025 62 63; 1026 63 64; 1027 35 41; 1028 37 42; 1029 38
43; 1030 33 44; 1031 34 45; 1032 36 47; 1033 39 49; 1034 40 50; 1035 41 46; 1036
43 48; 1037 44 51; 1038 45 52; 1039 46 53; 1040 47 54; 1041 48 55; 1042 49 56;
1043 50 57; 1044 51 58; 1045 52 59; 1046 53 60; 1047 54 61; 1048 55 62; 1049 56
63; 1050 57 64; 1051 65 66; 2001 67 68; 2002 68 69; 2003 69 70; 2004 70 71; 2005
71 72; 2006 72 73; 2007 73 74; 2008 76 77; 2009 78 79; 2010 79 80; 2011 80 81;
2012 81 82; 2013 82 83; 2014 83 84; 2015 85 86; 2016 86 87; 2017 87 88; 2018 88
89; 2019 89 90; 2020 90 91; 2021 91 92; 2022 92 93; 2023 94 95; 2024 95 96; 2025
96 97; 2026 97 98; 2027 98 99; 2028 99 100; 2029 100 101; 2030 101 102; 2031 67
78; 2032 68 79; 2033 69 75; 2034 75 80; 2035 70 81; 2036 71 76; 2037 72 77; 2038
77 82; 2039 73 83; 2040 74 84; 2041 78 85; 2042 81 89; 2043 84 93; 2044 85 94;
2045 87 96; 2046 88 97; 2047 89 98; 2048 90 99; 2049 91 100; 2050 93 102; 2051
103 104; 3001 105 106; 3002 106 107; 3003 107 108; 3004 108 109; 3005 109
110;3006 110 111; 3007 111 112; 3008 114 115; 3009 116 117; 3010 117 118; 3011
118 119; 3012 119 120; 3013 120 121; 3014 121 122; 3015 123 124; 3016 124 125;
3017 125 126; 3018 126 127; 3019 127 128; 3020 128 129; 3021 129 130; 3022 130
131; 3023 132 133; 3024 133 134; 3025 134 135; 3026 135 136; 3027 136 137; 3028
137 138; 3029 138 139; 3030 139 140; 3031 105 116; 3032 106 117; 3033 107 113;
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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3034 113 118; 3035 108 119; 3036 109 114; 3037 110 115; 3038 115 120; 3039 111
121; 3040 112 122; 3041 116 123; 3042 119 127; 3043 122 131; 3044 123 132; 3045
125 134; 3046 126 135; 3047 127 136; 3048 128 137; 3049 129 138; 3050 131 140;
3051 141 142; 4001 143 144; 4002 144 145; 4003 145 146; 4004 146 147; 4005 147
148; 4006 148 149; 4007 149 150; 4008 152 153; 4009 154 155; 4010 155 156; 4011
156 157; 4012 157 158; 4013 158 159; 4014 159 160; 4015 161 162; 4016 162 163;
4017 163 164; 4018 164 165; 4019 165 166; 4020 166 167; 4021 167 168; 4022 168
169; 4023 170 171; 4024 171 172; 4025 172 173; 4026 173 174; 4027 174 175; 4028
175 176; 4029 176 177; 4030 177 178; 4031 143 154; 4032 144 155; 4033 145 151;
4034 151 156; 4035 146 157; 4036 147 152; 4037 148 153; 4038 153 158; 4039 149
159; 4040 150 160; 4041 154 161; 4042 157 165; 4043 160 169; 4044 161 170; 4045
163 172; 4046 164 173; 4047 165 174; 4048 166 175; 4049 167 176; 4050 169 178;
4051 179 180; 5001 181 182; 5002 182 183; 5003 183 184; 5004 184 185; 5005 185
186; 5006 186 187; 5007 187 188; 5008 190 191; 5009 192 193; 5010 193 194; 5011
194 195; 5012 195 196; 5013 196 197; 5014 197 198; 5015 199 200; 5016 200 201;
5017 201 202; 5018 202 203; 5019 203 204; 5020 204 205; 5021 205 206; 5022 206
207; 5023 208 209; 5024 209 210; 5025 210 211; 5026 211 212; 5027 212 213; 5028
213 214; 5029 214 215; 5030 215 216; 5031 181 192; 5032 182 193; 5033 183 189;
5034 189 194; 5035 184 195; 5036 185 190; 5037 186 191; 5038 191 196; 5039 187
197; 5040 188 198; 5041 192 199; 5042 195 203; 5043 198 207; 5044 199 208; 5045
201 210; 5046 202 211; 5047 203 212; 5048 204 213; 5049 205 214; 5050 207 216;
5051 217 218; 6001 219 220; 6002 220 221; 6003 221 222; 6004 222 223; 6005 223
224; 6006 224 225; 6007 225 226; 6008 228 229; 6009 230 231; 6010 231 232; 6011
232 233; 6012 233 234; 6013 234 235; 6014 235 236; 6015 237 238; 6016 238 239;
6017 239 240; 6018 240 241; 6019 241 242; 6020 242 243; 6021 243 244; 6022 244
245; 6023 246 247; 6024 247 248; 6025 248 249; 6026 249 250; 6027 250 251; 6028
251 252; 6029 252 253; 6030 253 254; 6031 219 230; 6032 220 231; 6033 221 227;
6034 227 232; 6035 222 233; 6036 223 228; 6037 224 229; 6038 229 234; 6039 225
235; 6040 226 236; 6041 230 237; 6042 233 241; 6043 236 245; 6044 237 246; 6045
239 248; 6046 240 249; 6047 241 250; 6048 242 251; 6049 243 252; 6050 245 254;
7001 255 256; 7002 256 257; 7003 257 258; 7004 259 260; 7005 261 262; 7006 262
263; 7007 255 261; 7008 256 262; 7009 257 259; 7010 260 258; 7011 260 263;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.05e+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2e-005
DAMP 0.03
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193
4032 TO 4035 4039 4045 4046 4048 4049 5009 5010 5013 TO 5022 5032 TO 5035
5039 5045 5046 5048 5049 UNI 8
6001 6002 6006 6007 6023 TO 6031 6040 6041 6043 6044 6050 7001 TO 7003 7005
7006 TO 7007 7010 7011 UNI 2
1051 2051 3051 4051 5051 UNI 20
ONEWAY LOAD
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 ONE -3.6 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 0 3.65 TOWARDS 7007
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 ONE -3.6 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 7.15 11.3
ONEWAY LOAD
YRANGE 4.7 20.7 ONE -3.6 XRANGE 0 20.5 ZRANGE 3.65 7.15
CHECK SOFT STOREY
DEFINE WIND LOAD
TYPE 1
INT 0.67 HEIG 19.2
EXP 1 JOINT 33 TO 263
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE EQ XP
1893 LOAD X 1
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE None TITLE EQ XN
1893 LOAD X -1
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE None TITLE EQ ZP
1893 LOAD Z 1
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE None TITLE EQ ZN
1893 LOAD Z -1
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE None TITLE WL XP
WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1
LOAD 6 LOADTYPE None TITLE WL XN
WIND LOAD X -1 TYPE 1
LOAD 7 LOADTYPE None TITLE WL ZP
WIND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1
LOAD 8 LOADTYPE None TITLE WL ZN
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195
9 1.0 10 1.0
LOAD COMB 12 ULTIMATE 1.5 (DL+LL)
9 1.5 10 1.5
LOAD COMB 13 1.2 (DL+LL+WL XP)
9 1.2 10 1.2 5 1.2
LOAD COMB 14 1.2 (DL+LL+WL XN)
6 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
LOAD COMB 15 1.2 (DL+LL+WL ZP)
9 1.2 10 1.2 7 1.2
LOAD COMB 16 1.2 (DL+LL+WL ZN)
9 1.2 10 1.2 8 1.2
LOAD COMB 17 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ XP)
1 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
LOAD COMB 18 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ XN)
9 1.2 10 1.2 2 1.2
LOAD COMB 19 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ ZP)
3 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
LOAD COMB 20 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ ZN)
4 1.2 9 1.2 10 1.2
LOAD COMB 21 1.5(DL+EQ XP)
9 1.5 1 1.5
LOAD COMB 22 1.5(DL+EQ XN)
2 1.5 9 1.5
LOAD COMB 23 1.5(DL+EQ ZP)
3 1.5 9 1.5
LOAD COMB 24 1.5(DL+EQ ZN)
4 1.5 9 1.5
LOAD COMB 25 1.5(DL+WL XP)
5 1.5 9 1.5
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197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
Profiled decking
Shear connection
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses
Greater stiffness of composite beams results in shallower depths for the same
span. Hence lower storey heights are adequate resulting in savings in cladding
costs, reduction in wind loading and savings in foundation costs.
The steel deck is normally rolled into the desired profile from 0.9 mm to 1.5
mm galvanised sheets. It is profiled such that the profile heights are usually in the
range of 38-75 mm and the pitch of corrugations is between 150 mm and 350 mm.
