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I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of today's laboratory is to familiarize the student with the techniques and
concepts associated with arterial blood pressure. During an exercise bout systolic blood
pressure will increase for one of two reasons. The first reason is an increase in heart rate
(more heart beats per minute) and stroke volume (more blood being pumped per beat).
Because more blood is being pumped through the arteries at a faster rate, more pressure is
being exerted on the arterial walls. The more intense the cardiovascular activity, the
greater the heart rate and stroke volume, and the higher the blood pressure.
The second reason for an increase in systolic blood pressure is a forceful muscular
contraction which compresses nearby arteries, resulting in greater resistance to blood
flow. The more forceful the contraction, the more the arteries will be compressed and the
greater the resistance to blood flow will be, resulting in a higher blood pressure.
Activities like performing squats with a heavy weight increase blood pressure for
both of the aforementioned reasons. They cause large increases in heart rate and stroke
volume because they require the use of large amounts of muscle mass. They also require
very forceful muscular contractions resulting in the compression of arteries, which
surround the muscles. When both of these factors occur at the same time the result is a
very large increase in blood pressure. It is not uncommon for pressures to reach as high
as 300 over 200 mmHg during maximal squats or leg press and even as high as 200 over
80 for runners.
There are four basic pressures which are classified under the general term
"blood pressure." These four pressures and their definitions are as
follows:
1. Systolic pressure: This is the highest pressure observed in the artery and is a
product of the heart's systole (contraction). It is representative of the total heart
energy.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the lowest pressure observed in the artery and it
results from the drop in arterial tension during diastole (rest) of the heart. It
represents the sum of factors acting contrary to the cardiac force, e.g. peripheral
resistance.
3. Pulse pressure: This is the difference between the systolic and diastolic
pressures. It represents the efficiency of the heart indicating the extent to which it
overcomes the peripheral resistance. Pulse Pressure = Systolic-Diastolic
4. Mean pressure: This is the average pressure to which the arteries are subjected.
Due to the irregular shape of the blood pressure pulsitile curve, it is not the
simple arithmetic mean of the systolic and diastolic pressures, but is more
approximated by the following: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)= diastolic
pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
II. PROCEDURES
III. RESULTS
TABLE 1. Effects of body position on BP and HR. Stay still in each position for 2
minutes before taking measurements
Body Position:
Systolic (mmHg)
Diastolic (mmHg)
HR (bpm)
Laying
102
60
66
Sitting
107
56
68
Standing
110
70
72
Diastolic
(mmHg)
HR (bpm)
Pulse
Pressure
MAP
Rest
(supine)
114
56
63
58
75.14
Small
Muscle
122
78
75
44
92.54
Large
Muscle
124
81
82
Isometric
Exercise
130
76
63
54
93.14
Rest
(supine)
118
60
60
58
79.14
Condition
43
95.19