Analytica, 3, 2009

. e
1 . e
, :
1) , , 2 .
2) ,
, .
3)
.
,

, . . ,
1

, : -, ,
Principia Mathematica
I; , , ,
.
,
.
.
e ( : );
.
e (: ).
2
: ,
() () (
E),
() . , .

(c)

37

Analytica, 3, 2009

e , e , . , , ,
.
,

.
4) ( ) . , ,
e
, , : , . ,
, . . , ,
e ,
.
5)
,
.
6)
,
.
:
I.
Principia Mathematica
I, 3 ()
3

e:
, . , . , ,
,
e
: G
odel K. Uber
formal unentscheidbare S
atze der Principipa Mathematica und
verwandter System I. In: Monatshefte f
ur Mathematik und Physik, 38. 1931, pp. 173
198, ,

(c)

38

Analytica, 3, 2009

. e .
II. , e ,
, . ,

1) ;
2)
;
3) ;
4) ;
5)
;
6) .
III. , ,
.
I
Principia
Mathematica I . e 4 :
:
VI.

r, , Gen r, N eg( Gen r)
F lg() (
r ).
, , : G
odel K. On formally undecidable
propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems I. In: Frege and G
odel:
Two Fundamental Texts in Mathematical Logic. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970,
pp. 87107.
4
G
odel K. On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and
related systems I. In: Frege and G
odel: Two Fundamental Texts in Mathematical Logic.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970, pp. 98100.

(c)

39

Analytica, 3, 2009

.
.
Bw (x) (n) [n 5 l(x) Ax(n Gl x) (n Gl x)
(Ep, q){0 < p, q < n & F l(n Gl x, p Gl x, q Gl x)}] &
& l(x) > 0

(5)

(. 44),
x B y Bw (x) & [l(x)] Gl x = y
Bew (x) (Ey)y B x

(6)
(6.1)

(. 45 46).
, ,
(x)[Bew (x) x F lg()]

(7)

(x)[Bew(x) Bew (x)].

(8)

19 )].
Q(x, y) x B [Sb(yZ(y)

(8.1)

19
x B y ( (6) (5)) Sb(yZ(y)
) ( 17 31) ,
Q(x, y). , V
(8), q ( 17 19), ,
19 )] Bew [Sb(q 17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

Z(x)

19
Z(y) )]

(9)

17
19
)] Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

19
Z(y) ))].

(10)

p = 17 Gen q
(c)

40

(11)

Analytica, 3, 2009

(p 19)
19
r = Sb(qZ(p)
)

(12)

(r 5
17).

19
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = Sb([17 Gen q]Z(p) ) =
19
= 17 Gen Sb(qZ(p)
) = 17 Gen r

(13)

( (11) (12));6
17
Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) )

17
= Sb(rZ(x)
)

(14)

( (12)). p y (9)
(10) (13) (14),
17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [Sb(rZ(x)
)],

(15)

17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(x)
))].

(16)

:
1. 17 Gen r .7
, n, n B (17 Gen r). , (16)
17
Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))], ,
17
, 17 Gen r Sb(rZ(n)
).
, (, ,
).
2. N eg(17 Gen r) . : , 17 Gen r
5
[ 43 Ibid., p. 99. . .] r
q
p. [
( , ), , :
p.]
6
[ 44 Ibid. . .] Gen Sb
, .
7
[ 45 Ibid. . .] x
x F lg(), , (7), , Bew (x).

(c)

41

Analytica, 3, 2009

; . . ( (6.1)), (n)(n B (17 Gen r)). ,

17
(15), (n)Bew [Sb(rZ(n)
)],
Bew [N eg (17 Gen r)]
.
17 Gen r , ,
VI.
. ,

,
.
,
. e 8 :
, e 9 ; . .
:
e .
, ( ) 17 Gen r
( [ ] ),
1. N eg (17 Gen r);
17
2. n Sb(rZ(n)
).
. . 17 Gen r
,
.

, (
) () () R(x1 , . . . , xn )
[entscheidungsdenit], n r, ,
8

Ibid., p. 100.
[ 45a Ibid. . .] ,
, V, , ,
.
9

(c)

42

Analytica, 3, 2009

(3) (4) (. V). , , V,

.
, .
,
.
x B y (. (5) (6))
Q(x, y) (. (8.1)), , .
Gen r, r . (,
, ,
.)
II
, .
1. :
:
VI.

r, , Gen r, N eg( Gen r)
F lg() (
r ).
, :
[
(
(recursive() & consist()) r recursive(r)
)]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() .
r recursive() consist(), ( ):
(c)

43

Analytica, 3, 2009

[(

, r recursive() &
( Gen r) F lg()

)
& recursive(r)
]
& (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() .

consist()

, , , e
. e e.
2. :
.
.