Generally, spans of the order of 2.5 m to 3.5 m between the beams are chosen and the
beams are designed to span between 6 m to 12 m. Trapezoidal profile with web
indentations is commonly used.
The steel decking performs a number of roles, such as:
205
Loading
It transfers in-plane loading by diaphragm action to vertical bracing or shear
walls
It stabilizes the compression flanges of the beams against lateral buckling,
until concrete hardens.
It reduces the volume of concrete in tension zone
It distributes shrinkage strains, thus preventing serious cracking of concrete.
206
of the profile. In addition, any stud connector welded through the sheeting must lie
within the area of concrete in the trough of the profiling. Consequently, if the trough
is narrow, a reduction in strength must be made because of the reduction in area of
constraining concrete. In current design methods, the steel sheeting is ignored when
calculating shear resistance; this is probably too conservative.
Composite Slab Stage: The structural behaviour of the composite slab is
similar to that of a reinforced concrete beam with no shear reinforcement. The steel
sheeting provides adequate tensile capacity in order to act with the concrete in
bending. However, the shear between the steel and concrete must be carried by
friction and bond between the two materials. The mechanical keying action of the
indents is important. This is especially so in open trapezoidal profiles, where the
indents must also provide resistance to vertical separation. The predominant failure
mode is one of shear bond rupture that results in slip between the concrete and steel.
13.2 Design method
As there is no Indian standard covering profiled decking, we refer to Euro
code 4 (EC4) for guidance. The design method defined in EC4 requires that the slab
be checked first for bending capacity, assuming full bond between concrete and steel,
then for shear bond capacity and, finally, for vertical shear. The analysis of the
bending capacity of the slab may be carried out as though the slab was of reinforced
concrete with the steel deck acting as reinforcement. However, no satisfactory
analytical method has been developed so far for estimating the value of shear bond
capacity. The loads at the construction stage often govern the allowable span rather
than at the composite slab stage.
The width of the slab b shown in Figure is one typical wavelength of profiled
sheeting. But, for calculation purpose the width considered is 1.0 m. The overall
thickness is ht and the depth of concrete above main flat surface hc. Normally, ht is not
less than 80 mm and hc is not less than 40 mm from sound and fire insulation
considerations.
The neutral axis normally lies in the concrete in case of full shear connection.
For sheeting in tension, the width of indents should be neglected. Therefore, the
effective area 'Ap' per meter and height of centre of area above bottom 'e' are usually
based on tests. The plastic neutral axis ep is generally larger than e.
The simple plastic theory of flexure is used for analysis of these floors for
checking the design at Limit State of collapse load. IS 456:2000 assumes the
equivalent ultimate stress of concrete in compression as 0.36 (fck) where (fck) is
characteristic cube strength of concrete.
207
= 0.36 . .
= =
Where
Ap
Fy
ap
=
=
=
(0.36)
This is valid when x hc, i.e natural axis lies above steel decking.
=
Mp.Rd is the design resistance to sagging bending moment and is given by:
. = ( 0.42)
The shear resistance of composite slab largely depends on connection
between profiled deck and concrete. The following three types of mechanisms
are mobilised:
(i) Natural bond between concrete and steel due to adhesion.
(ii) Mechanical interlock provided by dimples on sheet and shear connectors.
(iii) Provision of end anchorage by shot fired pins or by welding studs when
sheeting is made to rest on steel beams.
Natural bond is difficult to quantify and unreliable, unless separation at the
interface between the sheeting and concrete is prevented. Dimples or ribs are
incorporated in the sheets to ensure satisfactory mechanical interlock. These are
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
208
effective only if the embossments are sufficiently deep. Very strict control during
manufacture is needed to ensure that the depths of embossments are consistently
maintained at an acceptable level. End anchorage is provided by means of shot-fired
pins, when the ends of a sheet rest on a steel beam, or by welding studs through the
sheeting to the steel flange.
Quite obviously the longitudinal shear resistance is provided by the combined
effect of frictional interlock, mechanical interlock and end anchorage. No
mathematical model could be employed to evaluate these and the effectiveness of
the shear connection is studied by means of load tests on simply supported composite
slabs as described in the next section.
Integrity criterion concerned with preventing the flames and hot gases to
nearby compartments.
209
210
2. Composite Decking:
Serves as a tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it is bonded
with embossed rib pattern. Composite action between the concrete slab and
the floor beams or joists can be achieve by welding shear studs through the
decking to the supporting beam below.
3. Cellular Decking:
Is manufactured by welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a
series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communications wring; special
cutouts are available for floor outlets. The decking may serve as an acoustic
ceiling when the perforated cells are filled with glass fiber.
=
=
0.06857 kN/ m2
2.5 kN/m2
1 kN/m2
2 kN/m2
5.568kN/m2
1.2 m
211
212
Weight
Shear and web crippling
6.99 /2
= 26.19 kN
= 17.54 kN
Top flat in compression:
Deflection in 4 =
12.55
3
Sx (top) in
=
10.01
3
Sx (bot) in :
=
4.03
Ma (kN-m)
=
0.83
Bottom flat in compression
Deflection in 4 =
12.58
3
Sx (top) in
=
11.28
3
Sx (bot) in
=
3.95
Ma (kN-m)
=
0.81
Provide 0.7 mm thick Kirby decking sheet and 100 mm thick slab
Reinforcement in slab
Provide nominal reinforcement 8 mm dia @ 250 mm C/C in both directions
GIRTH CONNECTIONS
The decking sheet is connected to beams and columns with suitable nuts and
bolts. The typical drawing of connection of girth to column and beam is shown below.
213
214
14.DESIGN OF BEAMS
14.1 INTRODUCTION:
A member subjected to bending moment and shear force due to transverse
loads is called a Beam (or) the member carrying loads perpendicular to its axis is
called a Beam.
Classification of Beams:
The steel beams are generally classified as follows:
1. Simple Beams
2. Compound beam/ Built-up beam/ Plated beam.
3. Plate girders
1. Simple beam
When a single rolled section is provided to support the lateral load is called a
simple beam.
2. Compound Beam (or) Built up Beam:
When two or more rolled sections (or) rolled sections with plates are used as
flexural member is called a compound beam (or) built up beam. A rolled
section with one (or) more crown plates on its flange, when used as a beam is
called plated beam.
3. Plate griders:
When heavy loads are to be carried on large span, it may not be possible to
provide simple (or) compound beams. In such cases plate griders made up of
plates either riveted (or) welded together are used.
if
Effective Span:
Effective span of beam shall be taken as the length of the beam between the
centres of the support (or) the length between assumed points of applications of
reactions. It is denoted by l.
M
Z
14.3Moment of Resistance:
It is the bending moment which a beam can resist.
Moment of resistance = Z x or
The external loads should not cause a bending moment more than the moment of
resistance of the beam.
iv.
iii.
14.4 Shear:
1. Calculate maximum shear force in the beam depending upon the type of
loading .
i.
ii.
iii.
Cantilever carrying u.d.l, Max. S.F. =
iv.
Cantilever carrying point load Max. S.F. =
2. Calculate average shear stress ,
V
, =
x
3. , should be less than permissible avg. Shear stress.
= 0.4
ii.
iii.
iv.
8EI
384 EI
1 3
48 EI
3
3EI
span
325
To satisfy the strength and stiffness requirements of the beam should not
be greater than of the beam.
(+2 2 3)
(+2 2 3)
B= the length of the stiff portion of the bearing + additional length + thickness
of seating angle
h1= clear depth of the web between root fillets normally check for web
crippling and web buckling is not required for rolled steel sections under normal
loading.
<
Where = lowest design strength of the member due to yielding of gross section
under axial tension.
Definitions
1.10
1.10
1.25
Type of fabrications
Shop
Field
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
d. Welds, mw
1.25
1.50
0.9
1
Where m1= partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress as compile in the table
above
Fu= ultimate stress of the material
An= +
2
1
4
0.9
1
0.9
+
1
0
Where
= 1.4-0.076
0.7
For preliminary sizing, the rupture strength of net section may be approximately taken
as :
Where = 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for three bolts and 0.8for four or more bolts
along the length in the end connection or equivalent weld length
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
221
a)
30
0.9
0
Where, Avg= minimum gross and net area in shear along bolt line parallel to
external force respectively (1-2 and 3-4 as shown in the figure a. and 1-2 as
shown in the fig b)
Atn= minimum gross and net area in tension from the bolt hole to the
toe of the angle, end bolt line, perpendicular to the line of force, respectively
(2-3 as shown in the figure b.)
fu= ultimate and yield stress of the material, respectively
b) Welded connections: the block shear strength, Tdb shall be checked for
welded end connections by taking an approximate section in the member
around the end weld which can shear off as a block.
