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Compendium Project
Toni Taylor
Cynthia Fagan
Lindsey DeLorenzo
School Law: State of New Hampshire
MODULE ONE: LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EDUCATION
1. The statutes concerning education are covered under Title XV (Chapter 185 200).
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/NHTOC/NHTOC-XV.htm
2. New Hampshires Commissioner of Education is Virginia M. Barry Ph.D. and she has served
in this capacity since her initial appointment by the Governor in 2009. The State Board of
Education is a seven-member body appointed by the governor and executive council to serve
five-year terms. Two members are selected from the public at large and the other five are
selected (one each) from the executive council districts.

NH Dept of Education http://www.education.nh.gov/

State Board of Education http://www.education.nh.gov/state_board/index.htm
Commissioner of Education http://www.education.nh.gov/commissioner/index.htm
3. The NH State Constitution established the court system (http://www.courts.state.nh.us/) in
1784. The structure has been modified several times and currently includes a Supreme
Court, Superior Court (1901), Probate Court, District Court (1963) and Family Division
(2004).
The Supreme Court, located in Concord, has jurisdiction over appeals from Superior, District
and Probate Courts. Superior Court (11 locations, at least one per county) is responsible for
jury trials; civil lawsuits with minimum damage claim of $1500; felonies; and some family
related issues in locations without a Family Division. The District Court (community
court, 35 locations) hears cases involving small claims; misdemeanors; civil cases under
$25,000; and traffic violations. The Probate Court (located in each county) is responsible for
wills, estates and trusts; adoptions/guardianships; and involuntary commitments. The Family
Division is a statewide system that hears cases involving family related matters such as
divorce; child support; guardianship of minors; neglect and abuse; and CHINS petitions.
Educators looking for information about the judicial branch should read this brochure.

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4. New Hampshire is a district under the First Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals
(http://www.ca1.uscourts.gov). Other districts included in this circuit are Maine,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Puerto Rico.

5. There are several important cases with regard to local control of education that have been
decided in the NH Supreme Court.
Claremont School Dist. v. Governor, 138 N.H. 183(1993)(Claremont I) The state has a
constitutional obligation to provide and pay for an adequate education for all New Hampshire
children.
Claremont School Dist. v. Governor, 142 N.H. 462 (1997)(Claremont II) An adequate education
is a fundamental right, then-current system of funding education unconstitutional, state's
definition of an adequate education unconstitutional.
Claremont School Dist. v. Governor, 147 N.H. 499 (2002) (Claremont VII) (state's constitutional
obligation includes standards of accountability and current state standards unconstitutional)
In Re Bryan L. , 123 N.H. 420 (1983) Clarifies definition of residency for the purpose of
financial responsibility of school districts with respect to expenses of special education students.

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MODULE 2 -TORT LIABILITY
1. Statutes relative to corporal punishment, seclusion, and restraint.
Section Ed 1119.02, (e); Ed 1133.07, (c).
Schools are prohibited from using measures that will subject a child to humiliation, unsupervised
confinement, abuse or neglect, or a denial of basic needs.
www.ldanh.org/docs/nhdoePhysicalRestraintDocument%5B1%5D.pdf
New Hampshire Department of Education
Bureau of Special Education
http://www.ldanh.org/docs/nhdoePhysicalRestraintDocument%5B1%5D.pdf - This 32 page
document discusses recommendations from the State DOE in regards to developing policies
regarding physical restraint. This document includes two US Supreme court cases that can be
used as guidance.
2. Statutes relative to concussions
Section 200:49 Head Injury Policies for Student Sports- Districts are encouraged
to educate appropriate personnel upon identification and recommended actions
regarding a student and concussions. District is also encouraged to report
annually their data concerning concussions.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-49.htm
Section 200:50 Removal of Student-Athlete- Appropriate personnel
who determine the chance of a student receiving a concussion is deemed
responsible to immediately remove the student. Said student may not
return to play until a medical advisory has been given; the person who offered
medical advisory cannot be held liable.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-50.htm
Section 200:51 School Districts; Limitation of Liability- Any district employee
who acts in accordance to policy is not held liable for injury or
death. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-51.htm
Section 200:52 Definitions. This statute covers the definition of health care provider, student athlete, student sports, and
school property.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-52.htm