:
1)
. ,
.
e , ,
, ;
2) .
. e
, :
recursive{}. . , .
3) .
.
: consist{}.
, . .
10 :
,
a, ,
(n)[Sb(aZ(n) ) F lg()] & [N eg( Gen a)] F lg(),
10

Ibid., p. 98.

(c)

44

Analytica, 3, 2009

a.
, , e .
:

consist{}

(
)
a n[Sb(aZ(n) ) F lg()] & [N eg( Gen a)] F lg() .

,
, consist{} .
3. e :

Bw (x) (n) [n 5 l(x) Ax(n Gl x) (n Gl x)
(Ep, q){0 < p, q < n & F l(n Gl x, p Gl x, q Gl x)}] &
& l(x) > 0

(5)

(. 44),
(5)
e . e
e 4411 .
:
44.
4. :
x B y Bw (x) & [l(x)] Gl x = y
Bew (x) (Ey)y B x

(6)
(6.1)

(. 45 46).
11
45 ,
e
e
2 .

(c)

45

Analytica, 3, 2009

(6) (6.1) .
:
45 46 (6) (6.1).
5. :
, ,
(x)[Bew (x) x F lg()]

(7)

(x)[Bew(x) Bew (x)].

(8)

(7) (8)
. (7) . ,
(8) , . (7) x :
Bew (x) x F lg(),
consist{}

(
)
a n[Sb(aZ(n) ) F lg()] & [N eg( Gen a)] F lg() ,

: Sb(aZ(n) ) F lg()
N eg( Gen a) F lg(),
. (7)
x, :
Sb(aZ(n) ) F lg() Bew (Sb(aZ(n) )),
:
N eg( Gen a) F lg() Bew (N eg( Gen a)).
8 9 . : ., 7
x, : x = Sb(aZ(n) ) (
) x = N eg( Gen a) ( ).
(c)

46

Analytica, 3, 2009

,
,
e , , 12 .
consist ,
. :
consist{}

(
)
a n[Bew (Sb(aZ(n) ))] & Bew (N eg( Gen a)) .

consist
.
, :

( ),
, 8 9.
(8).
(7) (8), 7 11
, e ;
, , , .
: 13 .
12
., , 5 . . .
., 2005, . 30.
13
. (8), , . , x[Bew(x)
Bew (x)], x[Bew(x) Bew(, x)],
x, [Bew(x) Bew(, x)] , ,
x[Bew(x) Bew(, x)], . Bew(x)
Bew(, x), , , . (7), ,
, ( ),
.
x F lg().

(c)

47

Analytica, 3, 2009

6. :

19 )].
Q(x, y) x B [Sb(yZ(y)

(8.1)

(8.1) , .
. (8.1) ,
.
e .
e
(). . ,
14 ,
(7) (8).
14
, , .
,
17 Gen r [. . .] []
VI.
Guidi Fr. La proposizione di G
odel,
California, 2007. pp. 7677, 73, 17 Gen r
(8.1). , :
La formula eettiva, costruita nell immagine isomorfa di PM, sara
19 )]: x non
17 Gen r, ottenuta dalla relazione Q(x, y) x B [Sb(yZ(y)
`
e il numero di G
odel di una dimostrazione della formula indicata con
19 )]. Quest ultima espressione viene a designare, nell ambito
[Sb(yZ(y)
del calcolo aritmetico formalizzato: il numero di G
odel della formula
generata dalla formula che ha numero di G
odel y, sostituendo nella
variabile libera con numero 19, il numerale di y.
:
[] , PM, 17 Gen r, Q(x, y)
19 )]: x
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
e
19 )]. , [Sb(yZ(y)
:

(c)

48

Analytica, 3, 2009

e, , :
1) ;
2) Q(x, y).
() , :
1) Q(x, y);
2) .
, (8.1)
Q(x, y) . : , .
7. :
19
x B y ( (6) (5)) Sb(yZ(y)
) (
17 31) ,
Q(x, y).

, Q(x, y) ,
19 )].
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
,
.
1) x B y , : recursive(x B y).
.
(6) ( 5)
x B y;
. II15 ,
, e
. [l(x)] Gl x = y, . .
. III16 ,
. , [l(x)] Gl x,

e , ,
e y,
19 y. .
15
16

G
odel K. Op. cit., p. 93.
Ibid.

