6 Tonic and Molecular Compounds Sarah, a pharmacist, talked with her customer regarding questions about stomach upset from the low-dose aspirin, CsHeO,, he was taking to prevent a heart attack or stroke. Sarah explained that when he takes a low-dose aspirin, he needs to drink a glass of water. If his stomach is still upset, he can take the aspirin with food or milk each time. A few days later, Sarah talked with her customer again, He told her he followed her suggestions and that he no longer had any upset stomach from the low-dose aspirin. Is, aspirin an ionic or a molecular compound? 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons Learning Goal: Write the symbols for the simple ions of the representative elements. + The stability of the noble gases is associated with a stable electron configuration of eight electrons stable with two electrons in the outer energy im is (s’p®), an octet, in their outer energy level. He level. + Atoms of elements other than the noble gases achieve stability by losing, gaining, or sharing valence electrons with other atoms in the formation of compounds. + Metals of the representative elements in Groups 1A (1), 2A (2) and 3A (13) achieve a noble gas electron configuration by losing their valence electron(s) to form positively charged cations with a charge of I+, 2+, or 3+, respectively. + Nonmetals in Groups SA (15), 6A (16) and 7A (17) gain valence electrons to achieve an octet forming negatively charged anions with a charge of 3—,2~, or I—, respectively. + Ionieé bonds ocour when the valence electrons of atoms of a metal are transferred to atoms of nonmetals. For example, sodium atoms lose electrons and chlorine atoms gain electrons to form the ionic compound NaCl + Covalent bonds form when atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons. In the molecular compounds H,0 and CsHy, atoms share electrons. Copyright © 2014 Pearton Eduestion, Tne 61Chapter 6 Study Note | When an atom loses or gains electrons, it acquires the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. For example, sodium loses one electron, which gives the Na‘ ion the electron configuration of neon. ‘Oxygen gains two electrons to give an oxide ion, O*, the electron configuration of neon. 4 Learning Exercise 6.1A. PAN) core CHEMISTRY SKILL EN Wirting Positive and Negative ons The following elements lose electrons when they form ions. Indicate the group number, the number of electrons lost, and the ion (symbol and charge) for each of the following: Element Group Number Electrons Lost Ton Formed ‘Magnesium Sodium a — f - Calcium Potassium Aluminum Answers Element Group Number Electrons Lost Ton Formed ‘Magnesium 2A (2) 2 Mg Sodium 1A (1) 1 Nat Calcium 2A (2) 2 Cat | Potassium 1A (1) 1 Ke | Aluminum 3A (13) 3 art + Learning Exercise 6.1B The following elements gain electrons when they form ions. Indicate the group number, the number of electrons gained, and the ion (symbol and charge) for each of the following: Element Group Number | Electrons Gained Ton Formed Chlorine Oxygen Nitrogen Fluorine Sulfur 62 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, In,onic and Molecular Compounds Answers Element Group Number | Electrons Gained | Ton Formed Chlorine 7A(11) | 1 a Oxygen 6A (16) oo ‘Nitrogen SA(I5S) | Ne Fluorine 7A (17) 1 Fr Sulfur GA (16) 2 se 6.2 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Learning Goal: Using charge balance, write the correct formula for an ionic compound, + In the formulas of ionic compounds, the total positive charge is equal to the total negative charge. For example, the compound magnesium chloride, MgCl,, contains Mg”* and two CI-. The sum of the charges is zero: (2+) + 2(1-) = 0. + When two or more ions are needed for charge balance, that number is indicated by subscripts in the formula. For the following exercises, you may want to cut pieces of paper that represent typical positive and negative ions, as shown. To determine an ionic formula, place the positive and negative pieces together to complete a geometric shape. Write the number of positive ions and negative ions as the subscripts for the formula. i ]f-] Pe |] Be | # Learning Exercise 6.2A. Give the letter (A, B, C, etc.) that matches the arrangement of ions in the following compounds: Compound Combi Compound Combination 1. MgCl, 2, NaS 3, LiCl 4, CaO . 5. KN — 6. AIBr 7. Mes a 8 BaCl, Answers Le 2B 3A 4F SE 6D 7.F 8&C 63 ‘Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, IneChapter 6 Study Note ‘You can check that the ionic formula you write is electrically neutral by multiplying each of the ionic charges by their subscripts. When added together, their sum should equal zero. For example, the formula NazO gives 2(14+) + 1(2-) = (2+) + (2-) = 0. ¢ Learning Exercise 6.2B Write the correct formula of the ionic compound formed from each of the following pairs of ions: 1. Nat andr 2. K* and S&~ — 3. APtandO? 