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3. Bullying Statutes
Section 193-F:2 Purpose and Intent. Statement justifying the following statutes.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-2.htm
Section 193-F:3 Definitions.- Defines bullying and all
related terms. Victim, cyber-bullying, electronic devices, perpetrator and
school property.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-3.htm
Section 193-F:4 Pupil Safety and Violence Prevention. This statute covers the
writing, implementation, adoption and enforcement of a bullying and cyber-bullying policy.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-4.htm
Section 193-F:5 Training and Assessment. Personnel will be properly trained to identify,
prevent bullying and cyber-bullying and protocol to report incidents.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-5.htm
Section 193-F:6 Reporting Each school district is
obligated annually to report bullying and cyber bullying. The department of
education will also create a report using the data received from the school
district. Neither report will include names or distinguishing factors.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-6.htm
Section 193-F:8 School District Discrimination or Harassment Policies- Each school
district has the right to categorize pupils and determine remediation
techniques tailored to their school, this determination is based upon the
persons membership in a protected area, i.e. local, state or federal law.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-8.htm
4. Comparative or Contributory Negligence and Immunity Safeguards
Section 507:7d Comparative Negligence Law Applies the 51% rule which means that if a
plaintiff is 51% legally at fault then they cant recover damages.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/lii/507/507-mrg.htm
Section 193-F:7 Immunity- Any employee paid by the
district shall have the privilege of immunity from a civil liability if good
faith conduct can be proven.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-F/193-F-7.htm

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Section 200:45 Immunity- Personnel is immune from administering

epinephrine when warranted.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-45.htm
Section 200:47 Immunity- Personnel is immune from administering an
inhaler when warranted.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-47.htm
Section 200:51 School Districts; Limitation of Liability- Any district employee
who acts in accordance to policy is not held liable for injury or death.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/200/200-51.htm

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MODULE THREE, CHURCH STATE
1. Statutes relative to prayer or meditation in schools
194:15-a Lord's Prayer in Public Elementary Schools
Allows elementary schools to authorize the recitation of the Lords prayer as an affirmation of
the religious freedom in our country. Student participation is voluntary and students will be
reminded of the historical basis of the prayer and told that these exercises are not meant to
influence an individuals personal religious beliefs but rather to learn of our great freedoms.

2. State law relative to tax vouchers being used at any school

NH does not have a voucher system in place for school choice, but we do have public charter
schools. A law addressing Educational Tax Credits (RSA77-G: 1-10) took effect in 2013 that
permits businesses that donate to a state-approved scholarship organization to deduct 85% of that
donation from their annual taxes. This law has been challenged in Duncan vs State of NH (2013)
on the basis that the state constitution does not allow tax money to be used for religious
education, found by the Superior Court that portions of the statute violate the State Constitution
and is currently under appeal to the NH Supreme Court.
3. Blaine Amendment
NH does have a Blaine Amendment within its State Constitution that prohibits tax money from
being granted or applied for the use of schools of any religious sect or denomination.
4. Court cases relative to church/state issues at state or Circuit Court Level
Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District (2010) determined that the state
law requiring the daily recitation of the pledge of allegiance, while allowing students to opt-out
of participating, is constitutional.
Duncan vs State of NH (2013) See description above.

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MODULE 4 STUDENT CLASSIFICATION
1. Equity of opportunity including school financing
193-E:1 Policy and Purpose.
I. It is the policy of the state of New Hampshire that public elementary and secondary education
shall provide all students with the opportunity to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to
prepare them for successful participation in the social, economic, scientific, technological, and
political systems of a free government
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-E/193-E-1.htm
Section 193-E:3-b
193-E:3-b Accountability for the Opportunity for an Adequate Education. Beginning with
the 2009-2010 school year, a school shall demonstrate by the end of the school year that it
provides the opportunity for an adequate education under RSA 193-E:2-a by meeting the
requirements of subparagraphs I(a) and (b) of this section. Beginning with the 2011-2012 school
year, a school shall demonstrate, by the end of the school year, that it provides the opportunity
for an adequate education by meeting the requirements of either paragraph I or II of this section
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-E/193-E-3-b.htm

Section 195-E: 195-E:1

Declaration of Policy. It is declared to be the policy of this state that for the benefit of the
people of the state, the increase of their commerce, welfare, and prosperity and the improvement
of their health and living conditions, it is essential that students attending higher educational
institutions be given the fullest opportunity to learn and develop their intellectual and mental
capacities.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/195-E/195-E-1.htm

Section 195-F:1
195-F:1 Declaration of Policy. It is declared to be the policy of the state that for the benefit of
the people of the state, the increase of their commerce, welfare, and prosperity and the
improvement of their living conditions, it is essential that this and future generations of youths be
given the fullest opportunity to learn and develop their intellectual and mental capacities; that it
is essential that educational institutions
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/195-F/195-F-1.htm
Section 198:4
198:4 Estimates. The school board of each district in its annual report shall state in detail the
additional sums of money, if any, which will be required during the ensuing fiscal year for the
support of the public schools, for the purchase of textbooks, scholars' supplies, flags and
appurtenances, for the payment of the tuition of the pupils in the district in high schools and
academies in accordance with law, and for the payment of all other statutory obligations of the
district.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/198/198-mrg.htm