(c)

49

Analytica, 3, 2009

617 . , y, .
, [l(x)] Gl x = y, . . ,
. Bw (x), (5),
4. Bw (x)
.
, II, x B y
.
2) Z(y) , : recursive(Z(y)).
, Z(y)
1718 .
3) Sb(yxz ) , : recursive(Sb(yxz )).
Sb(yxz ) 3119 .
19
19
4) Sb(yZ(y)
) , : recursive(Sb(yZ(y)
)).
19
Sb(yZ(y) ) I20 ,
Sb(yxz ) Z(y) x,
z 19 ( ).
19
)] , :
5) x B [Sb(yZ(y)
19
)]).
recursive(x B [Sb(yZ(y)
19
x B [Sb(yZ(y) )] I, x B y
19
Sb(yZ(y)
) y.
6)

19 )]
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

19 )]).
recursive(x B [Sb(yZ(y)
19 )] x B [Sb(yZ(y)
19
II, x B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]
.
,
19 )] , , x B [Sb(yZ(y)
, , , ,
17

Ibid., p. 95.
Ibid.
19
Ibid., p. 96.
20
Ibid., p. 93.
18

(c)

50

Analytica, 3, 2009

Q(x, y), , . . recursive(Q(x, y)).

1419 : 5,
17, 31, I, 16, 15,
I, 17, 14, II, 18, 20
recursive(Q(x, y)) : III, 12, 19.
8. :
, V (8),
q ( 17 19), ,

19
19 )] Bew [Sb(q 17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
(9)

Z(x) Z(y) )]

19
17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
)] Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))].

(10)

: 1) V recursive(Q(x, y)), 2)
(8), 11.
,
.
. V 21 :
V.
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) n
r ( u1 , . . . , un ), , n (x1 , . . . , xn )
u1
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[Sb(rZ(x
1)

... un
... Z(xn ) )],

u1
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[N eg(Sb(rZ(x
1)

... un
... Z(xn ) ))].

:
(
(
)
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) recursive R(x1 , . . . , xn )
{(
u1
r(u1 , . . . , un ), x1 , . . . ,xn R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[Sb(rZ(x
1)
(
u1
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[N eg(Sb(rZ(x
1)
21

... un
... Z(xn ) )]

&
)})
.

... un
... Z(xn ) ))]

Ibid., pp. 9798.

(c)

51

Analytica, 3, 2009

, , , , V .
. ,
. . R(x1 , . . . , xn ), x1 = (x2 , . . . , xn ),
. .
, 1, . . x + 1. . , m.
1 , . . . , k . r1 , . . . , rk , ,
(3) (4). r
r1 , . . . , rk , (3)
(4). ( . . .)
V,
, .
, ,
: R(x1 , . . . , xn ) r, (3) (4).
. V, ,
,
R(x1 , . . . , xn )  r(u1 , . . . , un ):
(
(
)
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) recursive R(x1 , . . . , xn )
(
r(u1 , . . . , un ) R(x1 , . . . , xn )  r(u1 , . . . , un ) &
{(
)
u1
... un
x1 , . . . , xn R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[Sb(rZ(x
)] &
1 ) ... Z(xn )
(
)}))
u1
... un
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[N eg(Sb(rZ(x
))]
.
1 ) ... Z(xn )
21 V.
Q(x, y),
(c)

52

Analytica, 3, 2009

R(x1 , . . . , xn ).
(22 , : , 21):
(
)
recursive (Q(x, y))
q(u1 , u2 ) Q(x, y)  q(u1 , u2 ) &
{(
)
u1
u2
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)})
u1
u2
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
))]
.
Z(y)
(
)
20 recursive Q(x, y) . ( 23 : modus
ponens, 22, 20):
(
q(u1 , u2 ) Q(x, y)  q(u1 , u2 ) &
{(
)
u1
u2
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)})
u1
u2
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
.
Z(y) ))]
.
Q(x, y)
q(17, 19), . . Q(x, y)  q(17, 19). Q(x, y) q(17, 19) Q(x, y)
q(17, 19).
24 .
, , 23, Q(x, y)  q(17, 19).
, .
?
22 :
, [. . .], ,
. .:
recursive(r) recursive(R) & R  r,
22

Ibid., p. 98.