Design of flexural members:
1. General aspects
Flexural members such as beams should have adequate design strength to
resist the bending moments and shear forces resulting from imposed loads. In
addition, they should satisfy the serviceability criteria comprising the
deflection limits specified in table. given below for different types of
structural members. The maximum deflection under service loads should not
exceed the limits expressed as a function of the span given in the code. The
effective span of a beam is generally taken as the distance between the centre
of the supports.
Maximu
Type of
Deflecti Design
Member
Supporting
m
building
on
load
(4)
(5)
deflection
(1)
(2)
(3)
(6)
Elastic
Live
Span/150
cladding
load/
Purlins and
wind
Brittle
girts
Span/180
load
cladding
Elastic
Span/240
cladding
Live
Simple span
load
Brittle
Span/300
cladding
Elastic
Span/120
cladding
Live
Cantilever
load
span
Brittle
Span/150
cladding
Profiled metal
Span/180
sheeting
Live
Rafter
Industrial
Vertical
load
supporting
Plastered
building
Span/240
sheeting
Crane
load
(manual
Gantry
Crane
Span/500
operatio
n up to
50 t)
Crane
load
(electric
Gantry
Crane
Span/750
operatio
n up to
50 t)
Crane
Gantry
Crane
Span/100
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
223
load
(electric
operatio
n over
50 t)
No
crane
Crane +
wind
Lateral
Crane +
wind
Live
load
Vertical
Live
load
Other
building
Wind
Lateral
Wind
Elastic
Height/15
cladding
0
Column
Masonry/brittl Height/24
e cladding
0
Relative
displacement
between rails
10 mm
Gantry
supporting
(lateral)
crane
Crane
Span/400
(absolute)
Gantry (elastic
cladding;
Height/20
pendent
0
Column/fram
operated)
e
Gantry (brittle
Height/40
cladding; cab
0
operated)
Elements not
susceptible to Span/300
cracking
Floor and
roof
Elements
susceptible to Span/360
cracking
Elements not
susceptible to Span/150
cracking
Cantilever
Elements
susceptible to Span/180
cracking
Elastic
Height/30
cladding
0
Building
Brittle
Height/50
cladding
0
Inter storey
Storey
---drift
height/300
M Md
Where Md = design bending strength of the section
a) The design bending strength of a section which is not susceptible to web
buckling under shear before yielding and factored design shear force does
not exceed 0.6 Vd, where Vd is the design shear strength of the crosssection, the bending strength Md is calculated by the relation
M =
0
Where = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections
=
1.5
0 ] in cantilever beams.
1
+[2 + 2 ]0.5
1.0
= 0.5[1 + 0.2 + 2 ]
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
225
1.2
2
2
2
} = ,
2
The extreme fibre bending compressive stress fcr,b of non-slender rolled steel
sections in the above equation may be approximately calculated from the values
compiled in table in IS: 800 which has been prepared using the following equation:
, =
1.1 2
1
[1 +
20
( )2
]0.5
A simplified equation has been suggested by the Indian standard code IS: 8002007 for computing the elastic lateral buckling moment of prismatic members made
of standard rolled I-sections and welded doubly symmetric I-sections given as
2
[1 +
1
20
]0.5
Iw = warping constant
LLT = effective length for lateral torsional buckling
hf = centre to centre distance between flange
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
226
(vi)
(vii)
Partially
restrained by
bottom flange
support
connection
Partially
restrained by
bottom flange
bearing
support
Warping not
restrained in
both flanges
1.0L+2D
1.2L+2D
Warping not
restrained in
both flanges
1.2L+2D
1.4L+2D
Notes:
1. Torsional restraint prevents rotation about the longitudinal axis
2. Warping restraint prevents rotation of the flange in its plane.
3. D is overall depth of the beam
Av = shear area
fyw = yield strength of the web
the shear area for various sections
is computed using the following relations:
a) I and channel sections
Major axis bending. Minor axis bending
Hot-rolled: h.tw
Hot-rolled or welded: 2b tf
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
229
> 67
5.35
250
3) When w 1.2
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
230
32
Where w = non-dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear
buckling stress, given by
=
3 ,
12(1 2 )
Where
= Poissons ratio
Kw= 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports
= 4+ 5.35/ (c/d)2 for (c/d) < 1.0
= 5.35 +4.0 / (c/d)2 for (c/d) 1.0
Where c, d are the spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of
web, respectively.
(b) Tension field method
This method is based on the post-shear buckling strength. It is
normally used for webs with intermediate transverse stiffeners. In the
tension field method, the nominal shear resistance, Vn, is given by
Vn= Vtf
Where
= + 0.9 sin
Where Tb = buckling strength as computed from the simple postcritical method.
fv = yield strength of the tension field computed as
0.5
2
=
32 + 2
= 1.5 sin 2
= inclination of the tension field
= tan1
2
=
sin
0.5
0.25 2
1
/0
CALCULATIONS:
Design:
The unit weight of reinforced concrete deck slab
= 25 kN/m3
= 2 kN/m2
3.00m
1.2 m
1.2 m
1.2 m
3.60m
(1) DESIGN OF SECONDARY BEAMS:
Each secondary beams supports load from strip 1.2 m wide. Uniformly
distributed load per meter length of the beam:
(a) Load Support:
= 1.2 x 1x
100
1000
x25 = 3 kN
= 1.2x1x2 = 2.4 kN
= 0.50 kN
M=
6x32
= 6.75 kN m
8
6x3
=
= 9 kN
2
2
F=
&
M
6.75x1000x1000
=
= 40909.09 mm3
165
D
T
&
than 8 and 40, respectively. The trial section of beam selected may have
more of section, Z x 1.5 times more than that needed.
The trial section modulus
= 1.5 x 40909.09 = 61363.635 mm3
(e) Check for Section Modulus:
D
200
=
= 40
T
5.0
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
233
T
5.0
=
= 1.47 < 2.00
3.4
Also
1 179.5
=
= 52.79 < 85
3.4
The effective length of compression flange of beam may be assumed equal
to effective span,
0.7x3x1000
=
= 179.4
11.7
From Table 6.1(b), IS: 800-1984 maximum permissible bending stress.
= 170, = 75
= 180, = 71
= 179.4, =?
= 75
75 71
179.4 170 = 71.24 N/2
180 170
6.75x1000x1000
= 94.75 cm3
71.24
9
200x3.4
= 13.23 N/2
5 4
=
342 EI
5x6x34 x(1000)4
= 3.959 mm
342x2.047x105 x780.7x104
Allowable deflection
=
3000
=
= 9.23 mm
325
325
M1 =
1 2
18x3.62
=
= 29.16 kN m
8
8
7.2 x 1.2
2
= 4.32 kN
M2 =
&
M
43.15x1000x1000
=
= 261515.1515 mm3
165
11.556
= 5.778 kN
2
5.778x1000
= 3.349 N/mm2
250x6.9
Hence, safe.
(f) Check for Moment:
z=
M = . =
165x618.9x1000
1000x1000
15.2STEEL COLUMNS:
Steel columns are of the following types:
a. Struts of one or two angles:
These are used for compression members in roof trusses, light towers, and
lattice griders. The two angles of double struts are riveted together by
rivets driven through washers placed between the two angles at intervals of
4 to 6ft.
b. Starred angles:
Starred angles of two or four connected by batten plate spaced at intervals
of 3 to 4ft. these are used to support the light loads.
c. Latticed columns:
These are made up of channels or angles connected by lattice bars are
often used where light loads are to be supported on long columns.
d. Rolled H-columns:
These are obtainable with depths ranging from 6 to 16 and are now
commonly used instead of built-up columns in steel skeleton construction.
e. Built-up columns:
These are usually H-shaped section formed by a combination of plates and
angles although box-columns with two or more webs are not uncommonly
used in heavy building frames.
f. Top chord sections:
These are made up of heavy trusses are usually unsymmetrical and are
made of two rolled or built-up channel sections and cover plate. The
open(bottom) side of the section is latticed.
g. Columns for bents:
These are sometimes made up of a pair of channels and a I-beam with
batten plates at intervals of 3 to 4ft. connecting the flanges of the channels.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
238
Columns made of four angles and a web-plate are commonly used in mill
buildings bents.
h. Battened columns:
Battened columns are those in which two component parts of the column
are connected only by battened plates. They are decidedly inferior to
latticed columns and should be avoided if a continuous plate or latticing
can be used instead.
Radius of Gyration:
Radius of gyration of a section is given by
=
Slenderness Ratio:
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of effective length to the least radius of gyration.
It is denoted by
=
The maximum slenderness ratio of a strut should not exceed the values given in table3.1 of IS: 800-1984.
Table 15.1: Maximum slenderness ratio
S.No.
1.
Member
A member carrying
compressive loads
resulting from dead and
imposed loads
Maximum slenderness
180
239
2.
3.
