Homework6_Chap5

Due: 11:45pm on Thursday, November 20, 2014

You will receive no credit for item s you com plete after the assignm ent is due. Grading Policy

Boat Statics
A boat owner pulls her boat into the dock shown, where there are six bollards to which to tie the boat. She has
three ropes. She can tie the boat from the boat's center (A) to any of the bollards (B through G) along the dotted
arrows shown.
Suppose the owner has tied three ropes: one rope runs to A from B, another to A from D, and a final rope from A
to F. The ropes are tied such that FAB = FAD .

The following notation is used in this problem: When a question refers to, for example,
running to A from B, while FAB is the magnitude of that force.

AB

, this quantity is taken to mean the force acting on the boat due to the rope

Part A
What is the magnitude of the force provided by the third rope, in terms of ?

Hint 1. Find the forces in the x direction

What is the component of

AB

in the x direction (call it simply

Positive x is to the right in the diagram.

ANSWER:

Fx ),

in terms of FAB and ?

Fx

FAB cos()

Hint 2. Using algebra and trigonometry

Recalling that

FAB = FAD ,

you can find the x component of the net force due to

AB

and

AD

. How does this relate to the force provided by the third

rope?
ANSWER:
FAB cos()
2FAB cos()
2FAB sin()
FAB sin()

Correct

Atwood Machine Special Cases

An Atwood machine consists of two blocks (of masses m1 and m2 ) tied together with a massless rope that passes over a fixed, perfect (massless and frictionless)
pulley. In this problem you'll investigate some special cases where physical variables describing the Atwood machine take on limiting values. Often, examining special
cases will simplify a problem, so that the solution may be found from inspection or from the results of a problem you've already seen.
For all parts of this problem, take upward to be the positive direction and take the gravitational constant, g, to be positive.

Part A
Consider the case where m1 and m2 are both nonzero, and m2
and let

T2

> m1 .

Let

T1

be the magnitude of the tension in the rope connected to the block of mass

be the magnitude of the tension in the rope connected to the block of mass

m2 .

m1 ,

Which of the following statements is true?

ANSWER:
T1

is always equal to T2 .

T2

is greater than T1 by an amount independent of velocity.

T2

is greater than T1 but the difference decreases as the blocks increase in velocity.

There is not enough information to determine the relationship between T1 and T2 .

Correct

Part B
Now, consider the special case where the block of mass

m1

is not present. Find the magnitude,

T,

of the tension in the rope. Try to do this without equations;

instead, think about the physical consequences.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

If the block of mass

m1

is not present, and the rope connecting the two blocks is massless, will the motion of the block of mass

free fall?

Hint 2. Which physical law to use

Use Newton's 2nd law on the block of mass

m2 .

ANSWER:
T

= 0

Correct

Part C
For the same special case (the block of mass

m1

not present), what is the acceleration of the block of mass

m2 ?

Express your answer in terms of g, and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
a2

= -9.80

Correct

Part D
Next, consider the special case where only the block of mass

m1

is present. Find the magnitude,

T,

of the tension in the rope.

m2

be any different from

ANSWER:
T

= 0

Correct

Part E
For the same special case (the block of mass

m2

not present) what is the acceleration of the end of the rope where the block of mass

attached?
Express your answer in terms of g, and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
a2

= 9.80

Correct

Part F
Next, consider the special case m1
Use the variable
ANSWER:
T

mg

Correct

Part G

= m2 = m .

What is the magnitude of the tension in the rope connecting the two blocks?

in your answer instead of m1 or

m2 .

m2

would have been

For the same special case (m1

= m2 = m ),

what is the acceleration of the block of mass

m2 ?

ANSWER:
a2

= 0

Correct

Part H
Finally, suppose m1 , while m2 remains finite. What value does the the magnitude of the tension approach?

Hint 1. Acceleration of block of mass m1

As

m1

becomes large, the finite tension T will have a neglible effect on the acceleration,

changing your results for a1 . As

m1 ,

what value does

a1

approach?

ANSWER:
a1

= -9.80

Hint 2. Acceleration of block of mass m2

As

m1 ,

what value will the acceleration of the block of mass

m2

ANSWER:
a2

= 9.80

Hint 3. Net force on block of mass m2

What is the magnitude Fnet of the net force on the block of mass
T

m2 .

approach?

a1 .

If you ignore T , you can pretend the rope is gone without

Express your answer in terms of T ,

m2 , g ,

and any other given quantities. Take the upward direction to be positive.

ANSWER:
Fnet

T m2 g

ANSWER:
T

2m2 g

Correct
Imagining what would happen if one or more of the variables approached infinity is often a good way to investigate the behavior of a system.

PhET Tutorial: The Ramp

Learning Goal:
To understand how the forces exerted on an object on an inclined plane affect the objects motion.
For this tutorial, use the PhET simulation The Ramp. This simulation allows you to place a variety of objects on an inclined ramp and look at the resulting forces and
motion.

Start the simulation. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, open, or save the file. Choose to run or open it.
Select an object to place on the ramp by clicking on any object under the Choose Object section of the right panel. To change the ramp angle, you can adjust the Ramp
Angle slider bar in the right panel or you can click on the ramp and drag it up or down. To turn off friction, you can click on the Frictionless option that is above the
Position setting. You can have the person pushing on the object by setting an Applied Force that is nonzero (you can type in a value in the Applied Force box on the
left, drag the big vertical slider bar to the left of the parallel-force graph, or you can click and drag on the object). While the simulation is running, a graph shows the
parallel forces (i.e., the components of the forces along the ramp) as a function of time.
Feel free to play around with the simulation. When you are done, click Reset before beginning Part A.