(c)

53

Analytica, 3, 2009

 .
25
.
26 q(17, 19) r,
Q(x, y) R, 25.
recursive(q(17, 19)) recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19).
, , q(17, 19) .
26
( 27, , 26):
recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19) recursive(q(17, 19)).

recursive(Q(x, y)) ( 20) Q(x, y)  q(17, 19) ( 24),

28 ( &, 20, 24): recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19).
, 29 : recursive(q(17, 19)) modus
ponens, 26, 28.
.
Q(x, y)  q(17, 19)
(
q(u1 , u2 ) Q(x, y)  q(u1 , u2 ) &
{(
)
u1
u2
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)})
u1
u2
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
))]
.
Z(y)
( 30,
, 23, 24, u1 u2 ):
Q(x, y){  q(17, 19) &
(
)
17
19
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)}
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
.
Z(y) ))]
& ( 31,
&, 30):
{(
)
17
19
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)}
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
))]
.
Z(y)
(c)

54

Analytica, 3, 2009

, :
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))] .
32 , 31.
33 34 ,
&:
17
Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) )]

17
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))].

,
. . V recursive(Q(x, y)).
. (8)
11:
x[Bew(x) Bew (x)].
. 17
19
x Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ),
17
19
N eg(Sb(qZ(x) Z(y) )). :
17
Bew[Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) )]

17
Bew [Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) )]

17
Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))]

17
Bew [N eg(Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))].

35 36 , 11.
, e 33
34 35 36, ,
, :
17
Q(x, y) Bew [Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) )]

17
Q(x, y) Bew [N eg(Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))].

(c)

55

Analytica, 3, 2009

37 38.

, . . (8) .
:
19 )] Bew [Sb(q 17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

Z(x)

19
Z(y) )]

19
17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
)] Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))],

. ,
, ;
(8.1), 12, . .
19 )]. :
Q(x, y) x B [Sb(yZ(y)
19 )] Bew [Sb(q 17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

Z(x)

19
Z(y) )]

19 )] Bew [N eg (Sb(q 17
x B [Sb(yZ(y)

Z(x)

19
Z(y) ))].

,
.
.
9. :

p = 17 Gen q

(11)

(p 19)
19
r = Sb(qZ(p)
)

(c)

56

(12)

Analytica, 3, 2009

(r 23 17).
(11) (12) .
,
43 44
.
45 ,
, r :
recursive(r). .
24 :
[. . .] r, , [. . .]
, r , , , (. 29)
q(17, 19), 43 25 .
recursive(r) 45 I, 29, 44.
, r
q(17, 19). , q(17, 19) , ,
Q(x, y)
q(u1 , u2 ) (. 2429).
10. :

19
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = Sb([17 Gen q]Z(p) ) =
23

[ 43 Ibid., p. 99. . .] r
q
p. [
( , ), , :
p.]
24
Ibid., p. 98.
25
. 23 . , 43
I (. Ibid., p. 93).

(c)

57

Analytica, 3, 2009
19
= 17 Gen Sb(qZ(p)
) = 17 Gen r

(13)

( (11) (12));26
, e :
19
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = Sb([17 Gen q]Z(p) ),
19
Sb([17 Gen q]19
Z(p) ) = 17 Gen Sb(qZ(p) ),
19
17 Gen Sb(qZ(p)
) = 17 Gen r.

e .

p e (11). , p, . ,
e ,
( e
Sb(p19
e Z(p) )),
. , , , .
46 .
47
, 46, 43.

(, : )
. , e P
. ,
,
Sb([17 Gen q]19
Z(p) ) , 19 q,
17 Gen.
, Gen
26
[ 44 Ibid., p. 99. . .] Gen Sb
, .

(c)

58

Analytica, 3, 2009

. Sb([17 Gen q]19

Z(p) ) 19
17 Gen Sb(qZ(p) ).
. 48 17 = 19, V ar(Gen), 47.
, 19
Sb(qZ(p)
) e
(12). 49
, 44, 48.
, =
e e:
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = 17 Gen r. ,
39 . e
50 =, 4749,
46.
,
17 Gen r,
. , , (
) Q(x, y).
e ,
1250.
11. :

17
Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) )

17
= Sb(rZ(x)
)

(14)

( (12)).
3727 :

Sb[Sb(xy )
z ] Sb(xy z ) ( 2),
17
19
Sb(qZ(x)
:
Z(p) )
17
Sb[Sb(qZ(x)
)19
].

17 19
Z(p)
,
: Z(x) 17
27

Ibid., p. 96.

(c)

59

Analytica, 3, 2009

Z(p) 19. 17
19
19
17
, : Sb(qZ(x)
Z(p) ) Sb(qZ(p) Z(x) ). :
17
19
17
Sb[Sb(qZ(x)
)19
Z(p) ] Sb[Sb(qZ(p) )Z(x) ]. ,
( 51 37):
17
Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) )

19
Sb[Sb(qZ(p)
)17
Z(x) ].

(12), . (14), 52 , 44, 51.