A member subjected to
compressive forces
resulting from wind/
earthquake forces provided
the deformation of such
member does not
adversely affect the stress
in any part of the structure
A member normally
carrying tension but
subjected to reversal of
stresses due to wind or
earthquake forces
250
350
2E
2
n = a factor assumed as 1.4 the values of ac for steel with various yield stress
are given in Table-4.3 of IS: 800-1984
240
(i)
Slenderness rtatio, =
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
reinforced with only the steel pipe shell. Special types of columns are
obtainable with additional reinforcement consisting of steel pipe,
reinforcing bars or structural steel shapes. The light weight column of
1
inches in
241
0.21
0.34
0.49
0.76
<
Where
=
Where = effective cross-sectional area of the member
=design compressive stress computed by using the following equation:
Where =
0
=
2 2
0.5
0 0
0.5 1 + 0 + 2
Where
2
2
242
Table 15.2
= imperfection factor compiled in table
= stress reduction factor as shown in the table for different buckling classes,
slenderness ratios and yield stresses.
1
+ 2 2
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
0.5
243
244
table no.2, such that the bearing pressure on the effective area does not exceed the
bearing capacity of the concrete base.
When a column is provided with a slab base, the minimum thickness, ts of the
rectangular slab base supporting the column under axial compression is calculated
by the relation
(2.5(^2 0.3^2 ) 0 )
>
Table 15.3
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
245
246
between the inner ends of welds connecting the lacing bars to the member.
The effective slenderness ratio (KL/r)e, of laced columns should be taken
as 1.05 times the (KL/r)0 , the actual maximum slenderness ratio, in order
to account for shear deformation effects.
c) The minimum width of lacing bars in bolted/riveted connections should be
three times the nominal diameter of the end bolt or rivet.
d) The thickness of the lacing bars should be less not than one-fortieth of its
effective length for double lacings. The inclination of the lacings and onesixtieth of the effective length for double lacings. The inclination of the
lacing bars should lie in the range of 40 to 70 degrees to the axis of the
member.
The maximum spacing of lacing bars should be such that maximum
slenderness ratio of the components of the main member between consecutive
lacing connections is not greater than 50 to 0.7 times the most unfavorable
slenderness ratio of the member as a whole, whichever is less.
5. Design of battens: compression members built up of two components
connected by battens should preferably have the same cross-section
symmetrically arranged about their major axis.
The code also recommends that the compression member should have
a radius of gyration about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the batten not
less than the radius of gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of the batten
as shown in the figure
The following specifications are applicable for the design of battens:
(a.) Battens are designed to resist the bending moment and transverse shear
force Vt equal to 2.5 per cent of the total axial force on the whole
compression member. They are also designed to resist simultaneously a
shear force and a moment computed by the equations
And =
247
(b.) The thickness of the plates used as battens should be not less than onefortieth of the distance between the inner-most connecting line of rivets,
bolts or welds, the end battens should have an effective depth,
longitudinally not less than the perpendicular distance between the
centroids of the main members.
The intermediate battens should have an effective depth of not more
than three quarters of this distance, but in no case should the effective depth of
any batten be less than twice the width of one member, in the plane of the
battens. The effective depth of the batten is taken as the longitudinal distance
between the outer-most bolts, rivets or welds at the ends.
(c.) The spacing of the battens, centre-to-centre of its end fastenings, should be
such that the slenderness ratio (KL/r) of any component over that distance
should not exceed a value of 50, nor be greater than 0.7 times the
slenderness ratio of the member as a whole about its axis parallel to the
battens (z z).
(d.) Tie plates, members provided at the ends of battened or laced members,
should also be designed in the same method as battens.
248
=
Where = design bending compressive stress, computed as
=
1
2
2 0.5
1.0
= 0.5 1 + 0.2 + 2
The imperfection parameter is given by
= 0.21 for rolled steel section
= 0.49 for welded steel section
249
1.2
= ,
, =
1.1 2
1
1+
20
2 0.5
CALCULATIONS:
1. Selection of Trial Section:
Length of the column = 3.2 m
Effective length of column
Load = 574.253 kN
= . = . . =
In order to support load, the slenderness ratio of the rolled steel column
and the value of yield stress for the steel may be taken 60 and 250 N/mm2
respectively.
Allowable working stress from IS: 800-1984
= 122 N/mm2
Effective sectional area required =
574.253x100
122
= 4706.99 mm2
250
Radius of gyration
3. Slenderness Ratio:
= 53.5
Slenderness ratio
2720
53.5
= 50.84
= 50
= 60
= 50.84
= 122
132 122
60 50.84 = 112.84 N/mm2
60 50
112.84x18486
= 2085.96 kN
1000
Hence, safe.
251
Riveted connections.
Bolted connections.
Welded connections.
These connections are named after the type of fastening (viz., rivets, bolts and
nuts, pins and welds) used for connecting the structural members.
1.
Rivets :
A piece of round steel forged in place to connect two or more than two steel members
together is known as rivet. The rivet for structural purposes are manufactured from
mild steel and high tensile rivet bars. A rivet consists of a head and a body. The body
of rivet is termed as shank. The rivets are manufactured in different lengths to suit
different purposes. The sizes of rivets is expressed by the diameter of the shank.
For driving the rivets, they are heated till they become red hot and are then
placed in the hole. Keeping the rivets pressed from one side, a number of blows are
applied and a head at other end is formed. The hot-driven rivets are divided into
following three types, according to the method of rivet-driving.
1.
2.
3.
252
i)
Rivet heads:
The proportions of various shapes of rivet heads have been expressed in terms
of diameter D of shank of rivet. The snap head is also termed as round head and
button head. The snap heads are used for rivets connecting structural members. The
countersunk heads are used to provide a flush surface.
ii)
Rivet holes:
The rivet holes are made in the plates or structural members by one of the following
methods:
1.
Punching
2.
Drilling.
When the rivet holes are made by punching , the holes are not perfect, but
taper. A punch damages the material around the hole. The operation known as
reaming is done in the hole made by punching.
When the rivet holes are made by drilling, the holes are perfect and provide
good alignment for driving the rivets.
The diameter of a rivet hole is made larger than the nominal diameter of the
rivet by 1.5 mm of rivets less than or equal to 25 mm diameter and by 2 mm for
diameters exceeding 25 mm.
Riveted joint:
The riveted joints are of two types:
1.
a.
i.
b.
i.
2.
a.
b.
Lap joint
Single riveted lap joint
Chain riveted lap joint
Double riveted lap joint
Zigzag riveted lap joint
Butt joint
Single cover butt joint
Double cover butt joint
253
1. Chain riveting
2. Diamond riveting
16.4 Specifications for design of riveted joints:
1.
The centroidal axes of the members meeting at a joint should intersect at one
point, and if there is any eccentricity. Adequate resistance should be provided in the
connection.
2.
The centre of gravity of group of rivets should be on the line of action of load
whenever practicable.
3.
Pitch:
Minimum pitch: The distance between centres of adjacent rivets should not be
less than 2.5 times the gross diameter of the rivet.
Maximum pitch
(i) The maximum pitch should not exceed 12t or 200 mm whichever is less in
compression member, and 16t or 200 mm whichever is less in case of tension
member, when the line of rivets lies in the direction of stress. In the case of
compression members in which the forces are transferred through the butting faces,
this distance shall not exceed 4.5 times the diameter of the rivets for a distance from
the abutting faces equal to 1.5 times the width of the member.
(ii) The distance between centers of any two consecutive rivets in a line adjacent and
parallel to an edge of an outside plate shall not exceed (100mm + 4t) or 200 mm,
whichever is less in compression or tension members.
(iii)When the rivets are staggered at equal intervals and the gauges does not exceed 75
mm, the distances specified in Para i and ii between centres of rivets may be
increased by 50 percent.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
254
(iv) If the line of rivets (including tacking rivets) does lie in the direction of stress,
the maximum pitch should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm whichever is less where t is the
thickness of the thinner outside plate.
4.
Edge distance:
A minimum edge distance of approximately 1.5 times the gross diameter of
the rivet measured from the centre of the rivet hole is provided in the riveted joint
Table 16.1
Edge distance of holes
Gross diameter of rivet
Edge Distance of Hole
distance to sheared or
Distance to rolled
mm
hand flame cut edge
machine flame cut or
mm
planed edge
Mm
13.5 & below
19
17
15.5
25
22
17.5
29
25
19.5
32
29
21.5
32
29
23.5
38
32
25.5
44
38
29.0
51
44
32.0
57
51
35.0
57
51
5. Rivets through packings:
The rivets carrying calculated shear stress through a packing greater than 6
mm thick shall be increased above number required by normal calculations by 2.5
percent for each 2 mm thickness of packing. For double shear connections packed
on both sides, the number of additional rivets required shall be determined from the
thickness of the thicker packing. The additional rivets should preferably be placed in
an extension of the packing. When the properly fitted packing are subjected to direct
compression, then, the above mentioned specifications shall not apply.
