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Moles/Molarity

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Moles vs. Concentration


Definitions:
Concentration- grams of solid dissolved in
ml of solution. It is like density of a liquid.
Standard Concentration is defined as the
number of grams of solid per 100 ml of
liquid.
Mole- a mole is a NUMBER. A mole of
anything is defined as 6.02 x 1023 of that
substance. (Technically, it is 6.022, but
we will use 6.02)

So What is It?
Basically, it represents a fixed quantity. When you go to
the store and order a DOZEN eggs, you get 12 eggs.
When you buy a computer with memory you ask how
much RAM does it have, or how many GIGABYTES does
the hard drive have. If you calculate the area of a
circle you know the formula is r2. Pi has a fixed
quantity, 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279
50288 41971 69399 37510 58209 74944 59230 78164
06286 20899 86280 34825 34211 70679 82148 08651
32823 06647 09384 46095 50582 23172 53594 08128
48111 74502 84102 70193 85211 05559 64462 29489
54930 38196 44288 10975 66593 34461 28475 64823
37867 83165 27120 19091

= 3.14 In the same way, M stands for


a number too. M (for moles or molecules)
also represents a number that has been
mathematically calculated by a
mathematician named Avogadro. This
number has been determined to be

6.02 x 1023 particles.


So one Mole of anything contains
6.02 x 1023 of that many particles.

Exactly HOW BIG is a


MOLE?

6.02 x 1023 is difficult for the mind to comprehend. Here are


some concrete examples of how much that would be. A cube
made of a mole of salt grains would make a cube that was
27 miles long on each side.

A mole of marshmallows would


be enough to cover the earth in
a layer of gooey white 19 miles
thick. That would make a lot of
smores.

A mole of blood cells would be


more than all the blood cells of
every human on earth.

1 mole of pennies could be distributed to all the


currently-living people of the world so that they
could spend a million dollars per hour every hour
(day and night) for the rest of their lives.

A Mole of Moles would


cover the earth and the
depth would be pretty
thick. The layer of moles
would reach to the outer
atmosphere.

Furry Creatures?
A mole allows a person to compare exact
numbers of molecules or particles in a
solution. This is different from
concentration which uses mass as a
comparison. Think of it using this analogy.
Suppose I wanted to put together a 5 v 5
rugby game. I select 5, 50 lb guys to play
against 5, 200 lb guys.

Clearly a mismatch according to


concentration, as the 200 pounders
outweigh the 50 pounders. But according
to Molarity, they are equal. Each team has
the same number of players. So, that is
the point. Moles does not care about the
size or weight of the particles, it merely
says, the teams are equal if they have the
same molarity.
(Moles and molarity are technically not the
same. Molarity is actually Moles divided by
volume, but since all of our volumes will

deal with one liter, then they will be the


same).
To calculate the number of Moles the
formula
Moles = Grams of Solid
Molecular Mass
of that solid is used.

Molecular Mass
Molecular Mass is the sum of the masses of
the atoms that make up a molecule or
compound.
For example. The Mass of Water, H2O would
be 18 amu. Hydrogen has a mass of 1 amu,
and oxygen has a mass of 16 amu. Since
you have two hydrogen atoms, the sum of
the atoms would be 18 amu.

Lets see if you understand


What is the Molecular Mass for lead nitrate?

Pb(NO3)2

Lets see if you understand


Pb(NO3)2
So, the mass of Pb is 207.2 which
we will round to 207. Nitrogen,
N, is 14.01. Rounding to 14 and
times 2, gives 28. There are 6
oxygen atoms at 16 giving 96.
Sum all to get 207, 28, 96 = 331

The Next Step


Now, if we want to know Moles, we can
calculate that if we know grams. So, lets
say we have 150 grams of lead nitrate.
How many moles would that be?
Answer next slide.

The Next Step


Since Moles is
Grams/Molecular Mass
Then Moles = 150/ 331 (we just calculated
this earlier, remember dinkus? Go back two
slides)
This means Moles = 0.45
So our number of moles is 0.45 M

What About
Concentration?
If we were to compare the Concentration
of the two rugby teams, the Mass/team
then there would certainly be uneven
teams.
That is why moles are used in many
situations. Atoms and molecules have
different sizes, yet in many situations, it is
necessary to compare exact numbers of
atoms to determine ratios of atoms that
are reacting.

Making the Teams Fair


If we were to make the teams fair
according to CONCENTRATION, which deals
with grams (mass)/volume, then we would
need to have many more of the 50 pound
players on the 50 pound soccer team (20
actually). Now the teams would be 20 v 5
and according to CONCENTRATION, they
would be fair.

Can two different solutions have the same


concentration as well as the same
molarity?
The answer to this question is yes they
can, as long as the molecules used to
make the solutions have the same
molecular masses.
This solution would most likely occur in
organic chemistry where you can have
isomers (same molecular formulas,
different structural formulas) of
compounds.

Sample Problem
Calculate the molarity of a
solution made when 120
grams of MgSO4 are dissolved
into one liter of water.

Solution
Start with your formula: M = gms/MW
M = 120 grams/ MW
The Molecular Mass of MgSO4 is
Mg 24 + S 32 + O 16 x 4 = 64
The sum of all the atomic masses is 120 amu.
So now divide 120 grams/120 amu to get 1
Mole. This means that your solution is one
Molar, 1M, or that you have 6.02 x 1023
molecules in the one liter of solution that is
made.

Sample Problem 2
How many grams of solid would
you need to add to one liter of
water to make a 0.46M solution
of NaHCO3?

Solution to Problem 2
M = grams/MW
Na-23 H-1 C-12 O-16 x 3=48
MW of NaHCO3 = 84 amu
0.46 = X
1
84 solving for X
X = 38.64 grams needed

Sample Problem 3
What is the molecular mass of
a solid that was added to one
liter of liquid to make a 1.3M
solution if 256 grams of solid
were used to make the
solution?

Solution to Problem 3
M = Grams Solid/MW
1.3 = 256 grams
1
X
Now, solve for X. 1.3X = 256
X = 196.9 which rounds to 197

Nerd Question
What day of the year is
MOLE DAY
And why is it this day?
The first person to tell me gets a
free slice of pizza in the lounge.

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