12. :
p y (9) (10)
(13) (14),
17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [Sb(rZ(x)
)],

(15)

17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(x)
))].

(16)

e (9) (10)
(13) (14). p
y ,
39 42. :
17
x B [Sb(p19
Z(p) )] Bew [Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) )],

17
x B [Sb(p19
Z(p) )] Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) ))].

53 54 p y, 39 p y, 42 .
(13) (14):
19
19
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = Sb([17 Gen q]Z(p) ) = 17 Gen Sb(qZ(p) ) = 17 Gen r,
17
Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(p) )

17
= Sb(rZ(x)
).

, :
17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [Sb(rZ(x)
)],

(c)

60

Analytica, 3, 2009

17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(x)
))].

55 56 , 53, 50, 52 , 54, 50,

52 .
13. :
:
1. 17 Gen r .28
.
.
,
, , 1 2.
,
.
.
, : Bew (17 Gen r).
.
14. :
, n,
n B (17 Gen r).
:
1) , : Bew (17 Gen r).
57 .
2) , n,
n B (17 Gen r). (6.1),
6, .
(6.1) x 17 Gen r e:
Bew (17 Gen r) y(y B (17 Gen r)).
28
[ 45 Ibid., p. 99. . .] x x F lg(), , (7), , Bew (x).

(c)

61

Analytica, 3, 2009

58 17 Gen r x, 6.

Bew (17 Gen r) y(y B (17 Gen r)),
y(y B (17 Gen r)). 59 60. , 58,
modus ponens, 59, 57.
,
n B (17 Gen r), .
,
. n B (17 Gen r).
61 .
y(y B (17 Gen r)),
n B (17 Gen r).
62 , 60, 61.
15. :
,

(16)

17
Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n) ))], , 17
, 17 Gen r Sb(rZ(n)
).
:
1) (16),
56,
n x.
63 n x, 56.

17
Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))]. 64 modus ponens, 63, 62.
17
2) 17 Gen r Sb(rZ(n)
). :
17
Bew (17 Gen r) Bew (Sb(rZ(n) )). ,
17
Sb(rZ(n)
) 17 Gen r,
.
, e P , , ,
: (a) Subst a(c ) a, c (c)

62

Analytica, 3, 2009

( , Subst, ). a r,
17, c Z(n).
29
17 (r) Subst r(17
Z(n) ).
Sb(xy ) Subst a(b ),
17 Gen r , 17 (r), . . : 17 Gen r 17 (r), 17
: 17 Gen r Sb(rZ(n)
).
, , (8)
. 17 (r),
17
17 (r) Sb(rZ(n)
),
17
Sb(rZ(n) ), . . , .
, Bew (17 Gen r)

17
Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
)) .
17 Gen r, 17
e Sb(rZ(n)
),
17
Sb(rZ(n) ).

17
Sb(rZ(n)
). 65 17
Bew (17 Gen r) Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
)) ,
17
66 Bew (Sb(rZ(n) )) modus ponens, 65, 57.
16. :
, (, ,
).

. , 67
, & , 64 66:
17
17
Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
)) & Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))].
29

Ibid., p. 96.

(c)

63

Analytica, 3, 2009

, e 30 :
, ,
.
:
. .

reductio ad absurdum ,
, :
Bew (17 Gen r).
Bew (17 Gen r). , . . . ,
e 68
, 57.
17. :
2. N eg(17 Gen r) .
2 . , , N eg(17 Gen r)
.
: Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)). , , .
,
, .
, , . .:
Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)). 69 .
18. :
: , 17 Gen r
; . . ( (6.1)),
(n)(n B (17 Gen r)).
30

Ibid., p. 98.

(c)

64

Analytica, 3, 2009

, . , .
. , ,
() 31 .
,
n(n B (17 Gen r)).
(6.1), 6. y n, x
17 Gen r. :
Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r)).
70 n y, 17 Gen r x, 6.
, , :
[
]
Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))
[
]
Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r)) .
71 .
,
31

e
e
(20022003) (. Suber P. G
odels proof. URL:
http://www.earlham.edu/peters/courses/logsys/gproof.htm):

, , G , , , G
, . [. . . ] G :
, . G ,
e ,
.
, G,
. . ,
.

