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Andreina De Anda
Math 107
November 1, 2012
Math Portfolio # 2
Chapter 3: Number Theory
3.1 Multiples and Factors

This section explains that if c and b are two numbers, c cannot equal 0; then c is a factor
of b if there is a number n. The equation for this is cn=b. Factors are two numbers that
can be multiplied together to get the product. For example, the factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5,
and 10. These are the factors because if you multiply 2*5 the answer is 10. A multiple is
a number that is multiplied by another number to get the multiple. An example would be
12 is a multiple of 4 because 4 can be multiplied by the integer 3 to get 12. Or it can be
seen as counting by fours 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, An even number is an integer that is a
multiple of 2 and an odd number is an integer that is not a multiple of 2. This lesson also
explained what Cuisenaire Rods are and how they can be used to find multiples.

I learned the difference between a factor and a multiple. I used to think that factor and
multiple meant the same thing. I learned that factors are numbers that are multiplied to
get a product and that a multiple is a number that is multiplied to get a multiple.
Cuisenaire Rods are cubes of different colors and each color represents a different
amount.

Examples:
1) Use the definition to explain why 12 is a multiple of 4. 12 is a multiple of 4 because
the integer 3 can be multiplied by 4 to 12. 4*3=12
2) Use the definition to explain why 3 is a factor of 30. 3 is a factor of 30 because the
integer 10 can be used to multiply 3 by 10 to get 30. 3*10=30

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3) Use the definition to explain why 32 is not a multiple of 3. 32 is not a multiple of 3
because there isnt an integer than can be used to multiply it by 3 to get 32.
4) Cuisenaire Rods numbers 3-12 & the relationship between being an odd or even
number.

Even numbers only use red rods. The red rods equal two. Odd numbers use rod both
red rods and one white rod to make the number.
5) Will the sum of an even number and an odd number always be odd? The sum will
always be odd because an even number is made up of 2n and an odd number is
made up of 2m+1. 2n + 2m+1 = 2(n+m)+1.
6) If m, b, and c are integers, and if b is a multiple of m, will bc also be a multiple of m?
m=2

b=4

c=3

4*3=12

12 is a multiple of 2 because 6 can be multiplied by 2 to get 12.

m=5

b=15

c=7

15*7=105

105 is a multiple of 5 because 21 times 5 equals 105.

m=x

b=n*x c=y

bc=nx(y) bc=ny(x)
bc will be a multiple of m because b is already a multiple of m.
7) If b and c are multiples of m, will the sum of b+c also be a multiple of m?
m=10

b=30

c=50

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50+30=80 80 is a multiple of 10 because 8*10=80
3.2 Divisibility Rules

This section explains how to recognize if a number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, and 25.

A number is divisible by 2 if the ones place digit is even. I learned how to identify if a
number is divisible by 4. In order for a number to be divisible by 4, the tens and ones
column must be seen. If the tens column is an odd number and the ones column
number is a 2 or 6 then the number is divisible by 4. If the tens column is an even
number and the ones column is a 0, 4, or 8 then it is divisible by 4. A number is divisible
by 5 if the last digit is either a 0 or 5 because it can be grouped in fives. The 0
represents that there tens and no ones. Tens are multiples of 5. I learned how to create
my own divisibility rule of 25. I see 25 as a quarter, and a dollar (100), 3 quarters (75), 2
quarters (50), and 1 quarter (25) are all divisible by 25. Numbers in which the tens and
ones digits ends with 00, 25, 50, and 75 are all divisible by 25. A number is divisible by
3 if you add the digits and the sum of the digits are divisible by 3.

Examples
1) Explain why you can tell whether any number is a multiple of 2 just by checking
whether the last digit is a 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. Any number that ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 is a
multiple of 2 because it can be multiplied by an integer to get the ones digit to be a
0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. Multiples of 2 are written as 2n.
2) Test the divisibility rule of 4 on these numbers: 90, 132, 174, 184, 194, 196.
90=not divisible by 4

132=divisible by 4

174=not divisible by 4

184=divisible by 4

194=not divisible by 4

196=divisible by 4

3) 635 & 890, are they divisible by 5?