6. Long grip rivets
When the grip of rivets carrying calculated loads exceeds 6 times the diameter
of the holes, then, the rivets are subjected to bending in addition to shear and bearing.
The number of rivets required by normal calculations shall be increased by not less
than one percent for each additional 1.6 mm of grip, but the grip shall not exceed 8
times the diameter of the holes.
7. Rivet line distance
255
When two or more parts are connected together, a line of rivet shall be
provided at a distance of not more than 37 mm + 4t from the nearest edge where t is
the thickness in mm of thinner outside plate. In case steel work is not exposed to
weather, this may be increased to 12t
8. Tacking rivets:
When the maximum distance between centres of two adjacent rivets
connecting the members subjected to either compression or tension exceeds the
maximum pitch, then, the tacking rivets not subjected to calculated stresses shall be
used
The tacking rivets shall have a pitch in line not exceeding 32 times the
thickness of the outside plate or 300 mm whichever is less. Wherever the plates are
exposed to the weather, the pitch in line not exceed 16 times the thickness of the
outside plate or 200 mm , whichever is less. In both cases, the lines of rivets shall not
be apart at a distance greater than these pitches.
For the design and construction composed of two flats, angles, channels or tees in
contact back or separated back to back by a distance not exceeding the aggregate
thickness of the connected parts, tacking rivets with solid distance pieces where the
parts are separated, shall be provided at a pitch in line not exceeding 1000 mm.
16.5 Design procedure for riveted joint:
For the design of a lap joint or butt joint the thickness of plates to be joined are
known and the joint is designed for the full strength of the plate. For the design of a
structural steel work, force (pull or push) to be transmitted by the joint is known and
riveted joint can be designed. Following are the usual steps for the design of a riveted
joint:
Step1: The size of the rivet is determined for the unwins formula i.e.,
1
= 6.04 ()
256
= . .
Where g = gauge of rivets to be adopted
t = thickness of plate
= working stress in direct tension for plate
The tearing strength of plate should not exceed the rivet value R( Ps or Pb which ever
is less) or
. .
From this relation gauge of the rivets is determined.
In structural steel work, force to be transmitted by the riveted joint and the
rivet value are known. Hence number of rivets requested to be provided in the joint
can be computed, as follows:
No. of rivets required in the joint =
force
rivet value
The number of rivets thus obtained is provided on one side of the joint and an
equal number of rivets is provided on the other side of joint also.
For the design of joint in a tie member consisting of a flat, width/thickness of
the flat is known. The section is assumed to be reduced by rivet holes, depending
upon the arrangement of rivets to be provided. The strength of flat at weakest section
is equated to the pull transmitted at the joint.
. . = P
16.6 Bolted Connections:
Introduction
Structural steel members are usually assembled using different types of
elements such as plates, angles, channels, tee and I-sections. Connections are made
using rivets or bolts to transfer the forces and moments from one member to another.
They are also required to extend the length of the members. The connections should
be designed to avoid the failure of the fasteners before the failure of the principal
member.
Design principals of connections
16.6.1 Design strength
The evaluation of design strength of connection should be evaluated using the
partial safety factors compiled in table of load combinations. In general, connection
failure may be avoided by adopting a higher safety for the joints than the members.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
257
13
15 18 20 22 24 26 30 33 Bolt dia.
+ 3 mm
20
26 30 34 37 40 44 51 56 1.7 x
hole
diameter
19
23 27 30 33 36 39 45 50 1.5 x
hole
diameter
258
(200)
= 1.075 0.005
8
8
=
3 +
(3 + )
Also should not exceed and the grip length, lg should in no case be greater
than 8d. the design shear capacity of bolts carrying shear through a packing plate in
excess of 6 mm should be decreased by a factor of given by a relation,
= (1 0.0125 )
Where tpk = thickness of the thicker packing expressed in mm.
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
259
(0.90 ) <
Tensile
stress area
(Anb)(mm2)
Tension
capacity Tb
(KN) tnb =
272 Mpa
(12)
16
20
(22)
24
(27)
30
36
84.3
157.0
245.0
303.0
353.0
469.0
561.0
817.0
22.9
42.7
66.6
82.4
96.0
124.8
152.5
222.2
Single
shear
capacity,
Vsb(kN)
vnsb = 185
Mpa
15.6
29.0
45.3
56.0
65.3
84.9
103.8
151.1
Minimum
thickness of
ply for bolt
bearing vnpb
= 800 Mpa
tbb = tc, mm
1.6
2.3
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.9
4.3
5.2
Sizes in
brackets not
preferred
260
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
General features
Welded connections result in considerable savings in material. It has the added
advantage of rapidity of construction of complicated steel structures involving the
assembly of several individual steel components into an integrated steel structure.
Welding obviates the formation of holes in the member and permit design based on
continuity at supports resulting in economy of material. Welding offers airtight and
watertight jointing of structural elements and hence is employed in the construction of
water/oil storage tanks, ships etc. Welded connections are usually aesthetic in
appearance and appear less clustered in comparison with bolted connections.
In addition, welded connections improve the rigidity of the complete structure
resulting in superior structural behavior at various limit states. Proper workmanship is
essential to produce structurally sound and effective welds connecting structural, steel
components. In the case of normal steel structures arc welding is adopted and the
design of welds should conform to the Indian Standard Codes IS: 816 and IS: 9595.
16.7.1 Types of welds
The most common types of welds used in steel structures are
Fillet welds
Butt welds
Plug welds
Slot welds
Fillet welds are the most commonly used type to connect structural
components meeting at an angle (generally between 60 and 120 degrees), while butt
or groove welds are used to connect horizontal members.
(2)
10
20
32
Thickness of
thicker part
(mm)
Up to and
including
(3)
10
20
32
50
Minimum size
of weld
(mm)
(4)
3
5
6
10
261
For purposes of stress calculation in fillet welds joining faces inclined to each other,
the effective throat thickness should be taken as K times the fillet size, where K is a
constant, depending upon the angle between the fusion faces. As compiled in Table
given below.
Table:16.4 values of K for different angles between fusion faces.
Angle
between
Fusion
Faces
Constant
K
600
to
910
910
to
1000
1010
to
1060
1070
to
1130
1140
to
1200
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
The effective length of fillet weld is taken as the length of specified size and
required throat thickness, with minimum length not less than four times the size of the
weld.
Design strength of a fillet weld, fwd is based on the throat area and is compute
as
Where =
262
b=250 mm;
tf =9.7 mm;
tw =6.9 mm;
b=250 mm;
245 N/mm2
Moment
52 kN-m
Axial
71.80 kN
Shear
4 kN
Bolt Design
Flange force =
=
=
M
Dtw
52x1000
2506.9
4
2
237.4 kN
237.4/4
59.35 kN
44 x xd 2
4 x 25.4 2
x 4.448
61 kN
263
(1.024 2 )
237.4 x10
(1.024 2 250)
4.64 mm weld
bf+50
250+50
300 mm
40 mm
(pf)
(Pe)
( ) -(
)-0.707x thickness of
weld
=
(40-9.7/2)-16/4-0.707x4.64
27.8719 mm
1.13
(Ca)
(250x9.7)/(250x6.9)
1.41
1.74
0.83
27.8719/16
250/300
= .
1
3
1/4
)
= 1.212
Moment in plate Mp= x flange force x eff bolt distance/4
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
264
= 2002686.87 Nmm
6Mp
o.75fypb
6x2004686 .87
o.75x365x300
=12.45 mm
Beam to end plate weld size
Min weld size
5 mm
Required weld to develop max web tension stress (0.6fy) in web near flanges
=
0.6fy .tw
2x10.24
0.6x245
2x10.24x10
4.952 mm
Provide 5 mm weld
Provide 300 mm wide and 12.45 mm connection plate.
Use 4 No's 16 mm dia bolts each side
Welds
Flange to end plate =
4.64 mm
5.00 mm
17 kN
345 N/mm2
fy
265
Allowable shear
=
=
Allowable shear
>
0.25d 2 Nm x0.4fy
1000
0.25d12 2 3 x0.4x345
1000
46.80 kN
1.5 x
F
2xdxt
17 10 3
1.5 x
17.7 N/mm2
2908
0.45fy = 0.45x250
266
2.5(2 0.3 2 )0
>
There are three types of column bases which are generally used
1. Slab base
2. Gusseted base
3. Grillage foundation
267
Fastenings are simply used to secure it with the base plate and secondly to
resist all moments and forces due to transit, unloading and erection. Those are not
designed to resist the direct compression in the column.\
Design of a Slab Base and Concrete block:
The following steps are to be followed when axial load to which the column is
subjected is known
1. Calculating the bearing area (A) of the base plate
Bearing Area =
, =
2. Assuming the shape of base plate to be square calculating the size of one side.
If it is rectangular calculate the length and breadth of the base plate. Arrange
the section of the column centrally on the base plate
3. Calculate the thickness of base plate as per
IS: 800-1984 (5.4.3).