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Chapter 198 School Money
This chapter of law describes funding for many aspects of education as well as adequacy grants.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/xv/198/198-mrg.htm

2. State statutes that provide guidelines for working with ESL children, illegal immigrants,
homeless children, gender or any other designated group (not including children with
disabilitiesthis will be covered in Module 5)
193-E:3 Delivery of an Adequate Education. IV. Data reported in paragraph I shall be
disaggregated as required by federal law and shall include numbers and percentages of pupils
with disabilities, limited English proficient pupils, pupils in advanced placement programs,
economically disadvantaged pupils, and pupils of major ethnic, racial, and multi-racial groups.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/193-E/193-E-mrg.htm

BEST INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICE FOR ENGLISH LEARNERS

Selected Research 2006-2011 (Document)
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity, English Language Development and Academic Standards,
BEST INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICE, Early Literacy Skills, Alphabetic Principle and Concepts
of Print, Writing Instruction, Effective Planning and Formative Assessment, RTI for English
Learners, Professional Development
http://www.education.nh.gov/instruction/integrated/esol/documents/best_practice_for_english_le
arners8-12.pdf
2014 DRAFT -NH EARLY LEARNING STANDARDS - BIRTH FIVE YEARS
ANTICIPATED FINAL PUBLICATION SUMMER 2014
http://wida.us/standards/eeld.aspx
PUBLIC LAW 107110JAN. 8, 2002 115 STAT. 1689 TITLE IIILANGUAGE
INSTRUCTION FOR LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENT AND IMMIGRANT STUDENTS
http://www.education.nh.gov/instruction/integrated/documents/educ_esl_nclb_title_3_law.pdf
Title I and Education of Homeless Children and Youth
http://www.education.nh.gov/instruction/integrated/title_i_ed_homeless_child.htm

3) State court cases or cases settled within your Circuit Court that have involved desegregation
issues or other student classification issues?
None found.

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4) Does your state protect for sexual orientation?
New Hampshire Department of Education Sexual Harassment Policy
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex,
including sexual harassment.
http://www.education.nh.gov/titleix/policy.htm
TransitionPlanningNHVR
Helping Youth Plan for the Future
The State Board of Education and the New Hampshire Department of
Education do not discriminate in their educational programs, activities
or employment practices on the basis of gender, sexual orientation,
race, creed, age, color, national origin or type of disability.
http://www.education.nh.gov/career/vocational/documents/trans_planning.pdf

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MODULE 5 CHILDREN WITH EXCEPTIONALITIES
1. Statutes relative to the Education of Children of Exceptionality
New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities
June 30, 2008
Amended as of December 1, 2010
This edition of the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with
Disabilities has been prepared as a reference for parents and educators. As such, it
has been formatted to make it easy to use. IT IS NOT, NOR IS IT INTENDED TO
BE, AN EXACT COPY OF THE OFFICIAL LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENT
CONTAINING THESE RULES.
Persons who have a specific need for any of this material in its original or alternate
format, may call the Department of Education at (603) 271-3189 to make
arrangements to obtain it.
http://www.education.nh.gov/instruction/special_ed/documents/nh_rules_2012_web.pdf

New Hampshire Statutes TITLE XV: EDUCATION

Specifically:
Chapter 186 - A: Program of Special Education
Chapter 186-B: Education and Training of the Blind
Reviews details of all areas of Special Education and the link further reviews
details of educating and training the blind.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/NHTOC/NHTOC-XV.htm
2. State or Circuit Court Cases
Nashua School District v. The State of New Hampshire, November 28, 1995
This case deals with who should be responsible for the tuition of a student if the courts are
requiring the placement of a student to a "residential school" pursuant to a court-ordered
placement.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11918917691562262246&q=special+education&hl
=en&as_sdt=4,30
SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
127 N.H. 40 (1985), JOHN H. & a.v.ROBERT BRUNELLE & a. No. 84-185 Supreme
Court of New Hampshire. August 5, 1985.
That state cannot commit a legal wrong and is not immune from civil suit with regard to the
education of disabled students.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17868548372112182109&q=special+education&hl
=en&as_sdt=4,30