4. Mg?* andCh 5. CP" and SS __ 6, Al* and Cl” 7. Lit and N@~ 8. Ba’* and P~ Answers 1, Nacl 2. KS 3. ALOs 4, MgCl, 5. CaS 6. AlCl 7. LisN 8. BasP) 6.3 Naming Ionic Compounds Learning Goal: Given the formula of an ionic compound, write the correct name; given the name of an ionic compound, write the correct formula. + In naming ionic compounds, the positive ion is named first, followed by the name of the negative ion. The name of a representative metal ion in Group 1A (1), 2A (2), or 3A (13) is the same as its elemental name. The name of a nonmetal ion is obtained by replacing the end of its element name with ide. + Most transition elements form cations with two or more ionic charges. Then the ionic charge must be written as.a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal. For example, the cations of iron, Fe** and Fe™, are named iron(II) and iron(II). The ions of copper are Cu*, copper(I), and Cu’, copper(II). + The only transition elements with fixed charges are zinc, Zn”; silver, Ag*; and cadmium, Cd?*, Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with Metals that Form a Single Ton Step1 | Identify the cation and anion. Step2 __ | Name the cation by its element name, Step 3 _| Name the anion by using the first syllable of its element name followed by ide. Step4 _ | Write the name of the cation first and the anion second. 4 Learning Exercise 6.34 Write the ions and the correct formula for each of the following ionic compounds: Formula Tons Name 1. Cs,0 —— 2. BaBry 64 ‘Copyright ©2014 Pearson Edueation, Ineonic and Molecular Compounds 3. MgsP; 4, NaS Answers 1. Cs*, O, cesium oxide 2. Ba’*, Br’, barium bromide 3. Mg?*, P*, magnesium phosphide 4, Na, S*, sodium sulfide + Learning Exercise 6.3B Write the name of each of the following ions: Lor 2 Fe 3. Cut 4. Agt 5,07 6. Ca 1 8. AP* FH ___, 10, Bat 11. Ce __ 12. Ne Answers 1. chloride 2. iron(I) 3. copper(I) 4, silver 5. oxide 6. calcium 7. sulfide 8. aluminum 9. iron(II) 10. barium 1. copper(II) 12. nitride ¢ Learning Exercise 6.3C Write the symbol of each of the following ions: Name Symbol Name ‘Symbol 1. chromium(III) ion 2. cobalt(II) ion 3. zine ion — 4. lead(IV) ion 5, gold(I) ion —— 6. silver ion —— 7. potassium ion —— 8, nickel(I1) ion Answers 1. crt 2. Cot 3. Znt* 4. Po 5. Aut 6. Agt 7. KY 8. Ni** Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with Variable Charge Metals Step1 | Determine the charge of the cation from the anion, Step2 | Name the cation by its element name and use a Roman numeral in parentheses for the charge. Step3__ | Name the anion by using the first syllable of its element name followed by ide. Step4 _| Write the name of the cation first and the name of the anion second, 65 Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, IneChapter 6 @ Learning Exercise 6.3D FY cone cvemistay sce Write the ions and a correct name for each of the following ionie —Yemng nie Compounds compounds: Formula Tons Name 1. CrCl, =e ——— 2. SnBry - 3, NaxP ———— — 4. NiO; ——— — 5. CuO — a 6 MeN, oe Answers 1. Cr**, CI’, chromium(II) chloride 2. Sn, Br’, tin(IV) bromide 3. Na’, P®, sodium phosphide 4, Ni*, O*, nickel(III) oxide 5, Cu’*, 0? , copper(II) oxide 6. Mg?*, N*, magnesium nitride Guide to Writing Formulas from the Name of An Tonic Compound Step 1 _ | Identify the cation and anion. ‘Step2 | Balance the charges. — Step 3 | Write the formula, cation first, using subscripts from charge balance. % Learning Exercise 6.3E ‘CORE CHEMISTRY SKILL Write the ions and the correct ionic formula for each of the following iting lanic Formulas ionic compounds: ‘Compound Positivefon | Negativefon | Formula of Compound aluminum sulfide copper(II) chloride | ‘magnesium oxide gold(IIT) bromide silver oxide cL Answers ‘Compound Positive Ton | NegativeJon | Formula of Compound aluminum sulfide AP* x ALS, copper(II) chloride | Curt cr CuCl, a | magnesium oxide Me oO MgO gold(IMl) bromide | Au | Br ‘AuB | silver oxide Ast oF ‘Ag,0 66 Copyright © 20t4 Pearson Education, Inelonic and Molecular Compounds 6.4 Polyatomic Ions Learning Goal: Write the name and formula for an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion, + A polyatomic ion is a group of nonmetal atoms that carries an electrical charge, usually negative, I~, 2, or 3~. The polyatomic ion NH,* has a positive charge. + Polyatomic ions cannot exist alone, but are combined with an ion of the opposite charge. + The names of ionic compounds containing polyatomic anions often end with ate or ite. + When there is more than one polyatomic ion in the formula for a compound, the entire polyatomic ion formula is enclosed in parentheses and the subscript written outside the parentheses. Key Terms for Sections 6.1-6.4 Match each of the following key terms with the correct definition: a. ion b. cation anion d. polyatomic ion e. ionic bond 1. 