=
3 2 2
90
B
x
16 B d0
268
17.2cGusseted Base:
A gusseted base consists of base plate connected to the column through gusset
plates. The thickness of base plate in this case will be less than the thickness of the
slab base for the same axial load as the bearing area of the column on the base plate
increases by the gusset plate.
As per IS: 800-1984 for the columns with gusseted base; gusset plates, angle
cleats, stiffeners, fastening, etc. In combination with the bearing area of the shaft
should be sufficient to take the loads, bending moment and reaction to the base plate
without exceeding the specified stresses. All bearing surfaces are machined to ensure
perfect contact. Where the ends of the column shaft and the gusset plate are not faced
for complete bearing, the fastening shall be sufficient to transmit all the forces to
which the base is subjected.
Design of Gusseted Base and Concrete Block:
Following design steps are to be followed:
1. Calculate the area (A) of base plate
=
2. Assume the materials used in gusseted base. Generally the thickness of
gusseted plate is assumed as 12 to 16 mm. The size of angle used generally is
ISA 150x115x12 mm or ISA 150x100x12 mm in rivet design and no gusset
angle is used in welds. The depth of column section, thickness of gusset plate
and length of leg of angle being known the width of gusset plate for these
distances can be calculated. Then calculate the length of gusset plate by
dividing area by width of gusset plate.
3. Provide suitable rounded size of gusset plate and calculate actual upward
concrete pressure.
4. See fig. let w be the upward reaction of concrete and l be the projection of
base plate beyond column face xx. Calculate the hogging bending moment at
column face as per mm width plate.
2
Mxx =
2
Calculate the moment of resistance per mm width of section xx.
Mxx = .
Equating B.M to M.R., find the thickness t.
5. Consider another section yy of base plate at the centre of column as shown in
fig.
Calculate Hogging B.M=
2
2
2
8
269
2 2
Myy =
8
2
Calculate the moment of resistance per mm width at section yy
1
M = . = x 2 x1
6
Equating max. B.M. (Myy), findt. Providing thicknesst whichever is
maximum (considering Mxx and Myy).
6. Calculate the thickness of concrete block and size of block as in case of slab
base.
7. Design the fastners.
17.3 CALCULATION:
Column section IM 350 225 12
Properties of column:
= 124 2 ; = 368 ; = 140
= 14 ; = 8 ; = 29902 104 4
Axial load = 1340
Bearing strength of concrete = 4 2
Bending stress for steel base plate
= 185 2
1340 10 3
4
335 10 3
575
= 585 mm
Provide 575 585 base plate
Actual bearing pressure intensity on the base plate =
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1340 10 3
575 585
270
= 3.983 2
Cantilever projection = 90 12 = 78
Consider a cantilever strip of the base plate of 1mm wide and 78 mm long
Maximum cantilever moment =
30983 78 2
2
= 12107.16
1
6
185 1 2 = 12107.16
12107.16 6
185
= 19.81 20
Bending moment at critical section XX = 368 + 2 12
= 392
3922
902
= 3.98
3.98
8
2
= 60374.3
Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment
=
1
6
185 1 2 = 60374.3
60374.3 6
185
= 44.25 45
Hence provide = 575 585 45
Design of concrete block:
Axial load = 1340
Self-weight of the foundation 10 % = 134
NIZAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
271
1474
= 7.37 2
200
7.37
= 2.71
Adopt 2.75 m X 2.75 m square concrete block
Assuming 450 load dispersion
Depth of concrete block = 0.5 2750 5851
= 1082.5 1090
= 1.09
Provide the size of concrete pedestal as 2.75 X 2.75 X 1.09 m
Connections:
585360
= 108.5
Load on end connection =
= 252.81
Single shear strength = 2
No. of bolts =
252.81
29
= 8.71 10
Adopt 10 bolts connecting gusset angles with gusset plates and same number of
anchor bolts to connect the gusset plate with column.
272
3.2 m
1.0 m
0.80 m
3 kN/m2
Assuming
Riser (R)
160 mm
Tread
250 mm
Angle of inclination
=
sec
No of riser
2502 + 1602
1.187
3200/160
20 no's
10
10-1
Going
250x 9=2250 mm
bf = 80 mm
wt = 0.351 kN/m
= 0.96 kN/m
Total load
3.0 kN/m
= 3.96 kN/m
2
8
5.96 12
8
= 0.74 kN-m
273
0.298 kN/m
Load on stairs
5.96 kN/m
3.129 kN = 3.2 kN
10 x
(10 x3.2)/2.76
2 + (/2)2
2.252 + (1.6/2)2
=
Bending Moment of stringer
=
Section modulus about x is
Zxx =
2.76 m
2
8
11.6 x2.76 2
8
= 11.04 kN-m
= 66909.09 mm3
274
MODULE III
20.1ESTIMATING:
Before undertaking a construction of a project it is necessary to know its
probable cost which is worked out by estimating, an estimate is computation or
calculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the
construction of the work. Estimation can be done by various methods but accurate
estimate is prepared by detailed estimate method.
There are two methods of estimation:
Detailed estimate
Actual cost.
276
20.2.1 EARTHWORK
20.2.3 SOILING
When the soil is soft or bad on layer of dry thick or stone soiling is
applied below foundation concrete
The soil layer is computed in sq-mts.
20.2.4 DAMP PROOF COURSE
20.2.5 MASONARY
Masonry is measured in ( )
In taking out the quantities the walls are measured solid and deduction are
made for openings as doors and windows etc.
Masonry is computed in cu-m.
By product of the mean length of the arch by thickness of the arch and
width of the wall
277
R.C.C and R.B work may be in roof or floor slab, in beams, lintels,
columns, foundations, etc.
Bearings are added with clear span to get the dimension.
It is measured in cu-m
R.C.C and R.B work may be estimated exclusively of steel, centering and
and shuttering for complete work.
Centering and shuttering are mainly used in R.B and R.C.C.
278
20.2.12 PILLARS
Pillars are taken separately in cu-m for their net volume and quantities are calculated by
correct geometrical measurements.
2
Quantity = ( ) = (
) ,
d is dia.
= ( 2 ),
a is the side.
Plastering in pillars are calculated in sq.m multiplying the circumference of perimeter by
the height.
279
280
Depth
m
Quantity
m3
Remarks
3.15
0.12
14.364
3.65+0.15=3.8
3+3.15=3.15
3.85
0.12
16.863.
3.7+3.15=3.85
3.65
3.7
0.12
19.4472
3.55+0.15=3.7
10
3.65
10.25
0.14
52.3775
3.5+0.15=3.65
S5
10
4.3
3.15
0.12
16.254
4.15+0.15=4.30
3.00+0.15=3.15
S6
10
4.15
3.85
0.12
19.173
3.7 +0.15=3.85
S7
10
4.15
3.7
0.12
18.426
3.55 +0.15=3.7
10
3.8
S2
10
3.65
S3
12
S4
Item no
No
Length
m
Breadth
m
SLABS
S1
156.904 M3
II
PLINTH
BEAMS
1001, 1007, 1009,
1014,1015, 1020,
1021, 1026.
