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HIGHER SECONDARY - II YEAR


(Telugu - Part-I Complete)

JO@~x`#O J=#+O
JO@~x`#O <~O
JO@~x`#O O

`q<_ ~ QO^ O
K< 600 006.

Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation


College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2005
CHAIRPERSON

Dr. M. CHANDRAVALLI
Reader & Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005.
REVIEWERS

Tmt. M. KAMESWARI
Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Queen Mary's College,
Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.

Thiru P. CHANDRA SEKHARA SARMA


SR. SPL. GR. P.G. Asst., (Rtd)
S.K.P.D. Boys'. Hr. Sec. School, Chennai - 600 001.
AUTHORS
Thiru K. PRABHAKARA NAIDU
Thiru G. RAMESHUDU
SPL. GR. P.G. Asst., in Telugu
Pachaiyappa's College,
Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001.

SPL. GR. Telugu Pandit,


S.K.P.D. Boys' Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001.

Tmt. G.K.ANNAPOORNA

Dr. T. PADMALOCHANA DEVI

P.G. Asst., in Telugu


Bentinck Girls Hr. Sec School,
Chennai - 600 007.

P.G. Asst., in Telugu (Rtd)


Sri Venugopala Vidyalaya,
Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 028.

Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Govt. of Tamilnadu

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

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63

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68

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1.
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Qe H+=
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(Air Pollution)
(Water Pollution)
(Food Pollution)
(Sound & Noise Pollution)
(Light Pollution)

Qe H+= :
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72

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HOu H+= :
HOu H+= =#Q~x ij< HO^ (observatory)
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73

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L^II ^# { }=
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7. `Ok : , `, ^, ^, ^ , K,K, [, ~

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L^II =# { Ou

` { H

`
{ Ki`=
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=, ~ Qx, JKQx ~=Q#C_ H==Q Q, [, _, ^, |
P^=Q =K#.
120

L^II "H
~\
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1. uH Ok

{ ^=
{ ^`
{ =

"Q^=
~_`
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`Q O^

(Z) P D U J# ~<=O| uHO|.


L^II JH# P { H#
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L^II JH# PH#
Wq^= Dq^=
ZK@ UK@

2. k~H@H~ Ok :
, z, H _ , #_ , x_
JK~O|Q#_ k~H@H~O|Q.
L^II { L~
z { ZH
H_
{ Z^~
#_ { W
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121

| = _

@~
z>H
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3. O^ Ok : (==~ Ok)
H~^~= #O^ '= =~HO|# O Q#.
L^II =`= { z
=` z
~= { =@
~ =@
q~= { =K#= q~O =K#=

4. Q_^"^ Ok :
(Z) ^= qk ~ += Q _ ^ = |=Q#Q.
L^II "_ { H>
"_Q> "_H>
~=_ { K<# ~=_ <# ~=_ K<#
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x^"=, x^=
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(a) ^O^O|#O ^O| ~+= Q _ ^ =


L^II ~
@
`e

{ H
{ >
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5. ~^ Ok :

~Q
@_
`e^O_

(Z) ^`H$uH= gk ~+= ~=Q.


L^II K# { H= K# Q=
(a) P^ ~= =O^# ^`=# aO^ O+
q+#Q.
L^II K# { Q= KO Q=
K Q=
K#=
122

6. `k Ok :

(Z) ==#O `^ `e K gk =~O|H O|


|O|Q#Q.
L^II ` { HO { HO
(a) +O|# ~+O| ~O|Q#C_ #QQ=O|#Q.
L^II { < { HO
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L^II < { HO < { QO
(_) P^~= =O^# ^`=# aO^ O+
q+#Q.
L^II QO
H#~= :
(Z) ==#O `^ `e K gk =~O|H O|
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(a) H` |O|# H^H~ +O|# Hx _ #QQ=O|#,
Hx _ gk # k`O|#Q.
L^II H { #~= H#~=

7. ~QQ= Ok :

^k |= 'P |= ~=Q#C_ H~^~=#O^


'~QQ=O|Q.
L^II ^ { P ^~
[= { P [=~
123

== :
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+# |\ O$uH=, PzH=, q== Jx ==
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Z. O$uH= : O$` ^= O|OkOz# ==

O$uH=. Wk ^=x, ^=x ~O_ q^=.


L^II

~*[ `\H^H=

a. PzH= : (PzH= JK `Q) JK `Q ^=

O|OkOz# == PzH=.
L^II

x#u K= h~

. q== : O$` `Q ^= He# == q==.


L^II

~A<#u x [ `\H h~

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^O^=. J#Q ~O_^= H J~= ^#=Q Qk.


L^II

H$`=#, JH$`=# H$`H$`=


H#, ^#

H ^

H+=#, x+~=#

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124

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`#, ~=_#, H}_#


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#O_#.
L^II

<Q# q^=
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L^II

j` H~}= Q"_
K`~[= Q"_
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j` H~}_
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L^II

Hq` <_ ^O
125

Hq`^O

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H=<_ Jy

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5. J=~= == : ~ ^~ ^#=. WO^

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7. H~^~ == : q+} q+=`_ ==.