2 positively charged ion 2, ____a negatively charged ion 3. a group of covalently bonded nonmetal atoms that has an overall charge 4, an atom or group of atoms having an electrical charge 5, ___ the attraction between positively charged and negatively charged ions Answers Lb ze 3d 4a Se ‘Study Note By learning the most common polyatomic ions such as nitrate NO; , carbonate CO;?, sulfate SO?-, and phosphate PO,”, you can derive their related polyatomic ions. For example, the nitrite ion, NO;", has one oxygen atom less than the nitrate ion: NO5”, nitrate, and NO’, nitrite. + Learning Exercise 6.44 ‘Write the polyatomic ion (symbol and charge) for each of the following: 1, sulfate ion — 2. hydroxide ion = 3. carbonate ion = ___ 4, sulfite ion — 5, ammonium ion ___ 6. phosphate ion | ___ 7. nitrate ion — 8. nitrite ion — Answers 1, S02" 2. OH™ 3. COP 4, SO?” 5. NHy* 6. POS 7. NOs 8. NOy Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 67Chapter 6 Guide to Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Tons ‘Step 1 | Identify the cation and polyatomic ion (anion). [Step2 | Balance the charges. Step 3 _ | Write the formula, cation first, using the subscripts from charge balance. © Learning Exercise 6.4B Write the formula of the ions, and the correct formula for each of the following compounds: Compound Positive fon Negative Ton Formula sodium phosphate iron(II) hydroxide ammonium carbonate silver bicarbonate chromium (III) sulfate lead (II) nitrate potassium sulfite | barium phosphate Answers ‘Compound Positive Ion Negative Ion Formula sodium phosphate Nat Poe” NaPO, | iron(I1) hydroxide Fe on Fe(OH)» ammonium carbonate NH. co?" (NHs)2COs silver bicarbonate Ast HCO, AgHCO, chromium(III) sulfate cet so2- Cr,(SO,)3 Jead(IH) nitrate ppt NOs Pb(NOs)2 potassium sulfite Ke soe K,S0; barium phosphate Bet PO Bas(PO,)2 Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Step1 | Identify the cation and polyatomic ion (anion), ‘Step2 __ | Name the cation, using a Roman numeral, if needed Step3 | Name the polyatomic ion. Write the name for the compound, cation first and the polyatomic ion second, 68 ‘Copytight © 2014 Pearson Education, Ine.lonic and Molecular Compounds # Learning Exercise 6.4C Write the ions and a correct name for each of the following ionic compounds: Formula Tons Name 1. Ba(NOs)2 ——___. _____ 2, Fe(SOx)s —___ ____ 3, NasPO; _ — _ 4, AL(CIO3)3— —__ ___ — — 5. (NHg),CO3 — 6. Cr(OH), oe Answers 1. Bat, NO;”, barium nitrate 2. Fe’*, SO2°, iron(III) sulfate 3. Na*, PO;”, sodium phosphite 4, AP*, C105”, aluminum chlorate 5. NH,*,CO?~, ammonium carbonate 6. C?*, OH”, chromium(I1) hydroxide 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons Learning Goal: Given the formula of a molecular compound, write its correct name; given the name of a molecular compound, write its formula, + Ina covalent bond, atoms of nonmetals share electrons to achieve an octet. For example, oxygen with six valence electrons shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form the covalent compound water (HO). In water, oxygen has two bonding pairs of shared electrons and two lone pairs of nonbonding electrons. + Covalent compounds are composed of nonmetals bonded together to give discrete units called molecules. + The formula of a covalent compound is written using the order of the symbols of the elements in the name, followed by subscripts indicated by prefixes. Guide to Naming Molecular Compounds Step1 | Name the first nonmetal by its element name, Step2 _| Name the second nonmetal by using the first syllable of its element name followed by ide. Step3 _| Add prefixes to indicate the number of atoms (subscripts) # Learning Exercise 6.54 e CORE CHEMISTRY SKILL Writing the Names and Formulas for Use the appropriate prefixes to name the following covalent Melee tree pooh compounds: _—__} CS 2. CCl, - 3CO LW 4. SO; $§..N,0, — 6. PCl; Te PSs 8. IF, £00, at 10. S,0 (Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Ine 69Chapter 6 Answers 1. carbon disulfide 2. carbon tetrachloride 3. carbon monoxide 4, sulfur trioxide 5, dinitrogen tetroxide 6. phosphorus trichloride 7. tetraphosphorus hexasulfide 8. iodine heptaftuoride 