635 is divisible by 5 because it ends in a 5.
890 is divisible by 5 because 890 is made up of 89 tens. Ten is a multiple of 5
because 5*2=10

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4) 1750 divisible by 25? Yes because it ends in 50.
5) Is 589 & 1326 divisible by 3?
5+8+9=22

22 is not divisible by 3; therefore 589 isnt divisible by 3.

1+3+2+6=12

12 is divisible by 3; therefore 1326 is divisible by 3.

3.3 Primes and Factoring

This section explains what prime and composite numbers are. A prime number is a
number that has 2 distinct factors. A composite number is a number that has more than
two distinct factors. This section also explains how to find the prime factorization of
numbers.

I learned that 1 is a prime number because it does not have 2 distinct factors. The only
factor of 1 is 1. I also learned that prime factorization of numbers is when the factors are
all prime and the prime numbers can be multiplied to get back the original number.

Examples:
1) Explain why 5 is a prime number. 5 is a prime number because its only factors are 1
and 5.
2) Explain why 6 is not a prime number. 6 is not a prime number because it has more
than 2 distinct factors. Its factors are 1, 2, 3, and 6.
3) Are all primes odd numbers? Not all prime numbers are odd numbers because 2 is
an even number and it is a prime number.
4) Are all natural odd numbers prime? Not all natural odd numbers are prime because 9
is an odd number but it is a composite number.
5) Are all composite numbers even? Not all composite numbers are even because 33 is
an odd number, but it is a composite number.
6) Are all even natural numbers composite? Not all even natural numbers are
composite because 2 is an even number, yet it is prime.
7) Prime Factorization of 24:

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Factors of 24= 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
Prime Factorization of 24
24
2

12
2

6
2

Prime Factorization of 24= 2*2*2*3

3.4 Greatest Common Factor

This section explains that the greatest common factor of any two numbers (b & c) is
a natural number that is a factor of b & c. There are three different ways to find the
greatest common factor of numbers which are listing all its factors, listing all its prime
factors, and finding the positive difference.

I learned an easier way to find the greatest common factor of any two numbers. I
found the prime factorization of two numbers an easier way to find the GCF because
the factors that the numbers have in common are multiplied to get the GCF. I also
learned that finding the positive difference between the two numbers can give result
in the GCF. If the set of numbers dont have a coming factor the factor they do have
in common is the GCF. For example, 48=12*4, 60=12*5, and 84=12*7 the numbers
4,5, and 7 do not have a common factor so the GCF of 48, 60, and 84 is 12.

Examples:
1) Use the definition to explain why 4 is a common factor of 24 and 40. 4 is a
common factor of 24 and 40 because 4*6=24 and 4*10=40.
2) Use the definition to explain why 8 is the greatest common factor of 24 and 40.
24=1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24

40=1,2,4,5,8,10,20,40

8 is the greatest common factor of 24 and 40 because it is the largest factor both
these numbers share.

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3) Use prime factorization to find the greatest common factor of 48 and 60.
48=2*2*2*2*3
60=2*2*3*5
(The factors both of these numbers share are multiplied to get the GCF)
2*2*3=12

Greatest Common Factor =12

4) Use the positive difference to find the greatest common factor.

60-48=12

12=Greatest Common Factor

5) Find the greatest common factor of 18 and 48.

18=6*3

48=6*8

No common factor between 3 and 8, so the greatest common factor of 48&18 is

6.
3.5 Least Common Multiple

This section explains how to find the least common multiple of two or more numbers. It
shows various methods for finding the LCM, rather than listing all the multiples of the
numbers. The other three ways to find the LCM have to do with the prime factorization
and factors of the numbers and the greatest common factor.

I learned an easier way to find the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers.
Instead of listing all the multiples, it is better to find the prime factorization of the
numbers. The factors in each column are multiplied to find the LCM. Another method for
finding the LCM is multiplying the GCF with the uncommon numbers. The third method
for finding the LCM is using the GCF to find the factors and using the first number and
multiplying it by the uncommon part.