(c)

65

Analytica, 3, 2009

( 72, modus ponens, 71, 70);

( 73, ., 72):
Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r)).
.
, , , e ,
Bew (17 Gen r) (. . ,
). , . 74
modus ponens, 73, 68. ,
n(n B (17 Gen r)) ( 75, , 74).
19. :
17
)],
, (15), (n)Bew [Sb(rZ(n)

, :
17
)]).
n(Bew [Sb(rZ(n)

e (15),
17
55: x B (17 Gen r) Bew [Sb(rZ(x)
)].
n
x ( 76, n x, 55).
e 17
. n(n B (17 Gen r)) n(Bew [Sb(rZ(n)
)]). 77
, 76.
17
n[Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))], 78
modus ponens, 77, 75.
20. :
Bew [N eg (17 Gen r)] .
(c)

66

Analytica, 3, 2009
17
, n[Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))] Bew [N eg (17 Gen r)]
. . 79 e
&, 69, 78,
. : 17
, .
a{n[Bew (Sb(aZ(n) ))] & Bew (N eg ( Gen a))}.

e 80 17,
, 72.
10 :
consist{}

{
}
a n[Bew (Sb(aZ(n) ))] & Bew (N eg( Gen a)) .

. 81 82
.
. , 80
82. 83
&, 80, 82, .

reductio ad absurdum ,
, :
Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)). Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)). , . . .
e 84
69.
21. :
17 Gen r , , VI.
17 Gen r , , :
, . ,
(c)

67

Analytica, 3, 2009

, &
.
( 85, &, 68, 84, ):
Bew (17 Gen r) & Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)).
, II. .
(7), 7, :
Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg(),

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg().

86 87 : , 7,
x = 17 Gen r , 7, x = N eg(17 Gen r) .
, . :
[
]
Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg()
]
[
Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg() ,

[
]
Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()
[
]
Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg() .

88 89 : .
:
Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg(),

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg().

(c)

68

Analytica, 3, 2009

90 91
: modus ponens, 88, 86 modus ponens, 89, 87.
85 92
:
(17 Gen r) F lg() & (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg().
, 17 ,
:
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg().
93
17, 92.
. :
1) recursive();
2) consist();
3) Q(x, y);
4) Q(x, y)  q(17, 19).
(. . );
, .
, VI:
[(
)
, r recursive() & consist() & recursive(r)
]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() .
.
1 2. , recursive(r), , q(17, 19). , q(17, 19)
, 4
Q(x, y)
q(u1 , u2 ) (. 2429).
(c)

69

Analytica, 3, 2009

1 2,
1 3. e. ( 94, , 93, , 1):
recursive()
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg().
( 95, , 94, , 3):
(
consist() recursive()
)
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() .
, ( 96, , 95):
(
)
consist() & recursive()
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg().
( 97, ):
A & B & C A & B.
. :
A consist(), B recursive(), C recursive(r). ( 98, A = consist(), B = recursive(),
C = recursive(r), 97):
consist()

& recursive() & recursive(r)

consist()

& recursive().

, ( 99, , 98, 96):
(
)
consist() & recursive() & recursive(r)
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg().
e .
( 100, , 99):
(c)

70

Analytica, 3, 2009

[(
r recursive()

)
recursive(r)
]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() ,
&

consist()

&

( 101, ., 100):
[(
)
, r recursive() & consist() & recursive(r)
]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg() .

VI. II
.
e . .
III
e (. II) . e
.

1.

recursive()

2.

consist()

(
)
a n[Sb(a
) F lg()] & [N eg( Gen a)] F lg()
Z(n)

3.

consist()

4.

Bw (x) n [n 5 l(x) Ax(n Gl x) (n Gl x)

p, q{0 < p, q < n & F l(n Gl x, p Gl x, q Gl x)}] &
l(x) > 0

,
. 44

5.

x B y Bw (x) & [l(x)] Gl x = y

6.

Bew (x) y(y B x)

7.

x[Bew (x) x F lg()]

,
. 45
,
. 46

8.

Sb(a
Z(n) ) F lg() Bew (Sb(aZ(n) ))

9.

N eg( Gen a) F lg() Bew (N eg( Gen a))

10.

consist{}

a n[Bew (Sb(a
))] & Bew (N eg( Gen a))
Z(n)

., 7,
x = Sb(a
Z(n) )
., 7,
x = N eg( Gen a)
.,
2, 8, 9

(c)

71

Analytica, 3, 2009
11.

x[Bew(x) Bew (x)]

12.

Q(x, y) x

19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]

13.

Q(x, y)

14.

recursive(x B y)

15.

recursive(Z(y))

. 17

16.

z
recursive(Sb(yx
))

. 31

17.

19
recursive(Sb(yZ(y)
))

I, 16, 15

18.