9. chlorine dioxide 10. disulfur oxide Guide to Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds Step1 | Write the symbols in the order of the elements in the name. || Step2 | Write any prefixes as subscripts. # Learning Exercise 6.5B ‘Write the formula of each of the following covalent compounds: 1. dinitrogen oxide 2, silicon tetrabromide 3. nitrogen trichloride 4. carbon dioxide 5, sulfur hexaftuoride = __ 6. oxygen difluoride 7. phosphorus triffuoride 8, phosphorus trihydride 9. iodine trifluoride pees 10. sulfur dioxide Answers 1. NO 2. SiBry 3. NC, 4, COz 5. SEs 6. OF; 7. PFs 8. PH; 9. TF; 10. SO; 6.6 Organic Compounds: Extended Topic Learning Goal: Identify the properties characteristic of organic and inorganic compounds. + Organic compounds are compounds of carbon that typically have covalent bonds, low melting and boiling points, burn vigorously, are nonelectrolytes, and are soluble in nonpolar solvents. + Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have only single bonds, C—C and C—H. + Each carbon in an alkane has four bonds arranged so that the bonded atoms are in the corners of a tetrahedron. 4 Learning Exercise 6.64 Identify the following as typical of organic (O) or inorganic (I) compounds: 1, —__ have covalent bonds 2, have low boiling points 3, burn in air 4, ___. are soluble in water 5, ___ have high melting points 6, ____are soluble in nonpolar solvents 7. _ have ionic bonds 8. ___ form long chains 9, contain carbon and hydrogen 10. __— do not burn in air Answers 10 20 3.0 41 5.1 60 a 8.0 9.0 10.1 70 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Baveation, Inc.onic and Molecular Compounds 6.7 Names and Formulas of Alkanes: Extended Topic Learning Goal: Write the IUPAC name and draw the condensed structural formula for an alkane, + An expanded structural formula shows the bonds between all the atoms. + Acondensed structural formula depicts each carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms asa group. Expanded Condensed Structural Structural Skeletal Molecular Formula Formula Formula Formula HHH no a el CH;—CH,—CHy —_— Cag HWW + Inthe TUPAC system used to name organic compounds, the alkanes containing one, two, three, or four carbon atoms connected in a row or a continuous chain are named: methane, ethane, propane, and butane, respectively, as shown: Number of Condensed Structural Name Carbon Atoms Formula ‘Methane 1 cH, Ethane 2 CH—CH; Propane 3 CHs—CH,—CHy Butane 4 CH; —CH,—CH;—CHs + Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms in a chain are named using the prefix pent (5), hex (6), hept (7), oct (8), non (9), of dec (10) and the suffix ane, which indicates single bonds (alkane). Key Terms for Sections 6.5-6.7 Match each the following key terms with the correct definition: ‘a, covalent bond b, alkane ©. octet d. hydrocarbon 1, ___ an arrangement of eight valence electrons 2, —__a hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds 3. sharing of valence electrons by two atoms 4, an organic compound that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms Answers Lhe 2b 4d (Copyright ©2014 Pearson Edvestion, Ine 7Chapter 6 4 Learning Exercise 6.74 ‘Write the IUPAC name for each of the following: 1. CH; —CH)—CH _ —= 2. CH;—CH; aE 3. CH; —CH)—CH)—CH; — — 4, CH; —CH)—CH,—CH, — CH, — CH Answers 1. propane 2. ethane 3. butane 4, hexane @ Learning Exercise 6.7B Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds: 1. pentane 2. methane 3. octane 4, heptane Answers 1. CH;~CH,—CH,—CH,—CH, 2. CHy 3. CH; — CH; —CH,— CH, — CH) — CH, — CH, — CH 4, CH; —CH,—CH, —CH,—CH;—CH,—CH Checklist for Chapter 6 ‘You are ready to take the Practice Test for Chapter 6, Be sure you have accomplished the following earning goals for this chapter. If not, review the section listed at the end of the goal. Then apply your new skills and understanding to the Practice Tes After studying Chapter 6, I can successfully: _. Illustrate the octet rule for the formation of ions (6.1). ‘Write the formulas of ionic compounds containing the ions of metals and nonmetals of representative elements (6.2). Use charge balance to write an ionic formula (6.2). __— Write the name of an ionic compound (6.3). _— Write the formula of a compound containing a polyatomic ion (6.4). Write the names and formulas of molecular compounds (6.5). Identify properties as characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds (6.6). Use the IUPAC system to name alkanes with one to ten carbon atoms (6.7) Draw the condensed structural formulas of alkanes with one to ten carbon atoms (6.7). 72 Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Ine.