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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-30

UNIT-IV

UNIT-IV
ANGLE MODULATION
Notes-30
Narrow-band FM :
For small values of the modulation index compared to one radian, the FM
wave assumes a narrow-band form consisting essentially of a carrier, an upper
side-frequency component and a lower side-frequency component.
i.e., for small values of ,
J 0 ( ) = 1
J 1 ( ) =

2
and J n ( ) = 0
for
n > 1.


Now the FM wave S(t) becomes
A
A
S (t ) = AC cos 2fct + C cos[2 ( f c + f m )t ] C cos[2 ( f c f m )t ]
2
2

Wideband FM


For large values of the modulation index compared to one radian, the FM wave
contains a carrier and an infinite number of side frequency components located
symmetrically around the carrier.
Constant average power:


The envelope of an FM wave is constant, so that the average power of such a
1 2
wave dissipated in a 1-ohm resistor is also constant. P = AC
2

From equation S (t ) = AC J n ( ) cos[2 ( f c + nf m )t ]

n=

P=

1 2
2
AC J n ( )
2
n =

But from Bessel function properties

2
n

( ) = 1

n =

Transmission Bandwidth :

An FM contains an infinite number of side frequencies so that the bandwidth

required to transmit such a signal is similarly infinite.
But it must be limited to a finite number of significant side frequencies
compatible with specified amount of distortion.
For Single tone modulation:
The side frequencies that are separated from the carrier frequency fc by an amount
greater than the frequency deviation f decreases rapidly toward zero.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

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Simon Haykins

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www.jntuworld.com

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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-30

UNIT-IV

For larger values of modulation index , the bandwidth approaches 2f.

For small values of modulation index , the bandwidth approaches 2fm since the
spectrum contains carrier frequency fc and one pair of side frequencies at fc fm.
Finally the (Transmission)bandwidth can be approximated for singletone
modulation as

1
B 2f + 2 f m = 2f 1 + which is Carsons rule.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

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Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com