19
recursive(x B [Sb(yZ(y)
)])

I, 17, 14

19.

recursive(x

19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)])

20.

recursive(Q(x, y))
(
(
)
R(x1 , . . . , xn ) recursive R(x1 , . . . , xn )
(
r(u1 , . . . , un ) R(x1 , . . . , xn )  r(u1 , . . . , un ) &
{(
)
u1
... un
x1 , . . . , xn R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[Sb(rZ(x
)]
n)
1 ) ... Z(x
}))
(
)
u1
... un
& R(x1 , . . . , xn ) Bew[N eg(Sb(rZ(x
))]
1 ) ... Z(xn )
(
)
recursive (Q(x, y))
q(u1 , u2 ) Q(x, y)  q(u1 , u2 ) &
{(
)
u1
u2
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
)] &
Z(y) })
)
(
u1
u2
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
))]
Z(y)
(
q(u1 , u2 ) Q(x, y)  q(u1 , u2 ) &
{(
)
u1
u2
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
)] &
Z(y) })
(
)
u1
u2
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
))]
Z(y)

21.

22.

23.

II, 18
III, 12, 19
V

., 21

m.p. , 22, 20

24.

Q(x, y)  q(17, 19)

25.

recursive(r) recursive(R) & R  r

26.

recursive(q(17, 19))
recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19)

. q(17, 19) . r,
Q(x, y) . R, 24

27.

recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19)

recursive(q(17, 19))

., 26

28.

recursive(Q(x, y)) & Q(x, y)  q(17, 19)

&., 20, 24

29.

recursive(q(17, 19))

m.p. , 26, 28

30.

Q(x, y){  q(17, 19) &

(
)
17
19
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
}
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]
{(
)
17
19
x, y Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )] &
}
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x) Z(y) )] &
(
)
17
19
Q(x, y) Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x) Z(y) ))]

., 23, 24,

33.

17
Q(x, y) Bew[Sb(qZ(x)

&., 32

34.

Q(x, y)

35.

17
Bew[Sb(qZ(x)

31.

32.

19
Z(y) )]

17
19
Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]
19
Z(y) )]

17
Bew [Sb(qZ(x)

&, 30

2., 31

&., 32
19
Z(y) )]

(c)

72

. . u1 u2

., 11,

Analytica, 3, 2009

36.

17
19
Bew[N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]

37.

17
Q(x, y) Bew [Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) )]

38.

17
Q(x, y) Bew [N eg(Sb(qZ(x)

39.

19
x B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]

17
19
Bew [N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]

19
Z(y) ))]

17
19
x = Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )
., 11,
17
19
x = N eg(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))
. , 33, 35

. , 34, 36

17
19
Bew [Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) )]

., 37, 12

19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]

Bew [N eg

41.

42.

19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]
19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]

43.

p = 17 Gen q

44.

19
r = Sb(qZ(p)
)

45.

recursive(r)

I, 29, 44

46.

Sb(p19
Z(p) )

47.

19
Sb(p19
Z(p) ) = Sb([17 Gen q]Z(p) )

., 46, 43

48.

19
Sb([17 Gen q]19
Z(p) ) = 17 Gen Sb(qZ(p) )

17 = 19, V ar(Gen), 47

49.

19
17 Gen Sb(qZ(p)
) = 17 Gen r

., 44, 48

50.

Sb(p19
Z(p) )

2. =, 4749
. . 46
3732

40.

17
19
(Sb(qZ(x)
Z(y) ))]

19
B [Sb(yZ(y)
)]

17
Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)

19
Z(y) ))]

= 17 Gen r

51.

17
19
Sb(qZ(x)
Z(p) )

52.

17
Sb(qZ(x)

17
= Sb(rZ(x)
)

19
Z(p) )

B [Sb(p19
)]
Z(p)
B [Sb(p19
Z(p) )]

19
Sb[Sb(qZ(p)
)17
Z(x) ]

., 38, 12

., 40, 41

., 44, 51

17
19
Bew [Sb(qZ(x)
Z(p) )]

53.

54.

55.

17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [Sb(rZ(x)
)]

2 ., 53, 50, 52

56.

17
x B (17 Gen r) Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(x)
))]

2 ., 54, 50, 52

17
Bew [N eg (Sb(qZ(x)

. p . y, 39
19
Z(p) ))]

. p . y, 42

57.

Bew (17 Gen r)

58.

Bew (17 Gen r) y(y B (17 Gen r))

. 17 Gen r . x, 6

59.