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241 F.Supp.2d 111 (2003) GARY and Sylvie S., individually and on behalf of their son,
Andrew S. v.MANCHESTER SCHOOL DISTRICT No. 02-004B United States District
Court, D. New Hampshire
This case involves a special education student who attends private school whose parents are
requesting reimbursement from the public school. However, they are denied because neither the
IDEA nor the Special Education Law entitle the parents of a disabled child to a hearing unless
their child is enrolled in public school.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16527733284543192733&q=%22special+educ
ation%22&hl=en&as_sdt=4,152

Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Secretary of HHS, 816 F.2d 796 (1st Cir. 1987)
This case dealt with the scope of Medicaid coverage to exclude special education and related
services to be provided under federal Education for All Handicapped Children Act and state
education laws was reasonable and therefore should have been upheld.
http://www.leagle.com/decision/19871612816F2d796_11483.xml/COM. OF MASS. v.
SECRETARY OF H.H.S.
Timothy W. v. Rochester, New Hampshire, Sch. Dist., 875 F.2d 954 (1st Cir.), cert. denied,
493 U.S. 983 (1989)
The United States argued that a school district court may not refuse to provide a child with a
serious disability a free appropriate public education based on its determination that the child
would not benefit from the educational services.
http://www.wrightslaw.com/law/reports/IDEA_Compliance_6.htm

3. HOUSSE - stands for High Objective Uniform State Standard of Evaluation.

Describes requirements for Special Educators relative to HQT status.
http://www.education.nh.gov/hqt/documents/hqthelpdoc.pdf
The State of New Hampshires HOUSSE standards to evaluate special education teachers
which are required. Educators can use this form.
http://www.education.nh.gov/hqt/
5. Other items found
The State of Massachusettss HOUSSE standards to evaluate special education teachers.
last updated: February 23, 2011
http://www.doe.mass.edu/educators/title-iia/hq/hq_faq.html?section=sped
January 3, 2001, The United States Department of Education: Titles I-X; Policies which
protect children and are followed by the States.
http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/beginning.html#sec2

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MODULE SIX: STUDENT RIGHTS

1.

Statutes relative to Student Attendance

This section describes compulsory attendance (ages 6-18), residency requirement, dual
enrollment status, as well as exemptions to attendance, and a description of due process
rights regarding suspension and expulsion.
Homeschooling
This chapter defines homeschooling and outlines the oversight, record keeping and
evaluation requirements.
Charter Schools
Defines and outlines the requirements for charter schools in NH including eligibility
requirements for students and pupil selection guidelines.
Distance Education
NH Education Administrative Rules outlining local school districts use of distance
learning which includes online, correspondence, video based or internet based courses.
Statewide Educational Testing and Improvement Program
Describes the statewide testing programs for grades 3-8 and 11.
Immunization Requirements
RSA 141 C:20-a-f Describes the mandatory vaccination requirements for school
attendance as well as exemption procedures, limitations, and exclusions.
Course Requirements to Meet Minimum Diploma Standards
Administrative rules specifying the minimum credits a student must earn in order to
receive a diploma. Local schools my increase the requirements, but this is the minimum.
Exceptions to Specific Course Material
RSA 186:11 IX-c Districts must have a policy allowing for exemptions to specific
course material if a parent objects. Parents can provide an alternative at their expense
that meets the educational requirement.
School Records
Governed by state agency rules, local boards have to develop policies for student records
and retention. They must adhere to FERPA and have a schedule for retention and
disposition in accordance with RSA 189:29-a .

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2.

No state statutes found relating to a students rights involving free speech.

3.

Discipline
Suspension and Expulsion of Students
Describes the due process rights for students facing disciplinary proceedings. Law
mandates expulsion for students who bring a firearm (pellet, BB, paintball or rifle) to
school without permission from the Superintendent or designee.
Truancy
Sections 189:34-37 Define truancy and the role of truant officers to enforce compulsory
attendance of students

4.

Court Cases
State of NH v. Drake
State standards for searches commensurate with that of T.L.O.
State of NH v. Tinkham
Established that the school official was not a law enforcement officer nor an agent of the
police so therefore Miranda warnings are not necessary.
RE: Anthony F
Provided guidance for helping schools determine if a search is justified at its inception.
RE: JUV 2006-406P
A search and seizure case where the Assistant Principal did not have the names of the
informants and did not have specific information about the location of the drugs, but the
search was still deemed constitutional.
Doran v. Contoocook Valley School District
A US District Court of NH ruling that having dogs sniff students backpacks did not
constitute a search.

