Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Maintenance Philosophies
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Useful Vibration
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Vibration Monitoring
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Vibration Basics
Vibration Basics
Vibration can be described in terms of:
- Acceleration
- Velocity
- Displacement
Vibration Basics
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System Response
10N
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2g
X = Xo sin w t
X = Disp. at instant t
Xo = Maximum disp.
w = 2 .p. f (rad/s)
f = frequency (Hz)
t = time (seconds)
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Wave Terminology
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Harmonics
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Frequency Analysis
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Overall Amplitude
It is the total vibration
amplitude over a wide
range of frequencies.
Acceleration, Velocity,
or Displacement.
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Which to choose?
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Vibration Terminology
Displacement [peak-peak]
Velocity [peak]
Velocity [rms]
Velocity rms tends to provide the energy
content in the vibration, whereas the Velocity
peak depicts more of the intensity of vibration.
Acceleration [peak]
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Unbalance
Bent shaft
Eccentricity
Misalignment
Looseness
Belt drive problems
Gear defects
Bearing defects
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Electrical faults
Oil whip / whirl
Cavitation
Shaft cracks
Rotor rubs
Resonance
Hydraulic + aerodynamic
forces
Technology Training that Works
Unbalance - Static
Amplitude due to
unbalance will vary with
the square of speed
The FFT will show
1 rpm frequency of
vibration.
It will be predominant
Phase difference is as
shown
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Unbalance - Couple
Amplitude varies with
square of speed
Predominant 1 peak
May cause high axial
along with radial
vibrations.
Phase difference is
180 on shaft ends in
both planes.
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Bent Shaft
Bend near centre:
1 is predominant
Bend at ends:
2 is predominant
No phase difference in
radial direction at one
location.
180 phase difference
in axial plane.
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Misalignment
After unbalance, misalignment is the major cause
for high vibrations.
Two kinds of misalignment:
Angular - shaft ends meet an angle.
Parallel - shaft ends are parallel but have an offset.
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Angular Misalignment
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Angular Misalignment
Predominant peak is
1
1, 2 , 3 may be
present.
High axial vibration
with 1 and 2
Axial phase difference
across the coupling is
180.
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Parallel Misalignment
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Parallel Misalignment
The predominant
peak is at 2
Vibrations in radial
direction are higher
than in the axial
direction.
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Parallel Misalignment
Phase difference in
radial direction across
the coupling is 180.
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Misaligned Bearing
Cocked bearing show
high axial vibrations
Opposite ends have
an axial plane phase
difference of 180.
FFT may show peaks
of 1, 2 and 3
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Misalignment - Orbits
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Mechanical Looseness
Internal assembly looseness:
Bearing liner in its cap.
Sleeve or rolling element bearing.
Impeller on a shaft.
Structure looseness:
Weakness of machine feet, baseplate or
foundation.
Loose hold-down bolts, distortion of frame or base.
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Internal Looseness
Phase is unstable.
Radial vibrations
taken at 30. Will see
different spectrums
for each (directional).
FFT will show
harmonics of or
even .
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Structure Looseness
Resonance
Every body has a resonance frequency.
Frequency is dependant on mass, stiffness and
damping.
Forced and free vibrations (e.g. ringing of bell).
Resonance is free vibrations.
Bump test is simple technique to find resonant
frequency of stationary mass or system.
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Bump Test
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