3.00
0.3
0.4
2.88
1002,1006, 1010,
1013, 1016, 1017,
1022, 1025
3.70
0.3
0.4
3.552
3.55
0.3
0.4
2.982
1.65
0.3
0.4
0.594
281
1005,1008
1.9
0.3
0.4
0.456
1027, 1028,
1031, 1035, 1036
3.65
0.3
0.4
2.19
4.15
0.3
0.4
3.486
2.00
0.3
0.4
0.72
16.86 m3
III TYPICAL
BEAMS
2001, 2007, 2009,
2014, 2015, 2022,
2023, 2030, 3001,
3007, 3009, 3014,
3015, 3022, 3023,
3030, 4001, 4007,
4009, 4014, 4015,
4022, 4023, 4030,
5001 5007, 5009,
5014, 5015, 5022,
5023, 5030
2002, 2006, 2010,
2013, 3002, 3006,
3010, 3013, 4002,
4006, 4010, 4012,
5002, 5006, 5010,
5013
2003, 2011, 2012,
2018, 2019, 2026,
2027, 3003, 3011,
3012, 3018, 3019,
3026, 3027, 4003,
4011, 4012, 4018,
4019, 4026, 4027,
5003, 5011, 5012,
32
3.00
0.3
0.4
11.52
16
3.70
0.3
0.4
7.104
28
3.55
0.3
0.4
11.92
282
12
1.65
0.3
0.4
2.376
1.90
0.3
0.4
1.824
16
0.85
0.3
0.4
1.632
16
2.85
0.3
0.4
5.472
20
3.65
0.3
0.4
8.76
16
2.00
0.3
0.4
3.84
283
12
3.50
0.3
0.4
5.04
29
4.15
0.3
0.4
14.442
73.93 m3
IV
ROOF BEAMS
6001, 6007, 6009,
6014, 6015, 6023,
6030
3.00
0.3
0.4
2.52
3.70
0.3
0.4
1.776
10
3.55
0.3
0.4
4.26
1.65
0.3
0.4
0.99
1.9
0.3
0.4
0.912
0.85
0.3
0.4
0.408
2.85
0.3
0.4
1.368
3.65
0.3
0.4
2.19
284
2.00
0.3
0.4
1.2
3.5
0.3
0.4
1.26
4.15
0.3
0.4
3.486
20.36 m3
V
COLUMNS
GROUP
1A
10
17.5
0.3
0.5
26.25
1B
17.5
0.3
0.4
6.21
2A
14
17.5
0.3
0.5
36.75
2B
17.5
0.3
0.4
2.1
17.5
0.3
0.5
10.5
81.81 m3
VI
STAIR CASE
No of stair
cases= 6
24
3.56
1.0
0.15
12.81 m3
12.81 m3
VII
FOOTING
GROUP
I
1.80
1.60
0.4
4.608
II
14
2.30
2.10
0.52
35.162
III
10
2.50
2.30
0.52
29.90
IV
1.80
1.70
0.41
5.018
74.688 m3
285
S1
No. of
slabs
(2)
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
bars
(4)
Length of
bar
m
(5)
Total
length of
bars
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x
(6)
Total
quantity
m3
(8) = (2)x(7)
15
3.184
47.76
2.40x10-3
0.024
3.834
72.846
3.67x10-3
0.0367
10
8
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
19
19
3.884
73.796
3.708 x10-3
0.03708
15
3.834
57.51
2.89 x10-3
0.0289
15
3.734
56.01
2.81 x10-3
0.03372
19
3.834
72.846
3.67 x10-3
0.04404
74
10.434
772.116
0.0388
0.388
13
3.604
46.852
2.36 x10-3
0.0236
20
4.034
80.68
4.06 x10-3
0.0406
-3
0.0458
-3
10
12
10
10
10
21
4.334
91.014
4.58 x10
12
3.034
36.408
1.83 x10
0.0183
17
4.334
73.678
3.703 x10-3
0.03703
15
3.734
56.01
2.815 x10-3
0.0281
17
4.334
73.678
3.703 x10-3
0.03703
10
286
BEAMS
(2)
Plinth Beams
(3)
3.00
3.70
3.55
1.65
1.90
3.65
4.15
2.00
(4)
Total length
of bars
m
No of
Beams
(1)
Length
Beam
(m)
Dia
Mm
Beam
Type
Quantity
m3
Total quantity
m3
(7)=5x6
(8) =
Area of (4) x (7)
(9) = (2)x(8)
3.56
17.8
2.01 x 10-3
16.08 x 10-3
1+1=2
1.314+0.9=2.214
4.428
5.00 x 10-4
4 x 10-3
3.70
18.5
2.09 x 10-3
16.73 x 10-3
1+1=2
1.075+1.075=2.15
4.3
4.85 x 10-4
3.88 x 10-3
3.55
17.75
2.00 x 10-3
14 x 10-3
1+1=2
1.04+1.04=2.08
4.16
4.70 x 10-4
3.29 x 10-3
1.65
8.25
9.32 x 10-4
2.79 x 10-3
1+1=2
0.42+0.42=0.84
1.68
1.89 x 10-4
5.6 x 10-4
1.95
9.75
1.10 x 10-3
2.2 x 10-3
1+1=2
0.63+0.63=1.26
2.52
2.84 x 10-4
5.68 x 10-4
3.65
18.25
2.06 x 10-3
10.3 x 10-3
1+1=2
1.48+1.063=2.55
5.1
5.76 x 10-4
2.88 x 10-3
4.71
23.55
2.66 x 10-3
18.62 x 10-3
5+4=9
1.60+1.18=2.78
25.02
2.82 x 10-3
19.74 x 10-3
3.56
17.8
2.01 x 10-3
6.03 x 10-3
2+2=4
1.06+0.65=1.71
6.84
7.72 x 10-4
2.31 x 10-3
No. of
bars
Length of bar
m
(5)
(6)
5
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
287
(2)
32
12
28
12
12
12
12
(3)
3.00
3.70
3.55
1.65
1.90
0.85
2.85
3.65
Total
length
of bars
m
Quantity
m3
Total quantity
m3
No. of
bars
No of
Beams
(1)
Length
Beam
(m)
Dia
Mm
Beam
Type
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) =
(5) x (6)
(8) =
Area of (4) x (7)
(9) = (2)x(8)
12
3.56
10.68
1.20 x 10-3
38.4 x 10-3
16
1+1=2
1.50+0.9=2.4
4.8
9.64 x 10-4
30.84 x 10-3
16
3.75
7.5
1.50 x 10-3
48 x 10-3
12
3.70
11.1
1.25 x 10-3
15 x 10-3
16
1+1=2
1.075+1.075=2.15
4.3
8.64 x 10-4
10.36 x 10-3
16
3.70
7.4
1.48 x 10-3
17.76 x 10-3
12
3.55
10.65
1.20 x 10-3
33.6 x 10-3
16
2+2=4
1.04+1.04=2.08
8.32
1.67 x 10-3
46.76 x 10-3
16
3.55
7.1
1.42 x 10-3
39.76 x 10-3
12
1.65
6.6
7.45 x 10-4
86.94 x 10-3
16
1+1=2
0.42+0.42=0.84
1.68
3.37 x 10-4
4.04 x 10-3
16
1.65
3.3
6.63 x 10-4
7.95 x 10-3
1.90
5.7
6.44 x 10-4
5.15 x 10-3
2+2=4
0.63+0.63=1.26
5.04
5.69 x 10-4
4.55 x 10-3
1.90
3.8
4.29 x 10-4
3.43 x 10-3
12
0.85
2.55
2.88 x 10-4
3.45 x 10-3
16
2+2=4
0.37+0.37=0.74
2.96
5.94 x 10-4
7.12 x 10-3
16
0.85
1.7
3.41 x 10-4
4.09 x 10-3
12
2.85
8.55
9.66 x 10-4
11.59 x 10-3
16
1+1=2
0.87+0.87=1.74
3.48
6.99 x 10-4
8.38 x 10-3
16
2.85
5.7
1.14 x 10-3
13.68 x 10-3
12
4.40
13.2
1.49 x 10-3
17.88 x 10-3
16
2+1=3
1.7+1.06=2.76
8.28
1.66 x 10-3
19.92 x 10-3
16
4.40
8.8
1.76 x 10-3
21.12 x 10-3
12
288
12
28
16
3.50
4.15
2.00
12
3.50
10.5
11.86 x 10-3
142.32 x 10-3
16
2+1=3
1.03+1.03=2.06
6.18
1.242 x 10-3
14.90 x 10-3
16
3.50
1.40 x 10-3
`16.8 x 10-3
4.90
24.5
4.92 x 10-3
137.76 x 10-3
2+1=3
1.79+1.19=2.98
8.94
1.79 x 10-3
50.12 x 10-3
2.75
13.75
1.55 x 10-3
24.8 x 10-3
2+2=4
1.064+0.65=1.71
6.84
7.72 x 10-4
11.55 x 10-4
16
12
(2)
Length
of Beam
( m)
Dia
mm
No of
Beams
(1)
Roof Beams
Beam
Type
(3)
(4)
3.00
12
3.70
12
10
3.55
12
1.65
12
1.90
12
0.85
12
2.85
12
3.65
12
3.50
12
4.15
12
2.00
12
No. of
bars
Length of bar
m
Total
length
of bars
m
Quantity
m3
Total quantity
m3
(5)
(6)
(7)=5x6
(8) =
Area of (4) x (7)
(9) = (2)x(8)
5
1+1=2
5
3.56
1.314+0.9=2.21
3.70
17.8
4.42
18.5
2.01 x 10
4.99 x 10-4
2.09 x 10-3
14.07 x 10-3
3.49 x 10-3
8.36 x 10-3
1+1=2
1.075+1.075=2.15
4.3
4.85 x 10-4
1.94 x 10-3
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
3.55
1.04+1.04=2.08
1.65
0.42+0.42=0.84
17.75
4.16
8.25
1.68
2.0 x 10-3
4.7 x 10-4
9.32 x 10-4
1.89 x 10-4
20 x 10-3
4.7 x 10-3
4.66 x 10-3
9.45 x 10-4
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
5
1+1=2
1.95
0.63+0.63=1.26
0.85
0.36+0.36=0.72
2.85
0.86+0.86=1.72
3.65
1.48+1.063=2.55
3.5
1.025+1.025=2.05
4.71
1.60+1.18=2.78
3.56
1.06+0.65=1.71
9.75
2.52
4.25
1.44
14.25
3.44
18.25
5.1
17.5
4.1
23.55
5.56
17.8
3.42
1.10 x 10-3
2.84 x 10-4
4.80 x 10-4
1.62 x 10-4
1.61 x 10-3
3.88 x 10-4
2.06 x 10-3
5.76 x 10-4
1.97 x 10-3
4.63 x 10-4
2.66 x 10-3
6.28 x 10-4
2.01 x 10-4
3.86 x 10-4
4.4 x 10-3
1.13 x 10-3
1.92 x 10-3
6.48 x 10-4
6.44 x 10-3
1.55 x 10-3
10.3 x 10-3
2.88 x 10-3
5.91 x 10-3
1.38 x 10-3
18.62 x 10-3
4.39 x 10-3
1.0 x 10-3
1.9 x 10-3
-3
289
TYPE (2)
Plinth
Beams
Typical
Floor
Beam
Roof
Beams
1
2
3
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
stirrups
(4)
Length of
stirrups
m
(5)
Total
length of
stirrups
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x (6)
107
1.328
142.096
4.013x 10-3
127
1.328
168.656
4.767x 10-3
107
1.328
142.096
4.013x 10-3
Length of
bar
m
(5)
Total
length of
bars
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x (6)
Total
quantity
m3
(8) = (2)x(7)
COLUMNS
Longitudinal Reinforcement of column
Group
(1)
No of
columns
(2)
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
bars
(4)
10
16
19.00
190.00
0.038
0.38
12
10
10
19.00
190.00
0.021
0.063
14
16
19.00
152.00
0.030
0.42
12
19.00
152.00
0.017
0.017
16
19.00
152.00
0.030
0.122
1.