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MODULE 7 TEACHERS RIGHTS
1. Teacher Tenure
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/189/189-14-a.htm
New Hampshire has one of the longest probationary time frames of states for teachers. In 2011
the new law requires that any such teacher who has taught for 5 consecutive years or more in
the teachers current school district, or who taught for 3 consecutive years or more in the
teachers current school district before July 1, 2011, and who has been so notified may request in
writing within 10 days of receipt of said notice a hearing before the school board and may in said
request ask for reasons for failure to be re-nominated or reelected. The only exception to the
new law is a teacher has taught for 5 consecutive years or more in any school district in the state
and has taught for 3 consecutive years or more in the teachers current school district; or before
July 1, 2011, the teacher taught for 3 consecutive years or more in any school district in the state
and taught for 2 consecutive years or more in the teachers current school district. In addition
the new law states that in cases of re-nomination or non-reelection due to RIF, the RIF cannot be
based solely on seniority.

2. Whistle Blower
http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/whistleblower.htm
Any employee who wishes to file a complaint under RSA 275-E, must first complete
Whistleblowers' Complaint Form. A Public Employee who wishes to report the possible
existence of activity constituting fraud, waste, or abuse in the expenditure of any public funds
under RSA 275-E:8 must file the Public Employee Complaint Form.
3. Textbook Selection
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XV/189/189-16.htm
New Hampshire state law states that textbooks shall be purchased by the school boards and thus
loaned to the respective students.
http://aim.cast.org/learn/policy/state/new_hampshire#.UzcAwKhdXpc
Instructional Materials Acquisition (adoption or open territory); New Hampshire is an open
territory state with no centralized textbook acquisition. The selection and purchase of textbooks
and instructional materials is a local district activity.
4.

Child Abuse and Neglect Law

Child Protection Act RSA 169-C

NHs Child Abuse and Neglect Law
http://www.education.nh.gov/documents/child_abuse_rpt.pdf
An Attorney Generals Task Force report from 2008 for the proper protocol for school
employees to use for recognizing and reporting child abuse and neglect.

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5. Protections Against Employee Discrimination

http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/protective-legislation.htm
This site lists all the laws for worker protections by the New Hampshire Department of Labor.
6. Court Cases Involving Teacher Rights
http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/12-1920P-01A.pdf
This case was a tenured teacher who was dismissed for inappropriate sexual conduct toward a
student. The Superintendent gave the teacher a letter in March 2005. This case is from
September 20, 2013.

http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1158491.html
Kosereis v. Rhode Island, June 12, 2003 - Kosereis failed to produce evidence that he was
discriminated against or treated differently than fellow co-workers because of his religion or
national origin. He could not prove he was subjected to a hostile work environment or suffered
discriminatory retaliation and, therefore, was no violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.

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MODULE 8 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT
1. Licensure/Certification Requirements
Certification Standards for Educational Personnel
These are the rules describing the licensure and certification standards for initial certification and
alternative certification for teachers, paraprofessionals, principals, superintendents and other
administrative personnel.
Master Teacher Certification
Describes the requirements that need to be met to obtain a Master Teacher credential.
One Year Certificate of Eligibility
Outlines the provisions by which a school board can offer a one year certificate of eligibility to
people who want to teach but lack the appropriate license.
Revocation of Teaching Credential
Teachers will lose their credential if they are convicted of any felony involving child
pornography or sexual assault.
2. Hiring and Appointment Laws/Regulations
Hiring
It is the duty of the superintendent of schools to nominate teachers for employment.
Criminal Records Check
Each public school district must conduct a criminal records check for every selected candidate of
employment using the process outlined in the statute. Provides for immunity if process is
followed.

3. Cause for termination of a teacher

Dismissal of a Teacher
Teachers may be dismissed for immorality, incompetency or failure to conform to prescribed
regulations. If dismissed prior to the end of the contract, they must be given prior notice and an
opportunity for a fair hearing.
Failure to be Renominated or Re-elected
Describes the teacher tenure laws and due process rights of tenured teachers. Also defines that
reduction in force may not be based solely on seniority.
Review by State Board
Describes the due process appeal process afforded to a non-renewed teacher at the state level.

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Termination of Employment
Any teacher convicted of homicide, child pornography, felonious sexual assault or kidnapping
will have their employment terminated.
4. Personnel Evaluation and Record Keeping
Professional Development Plan Requirements
Section 512 describes the district and individual professional development plan requirements.
NHs NCLB Waiver Request
Section 3 page 99 This documents the additional requirements that NH districts will have to
meet with regard to teacher and principal evaluation systems.
5. Collective Bargaining
Public Employee Labor Relations
Chapter 273 outlines the terms and conditions and limitations of public employee collective
bargaining.
Municipal Budget Law
Requires those cost items associated with a collective bargaining agreement to be included in the
considerations of a municipal budget committee.