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L^II `=~ =O\ H
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8. ``~+ == :
Z. kf ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ 'x<
127

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L^II =~x iOz#"_
KO^x ^iOz#"_

=~~_
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a. `$f ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ K`<


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^<k_
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H, J# `= XH\ O_ == K#C_
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L^II ^=~"

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HO> \, J# `= XH\ O_ ==
K#C_ OK#.
L^II K~=# =
}=HO> Jk_

K~=
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H < , J# `= XH\ O_
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L^II #@xH u
=@H f~
128

#@xu
=@f~

Z. g ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ JO^


#, J# `= XH\ O_ == K#C_
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H+=
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UUU
129

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UII
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x== Q^. 14= JH~= u. u^=#O^ JH~=
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131

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132

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K#. x== ^.
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u^=# ~O_ ` K#.
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133

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JOH~=
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OH~= : |= ^#=Q Qq OH~=.


1. =$` # = : XHi =z# JH~=# =~ =~ =~

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134

L^II

J_Q^ #x H_=_ K#
#_y#, ^# =Q_ #_=_x #__Q<
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WK@ '_ H~= =~ =K@K xk =$`# =.


2. \# = : ~ ^= H, ``~ ^=# =`=
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L^II H=~ #iOK H~= H~=
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WK@ ~=O^ ^=^. Hx, ``~=#..... H~=
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Jx ``~ ^=# KC@K xk \#=.

3. =H= : J~ ^=# Hey XHi =z# ^= =~

=~ =~ =K#@ KC@ =H=.


L^II ~= #O^ 'JOu ~=#O^

WK@.... ~= @}= 'JOu ~= ~} x=OK


=#= (JO`~=) Jx J~^= Hey# ^= =~ KC@K
xk =H=.

4. JO`#= : ^O`= O^ # JO`#

Q#.
L^II

H#`O_ #= QO_
zx<# H# K~_
KH# <i ~ *<_
z\|" xQxQ >_
135

WK@ ^O`= O^ U U U U Jx KC
@K xk JO`#=.

J~OH~= : J~= ^#=Q Qq J~OH~=.


1. L = OH~ = : L " =# L = #=` e

=<~=Q KC@ L=OH~=.


L^II '~*! h =Y= KO^aO|== =<~=Q
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WK@ ~A =Y= KO^aO|== HtOKK#^x e


KC@K xk L=OH~=.
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L=#=
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=<~=Q HtOK@

2. ~H= : L=# L"= J^= KC@ ~H=.


L^II

`_ = ~=
L"= ~=
L=#= `_=

3. L`HOH~= : L"=# L=#=Q #OK@

L`HOH~=.
L^II
P=^Hi #_HO_ x #_z =KK#k.
L"= =^Hi (U#Q)
L=#= #_HO_

WK@ =^Hix #_HO_Q TOK@K xk L`HOH~=.


136

(L`H TOK@)

4. ~OH~= : ~=HO> #`~`~= Q^#@ =iOK@

~OH~=.
L^II `< =^~=. ^x HO> J=$`= =^~=. ^xHO>
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HO> Hq " =iO` =^~= Jx XH^x HO> =iH\
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5. JuH : XH ==# QiOz qHe QQ =iOz KC@

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L^II P @}=O^e "_ PH=# `K#q.

WK@ "_ K Z`Q ##=x KC@ |^Q, PH=<


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6. OH~ = : J< H ~ = xK | = Q ~ @

OH~=.
L^II ''~A =#O^H~_
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= P#O^=# HeOK#.
WK@ ~A, = ^= J<H~= KC@K xk O
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7. LY#= : XH ==# q^=Q HiOK@ LY#=.


137

L^II

P ~A JO^=# =#^_, HiO^~#_, qO\


O^ c+_.

WK@ ~A# JO^=# =#^_x, Hi O^~#_x, qO\


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(LY#= HiOK@)

8. H=OH~= H ^OMOH~= : H= OYQ

^=# H=OY Q"x` H==Q J#~Oz KC@ H=


OH~=.
L^II ~= H} ~=} ~O^ l`# =kOzi.
WK@ ~=_ ~=}x, H}_ WO^l`# =kOK@#
H==Q J#~Oz KC@K xk H=OH~=.

9. "H : *u Q}^ ==# L#^#@ KC@

"HOH~=.
L^II PlOH QO KOK<`=` "~u, K=
xHOz, <=OH ^i Kz#q.

WK@ lOH H` "ix Kz#_ "_ H`@, K=


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Jx O^OK@ O^OH~=.
L^II P =Y= ^=, H KO^aO|= = x~=
Q#k.
WK@ HO^~ =Y=# Kz ^= H KO^aO|= Jx
O^OK@K xk O^OH~=.
138

11. Ou=^OH~= : ^$==# <H ==# Kz "~H

==x =_@ Ou=^OH~=.


L^II =kOz# QO_ `"^ P =Y=# Kz H==x
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`#=e ~ ~HO=##@ huQ^
''`#=e# ^~= "^ K_ ~= Q^ #
HH q<_=Q"!

13. J~O`~ <= : =#=# q+= K`Qx, q+=#

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L^II
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139

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^ q^ ~H=` Jx q^= ^=Q}"#k <@H=.
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140

`# QKiOz# <H `=# H==^~ `#.

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