2.
3
Group
(1)
1.
No of
columns
(2)
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
stirrups
(4)
Length of
stirrups
m
(5)
Total
length of
stirrups
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x (6)
Total quantity
m3
(8) = (2)x(7)
10
70
1.338
93.66
2.648 x 10-3
0.0264
70
1.188
83.16
2.35 x 10
7.05 x 10-3
14
70
1.338
93.66
2.648 x 10-3
0.0370
70
1.188
83.16
2.35 x 10-3
2.35 x 10-3
70
1.338
93.66
2.648 x 10-3
0.0105
2.
3
-3
290
FOOTINGS
Group
(1)
1.
No of
footings
(2)
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
bars
(4)
Length of
bar
m
(5)
Total
length of
bars
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x (6)
Total quantity
m3
(8) = (2)x(7)
12
1.892
17.028
1.925 x 10-3
7.7 x 10-3
1.692
16.92
1.913 x 10-3
7.65 x 10-3
4
12
2.
10
12
12
2.392
28.704
3.246 x 10-3
0.0454
12
13
2.192
28.496
3.222 x10-3
0.0451
16
13
2.592
33.696
6.774 x 10-3
0.0677
-3
14
10
16
14
2.392
33.488
6.733 x10
0.0673
12
1.892
17.028
1.925 x 10-3
7.7 x 10-3
12
10
1.792
17.92
2.026 x 10-3
8.107 x 10-3
STAIR CASE
Type
(1)
No of
flights
(2)
Main
Rein
12
Dist
Rein
12
Dia
mm
(3)
No. of
bars
(4)
Length
of bar
m
(5)
Total
length of
bars
m
(6)=4 x 5
Quantity
m3
(7) =
Area of (3) x
(6)
Total
quantity
m3
(8) = (2)x(7)
10
3.75
22.5
1.76 x 10-3
0.0212
1.74
10.44
8.198 x 10-4
9.838 x 10-3
0.95
12.35
6.207 x 10-4
7.449 x 10-3
10
8
6
13
291
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT
S.no
Dia of bar
Slab
Beam
Column
Footing
Stair
case
Quantity
Total
quantity
(cu-m)
--------
12.8x
10-3
0.084
-------
------
0.0968
7850
759.88
0.8229
5
-------
-------
------
7.449 x 10-3
0.8304
7850
6518.64
10
--------
-------
-------
------
0.031038
0.031038
7850
243.65
12
-------
0.622
0.08
0.130
3
------
0.8323
7850
6533.55
16
-------
0.500
0.922
0.135
-----
1.557
7850
12222.45
Density
(kg/m3)
Weight
kgs
unit
Rate
1 cu.m
1 cu.m
1 cu.m
1 cu.m
1 cu.m
6086.74
7550.84
8103.56
6601.02
8236.21
1 kg
65.042
1 kg
52.080
292
Abstract of Estimate
Item
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Particulars
slabs
Roof beams
Typical floor beams
Plinth beams
Columns
Footings
Stair case
TMT 8mm dia
TMT 10 mm dia
TMT 12 mm dia
TMT 16 mm dia
Mild steel 6mm dia
Quantit
y
156.904
20.36
73.93
16.86
81.81
74.688
12.81
6518.64
243.65
6533.55
12222.45
759.88
Unit
Rate
Per
Cost
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
8236.21
8103.56
8103.56
7550.84
6601.02
6086.74
8103.56
65.042
65.042
65.042
65.042
52.080
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
1292294.29
164988.48
599096.19
127307.16
540029.44
454606.43
103806.60
423985.38
15847.48
424955.15
794972.59
39574.55
Rs 49,81,463.74
Add 5% extra =
Rs 2,49,073.18
Total cost
Rs 52,30,537.00
293
PROFILE
LENGTH(M)
WEIGHT( kN)
ST ISWB600A
588.80
836.327
ST ISHB200
508.10
185.402
ST ISHB400
66.75
50.610
ST ISHB250
351.00
175.264
ST ISHB300
33.20
19.077
TOTAL
1266.680 kN
294
II
III
IV
Particulars
No
Length
m
Breadth
m
Qty
Wt.
per
unit
Total
weight
(kN)
836.33
Rolled steel
I sections
ISWB600A
588.80
-----
------
1.42
kN/m
ISHB200
508.10
----
----
0.364
185.41
ISHB400
66.75
-----
-----
0.758
50.61
ISHB250
351.00
-----
-----
0.499
175.30
ISHB300
33.20
-----
-----
0.574
19.1
32
0.575
0.585
10.76 m2
3.46kn/
m2
37.23
152. 01
77.73
120
1.0
-----
-----
0.298
35.76
295
in each flight
Stringer beams
ISLC 300 @
0.324 kN/m
2 stringer beams per
flight
Length of stringer
beam + width of
landing (2.76+0.8)
Connections
12% of total steel
quantity of stair case.
(12 x
(35.76+27.68))/100
24
3.56
------
-----
0.324
27.68
-----
-----
------
-----
-----
7.612
Fabrication charges
Rs 14.00 per kg
Erection charges
Rs 12.00 per kg
Total =
Rs 74.00 per kg
Rs 78,52,085.28
Rs 3,92,604.264
Rs 82,44,689.54
Rs 82,44,690.00
296
22. CONCLUSION
S.
NO
1
2
PARTICULARS
Grade/ Materials
STEEL BUILDING
M20
Fe250 & Fe415
Mild steel
300 x 400 mm
300 x 500 mm
ISHB 300
ISWB600A
300 x 400 mm
300 x 500 mm
------------
ISHB 200
ISWB 600 A
Max sizes of
sections
Beams
Columns
R.C.C BUILDING
Min sizes of
sections
Beams
Columns
Secondary beams
Reactions
ISJB 200
Maximum
Gravity
Wind
92.625 kN (Node 3)
104.611 kN (Node 3)
Seismic
152.811 kN (Node 3)
72.905 kN (Node 3)
Max Bending
moments
Gravity loads
Wind loads
Seismic loads
Max deflection
About X
About Y
About Z
Gravity loads
297
Wind loads
About X
5.065 mm (Node265)
About Y
0.246 mm (Node255)
About Z
About X
About Y
About Z
9.967mm(Node 243)
Seismic loads
Envelope load
case
Max BM
Max Reactions
1637.006 kN (Node3)
1.5(DL+EQ XN)
Quantity of
material
Approximate cost
( only structure )
Rs 52,30,537.00
Rs 82,44,690.00
298
BIBLOGRAPHY
Reinforced concrete design by S.Unnikrishna pillai and Devdas menon.
Limit state design by B.C.Punmia, Ashok.K.Jain and Arun.K.Jain.
Illustrated design of reinforced concrete buildings by Dr. V.L.Shah and
Dr.S.R.Karve
Standard method of detailing structural concrete by B.H.G.Cresswell
Riol.
Limit state design of R.C.C structures by Ramachandra.
Design for RCC slabs by K.C Jain.
Building Design and Construction by Fredrick S.Merritt and Jonathan
T.Ricketts
Design of R.C.C Structural Elements by S.S.Bhavikatti
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by M.R.Dheerendra Babu
Structural Design and Drawing Reinforced Concrete and Steel by
N.Krishna Raju.
Steel Structures by K.Naga Sreenivasa Rao.
Design of Steel Structures by S.Ramamrutham and R.Narayanan.
Design of Steel Structures by Ram Chandra