(

: Interstellar Medium)

1.
1608 (Galileo Galilei)
(Lipperhey) .
.
.
() .
(Huygens)
(Francis Bacon) (Interstellar
Area) .
. (Vacuum) (Medium)
. (Sylva ).

. (Entelechia)
.
.
1977 9 5 1 (Voyager 1) 25
(Heliopause) .
(Heliosheath)
. 1930
(Thorndike)
.

(:

Nebulae),

(:

Starwind),

(:

Supernova)
. (Spitzer), XRay , , (Hubble Space
Telescope) .
.
1

[Voyager 1 1977]

[ 1 , ]
2

 17 20
.
? 1
3
1 .
1
. 1

. 1 2025 . 10

. (neutrino)
1977 1
.
1
.

[ 1 2 : 1 .]

[2020 ]

.
.

.
.

.
2020
.
.
, , .
(Stellar Termination Shock) 10AU
.
.
4

2.

[ : ---------]

. .
. 30AU (Astronomic
Unit: , 1 5 )
(Neptune) 30AU
(Kuiper Belt) .
. 7
100km .
(Pluto)
.

[Kuiper Belt 80AU ]

(,
, , , , , , ) .

(Sedna) . 1800km
90AU .
.
(Oort Cloud) .
3,000AU 2,000AU
5,000AU . 30 kelvin ( -240)
(comet) .
.
.

5,000AU
.
.
.
6

 .
. 17
20

.
. 1


. 1
?
1
.
.
.

[ , , ]
7

 .


. 100,000AU
. 20 30
kelvin (-250 -240 celsius) .
15,000,000 6,000 8,000
. 100,000AU
(Termination Shock) . .

[ 10AU ]
8

3. (Termination Shock)

(Termination Shock) .


. (Heliopause) .
(Heliosheath) . 1
220AU
.
(Berkeley)
.
1 220AU
. 100,000AU
1
.

[ 1 100,000AU ]
9


1,000
. 1
.
.
1 .
100,000AU
1
.

(Solarwind)

(Termination Shock)
(Hydrogen Wall) .

10 AU .
220AU
1 .

. 10AU
. (Stellar Neighborhood)
10

 .
(Interstellar Space)
.

(
:
Termination Shock Brane)
(termination shock brane) (solarwind)
(interstellarwind) .
. 300km/s 150km/s
.
1 .
(cosmic brane) 100AU .
.
.

.
. 40K - 50K
( -220C -230C) . 1
.
.
.
. 100AU (termination shock
brane) (Oort Cloud Area) .
50,000AU 100,000AU
. .

.
(interstellar area)
.

11

4.
1) (
(:
: Nebulae)
.
75% 25%
. , , , .
. .
21cm
. (Photon, ) .
.
.
.

.
.
.
. .

12

 (, Nebulae)
. (Emission Cloud) .
(Absorption Cloud) , .
(Dark Cloud) .
.

.
.
(James Webb)
. 2020 .

13

[ ]

[ ]

21cm
.
.
.
.

[ : ]

[ : ]

(Dark Cloud)
.
. (ion) ,
14

, .
(, , )
.

2) (:
: Stellarwind)
20 (Thorndike)

.
( )
. 1
63,241AU 10AU 1.75 .
( ) (Alpha
Centauri) .

1 4
.
. (Alpha Centauri)
15

 10AU .
.
1 220AU
.
. 45

10AU
.
10AU .
.
100AU (Kuiper Belt)
(Termination Shock Brane) 1
.
.
. -220 -240
.
.
. .
(entropy)
.
.

.

. (termination shock)
.

.
.
10AU
(termination shock) .
(stellar termination shock)
100AU (termination shock brane)
16

 .
.
(Stellarwind)
. 1
1/1000 .
. 8000
(Corona)
(Magnetic Wave)
. ,
14

1/10

. 1014

. 1/106
. 1840 (Carina)
. .

.
8 15 P
Cygni () 6000 .
. Vela X-1
. 6000 8000 .
10,000 O . O
B . B

.

3) (:
: Supernovae)

181AD
.

. 1954 26
, 2000
17

. 2005 367 ,
2006 551, 2007 572 . 2014
(Messier) 82
. 6500 ,
82 1150 .

[2014 Messier 82 ]

.

.
75% 25% .

. ,
.
.
18

[ 1006 ]

[ 1680 ]

19

[ 1994 ]

[ 1987 ]

20

1930 , ,
(Thorndike) .

.

4)
(CNT: Carbon Nano Tube)
1 (CNT)
. , ,
,
.

(Interstellar Area) . 100

21

 20 30
. 6000 60
,
.

[ ]

[ ]

22


.
.


.

23

5)
(Vacuum)
20
, , .
NASA ESA 1 2

. 30
.
.

.
.
. .
.
.
, .
.
.
,
.
.

24