www.jntuworld.

com

www.jwjobs.net

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-34

UNIT-IV

UNIT-IV
ANGLE MODULATION

Notes-34
Zero crossing Detector:
The detector exploits the property that the instantaneous frequency of an FM
1
wave is approximately fi
2f
where t is the time difference between adjacent zero crossings of the FM wave
as shown in figure below.

Consider an interval T which satisfies the following two conditions.

i.
The interval T is small compared to the reciprocal of the message
bandwidth.
ii.
The interval T is large compared to the reciprocal of the Carrier frequency
fc of the FM wave.
The first condition indicates that the message signal m(t) is essentially constant
inside the interval T.
The second condition indicates that a reasonable number of zero crossings of the
fm wave occurs inside the interval T.
Let no denote the number of zero crossings inside the interval T.
Then the t between adjacent zero crossings is
T
t =
Fdsaklj
By definition, the instantaneous frequency is linearly related to the message signal
m(t).
Therefore m(t) can be recovered from fasdklj by the way of following scheme.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

Page 1 of 2
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com

www.jntuworld.com

www.jwjobs.net

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-34

UNIT-IV

Here, the limiter produces a squarewave version of the input fm wave.

The pulse generation produces short pulses at the positive going as well as
negative going edges of the limiter output.
Finally, the integrator performs the averaging over the interval T.
Thus the original message signal m(t) at its output is reproduced.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

Page 2 of 2
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com