Bew (17 Gen r) y(y B (17 Gen r))

., 58

60.

y(y B (17 Gen r))

m.p. , 59, 57

61.

n B (17 Gen r)

62.

n B (17 Gen r)

., 60, 61

63.

17
n B (17 Gen r) Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))]

. n . x, 56

64.

17
Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))]

m.p. , 63, 62

65.

Bew (17 Gen r)

66.

17
Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))

m.p. , 65, 57

67.

17
17
Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
)) & Bew [N eg (Sb(rZ(n)
))]

&, 64, 66,

57

68.

32

17
Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))

Bew (17 Gen r)

G
odel K. Op. cit., p. 96.

(c)

73

Analytica, 3, 2009
69.

Bew (N eg (17 Gen r))

70.

Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))

71.

Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))

Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))

. n . y,
17 Gen r . x, 6

72.

Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))

73.

Bew (17 Gen r) n(n B (17 Gen r))

., 72

74.

n(n B (17 Gen r))

m.p. , 73, 68

75.

n(n B (17 Gen r))

, 74

76.

n B (17 Gen r)

. n . x, 55

77.

17
n(n B (17 Gen r)) n(Bew [Sb(rZ(n)
)])

78.

17
n[Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))]

m.p. , 77, 75

79.

17
n[Bew (Sb(rZ(n)
))] & Bew (N eg (17 Gen r))

80.

{
}
a n[Bew (Sb(a
Z(n) ))] & Bew (N eg ( Gen a))

81.

consist{}

&., 69, 78,

. . 17,
., 79
., 10

82.
83.

m.p. , 71, 70

17
Bew [Sb(rZ(n)
)]

{
a n[Bew (Sb(a
))]
Z(n)
{
a n[Bew (Sb(a
))]
Z(n)
{
a n[Bew (Sb(a
Z(n) ))]
{
a n[Bew (Sb(a
))]
Z(n)

& Bew (N eg( Gen a))

& Bew (N eg( Gen a))
& Bew (N eg( Gen a))
& Bew (N eg( Gen a))

2., 76

}
}
}
}

m.p. , 81, 3
&

&., 80, 82,

84.

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r))

. . 69

85.

Bew (17 Gen r) & Bew (N eg(17 Gen r))

&., 68, 84,

., 7, x = 17 Gen r

86.

Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg()

87.

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()

88.

Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg()

Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg()

89.

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()

90.

Bew (17 Gen r) (17 Gen r) F lg()

m.p. , 88, 86

91.

Bew (N eg(17 Gen r)) (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()

m.p. , 89, 87

92.

(17 Gen r) F lg() & (N eg(17 Gen r)) F lg()

2 ., 85, 90, 91

93.

( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()

. . 17, 92

94.

recursive()
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()
(
consist() recursive()
)
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()
(
)
consist() & recursive()
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()

., 93, . ., 1

A&B &CA&B

95.
96.
97.

(c)

74

., 7,
x = N eg(17 Gen r)

., 94, . ., 3
, 95

Analytica, 3, 2009
98.

consist()
consist()

99.

100.

101.

& recursive() & recursive(r)

& recursive()

)
& recursive() & recursive(r)
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()
[(
)
r recursive() & consist() & recursive(r)
]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()
[(
)
, r recursive() & consist() & recursive(r)
]
( Gen r) F lg() & (N eg( Gen r)) F lg()
consist()

Q.

E.

. A = consist(),
B = recursive(),
C = recursive(r), 97
. , 98, 96
., 99

., 100

D.

e . , , ,
. ,
, , .
, o . , . ,
,
33 :
[. . .] ,
, , V, , ,
.
,
. Q(x, y) ( 13),
Q(x, y)  q(17, 19) ( 24). , .
.
. , Q(x, y) 17 Gen r ( 13, 24, 4344, 4650) (. ). , V (8),
33

Ibid., p. 100.

(c)

75

Analytica, 3, 2009

Q(x, y) ( 12) 39 42,

55 56, 17 Gen r (. , : 63
76 ). ,
Q(x, y) ( 12)
n B (17 Gen r) ( 61). ,
: ,
13 61?
e .
n B (17 Gen r)
y(y B (17 Gen r)). . , , Bew (17 Gen r) ( 57).
e , .
, . ,
() : a) ,
, ; ,
; b) ;
, , , ,
(
ad absurdum); ( , c) , e,
, ).
. ,
(c)

76

Analytica, 3, 2009

V . (
,
2429) :
Q(x, y)  q(17, 19) recursive(q(17, 19)).
, ,
(. 24).

. , . . . , e
,
.
, ,
. :
, ,
()
(. ), ,
VI.

(c)

77