Examples:
1) Find the LCM of 8 & 12
Listing the multiples
8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48

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12, 24, 36, 48, 60
LCM=24
Method 1, Listing the prime factors and multiplying a number from each column
8

12 =

2*2*2
2*2* 3

2*2*2*3=24

LCM=24

Method 2, GCF is multiplied with the uncommon parts

GCF of 8=1,2,4,8

GCF of 12=1,2,3,4,6,12

GCF of 8 & 12=4

8=4*2
12*4*3

(2&3 are the uncommon parts)

4*2*3=24 LCM=24
Method 3, GCF is used to find the factors and multiplying the first number by the
uncommon other number
GCF of 8 & 12 = 4
8=4*2
12=4*3
8*3=24

LCM =24

2) Find the LCM of 48 & 54

Listing the multiples
48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336, 384, 432, 480
54, 108, 162, 216, 270, 324, 378, 432, 486
LCM=432
Method 1, Listing the prime factors and multiplying a number from each column
48 =
54 =

2*2*2*2*3
2*3*3*3

2*2*2*2*3*3*3=432

LCM=432

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Method 2, GCF is multiplied with uncommon parts
GCF of 48=1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16,24,48

GCF of 54 = 1,2,3,6,9,18,27,54

GCF of 48&54 = 6
48=6*8
54=6*9

(8&9 are the uncommon parts)

6*8*9=432 LCM=432
Method 3, GCF is used to find the factors and multiplying the first number by the
uncommon other number
GCF of 48 & 54 = 6
48 =6*8
54=6*9
48*9=432 LCM=432
Chapter 4: Integers
4.1 Addition and Subtraction

This lesson explains how to add and subtract integers using the zero pair and hot/cold
chips. The hot chips are positive and the cold chips are negative. It also shows that
numbers can be added using a number line. Patterns can be observed when adding and
subtracting numbers.

I learned that a zero pair is when there is a red and blue chip and they cancel out. I also
learned that zero pair chips can be added to a number in order to add or subtract. Also,
if a negative number is subtracted from a positive number, the answer will always be
positive and if a negative number is being subtracted from a negative number then the
answer can sometimes be positive and other times negative. In using patterns, I learned
that as the number being subtracted decreases, the difference increases.

Examples
1) Use hot/cold chips to add the following.

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-7+(-5)

-7+5

7+-5

7+5

2) Use hot/cold chips to subtract the following.

-7-(-5)

-7-5

7-9

7-(-5)

-5-(-3)

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3) Use a number line to add -7+-5.

4) Observe the pattern and give the next 2 numbers.

10-3=7

10-(-1)=11

10-2=8

10-(-2)=12

10-1=9
10-0=10
The pattern is that as the number being subtracted decreases, the difference
increases.
4.2 Multiplication and Division

This section explains how to multiply and divide integers and to decide whether the
answer will be positive, negative, or neither. It also shows how to solve for a division
problem using the missing factor of division.

I learned to see multiplication problems as adding or removing groups of hot or cold

chips. In a*b, +a=adding groups; -a=removing groups; +b=hot chips; and b=cold chips.
I also learned to observe patterns in multiplication problems to help figure out the next
product. The missing factor model of division says that a/b can be solved by finding a
number q so that b*q=a.

Examples
1) Use hot/cold chips for the following problem
-3(5)=-15

Remove 3 groups of 5 hot chips

3(5)=15

Add 3 groups of 5 hot chips

(-3)(-5)=15

Remove 3 groups of 5 cold chips

2) Describe the pattern and provide the next four equations

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4*-4=-16
3*-4=-12
2*-4=-8
1*-4=-4
As the integer being multiplied by -4 gets smaller, the product increases by 4.
0*-4=0
-1*-4=4
-2*-4=8
-3*-4=12
3) Solve the following using the missing model factor of division
12/3
3(q)=12

q=4

12/(-3)
-3(q)=12

q=-4

(-12)/(3)
3(q)=-12

q=-4

(-12)/(-3)
(-3)q=-12

q=4