Part A
The first thing you will investigate is static friction. The force of static friction is the parallel force exerted on a stationary object by the ramp. This force is always
directed opposite the direction the object would slide if there were no friction.
Select the crate as the object for the ramp. Then, slowly increase the ramp angle. The individual forces acting on the crate are shown. Theyll look something like
this:

Watch what happens to the force of friction (the red vector in the picture or the red plot in the graph) before the crate starts to slide down the ramp.
As the ramp angle increases, the force of static friction
ANSWER:
increases.
remains the same.
decreases.

Correct
In order for the crate to remain at rest, the force of static friction must be equal in magnitude to the component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp. As the
ramp angle increases, this component of the force of gravity increases.

Part B

With the crate stationary on a horizontal ramp, the force of static friction is
ANSWER:
zero.
directed to the left.
directed to the right.

Correct
Since the force of gravity is vertical, it has no component parallel to the horizontal ramp. This means that there is no force along the ramp that friction has to
oppose.

Part C
What is the maximum ramp angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest? (Make sure the coefficient of friction is 0.7.)
Express your answer to the nearest degree.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Slowly increase the ramp angle, and look at the value of the angle once the crate begins to slide. Your graph will look something like this, and the slipping
occurs when the red curve flattens out:

ANSWER:

= 35

Correct
The crate accelerates when the component of the force of gravity along the ramp is greater than the maximum force of static friction. The component of the force
of gravity along the ramp is mg sin(), where mg is the weight of the object and is the ramp angle. The maximum force of static friction is
n = mg cos(),

which gives

where n is the normal force and is the coefficient of static friction. The maximum angle can be determined by equating these two forces,

sin() = cos(),

or

= atan() = 35 .

Part D
In the previous part, you determined the maximum angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest. If the coefficient of friction is less than 0.7, what happens to this
angle? (Note that you can adjust the coefficient of friction by clicking on the More Features tab near the top of the window and then using the slider bar in the right
panel.)

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

fs,

max

= n

The maximum force of static friction is given by

fs,

max

= n ,

where n is the normal force acting on the crate and is the coefficient of static friction. Think

about what happens to this maximum force when the coefficient of friction decreases.
ANSWER:
The maximum angle decreases.
The maximum angle increases.
The maximum angle remains the same.

Correct
Since the maximum force of static friction decreases due to the smaller coefficient of friction, a smaller component of the force of gravity along the ramp is
required to make the crate accelerate.

Part E
The mass of the crate can also be adjusted by clicking on the More Features tab and then using the slider bar in the right panel.
How does the maximum angle for which the crate can remain at rest on the ramp depend on the mass of the crate?

Hint 1. How to approach this part

Think about how the maximum force of static friction depends on the mass of the object, and compare that to how the force of gravity depends on the mass.
Keep in mind that the file cabinet will begin slipping when the maximum force of static friction is equal to the component of the force of gravity along the ramp.
ANSWER:
The maximum angle does not depend on the mass.
The maximum angle increases as the mass increases.
The maximum angle decreases as the mass increases.

Correct
Although the normal force and thus the maximum force of static friction increases with increasing mass, the component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp
increases at the same rate. The maximum angle is therefore independent of the mass.

The next three parts deal with the forces on the crate while the person is pushing on it.

Part F
Click Reset, and then adjust the ramp angle to 15 . Compare the force of static friction when there is no applied force to when there is an applied force of 100 N
(pushing up the ramp).
How do the two forces of static friction compare?
ANSWER:
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is greater than the case when there is an applied force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is equal to the case when there is an applied force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is less than the case when there is an applied force.

Correct
In order for the crate to be stationary, the sum of the applied force and the force of static friction must have the same magnitude as the component of gravity
parallel to the ramp (so that the net force is zero). Thus, the force of friction decreases by 100 N when the applied force goes from zero to 100 N.

Part G
For a stationary crate (with a coefficient of friction of 0.7) on the 15 ramp, can the force of static friction ever be zero?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem using the simulation

Adjust the applied force while watching the force of static friction in the parallel-force graph. Determine if you can make the force of static friction go to zero.

Hint 2. How to approach the problem using physics reasoning

Think about what would be required for the cabinet to be at rest on a frictionless surface. In which direction is the force of gravity? In which direction would the
applied force have to be exerted to balance the force of gravity along the ramp?
ANSWER:
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed down the ramp.
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed up the ramp.
No

Correct
When the applied force has the same strength as the component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp, then the net force on the crate would be zero if the
surface were frictionless. This means friction doesnt have to help, and so the force of friction is zero (this is similar to Part B, where the crate is sitting on a
horizontal surface with no applied forces). Notice that if the applied force is greater than this value, the force of static friction is directed down the ramp.

Part H
Slowly adjust the applied force (pushing both up and down the ramp) until the crate begins to move. Determine the minimum strength of the pushing force needed to
accelerate the crate up the ramp and the minimum strength of the pushing force needed to accelerate the crate down the ramp.
How do these two minimum strengths compare to each other?
ANSWER:
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is the same as that to get the crate to slide down the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is less than that to get the crate to slide down the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is greater than that to get the crate to slide down the ramp.

Correct
When pushing up the ramp, the applied force is opposing not only the static friction force (which is directed down the ramp) but also the component of the force
of gravity along the ramp. When pushing down the ramp, the applied force is being helped by the component of the force of gravity down the ramp in opposing the
friction force (directed up the ramp), and so doesnt need to be as strong.

This should be consistent with your own experiences trying to move things up and down slopes.

PhET Interactive Simulations

University of Colorado
http://phet.colorado.edu

Two Masses, a Pulley, and an Inclined Plane

Block 1, of mass m1 , is connected over an ideal (massless and frictionless) pulley to block 2, of mass m2 , as shown. Assume that the blocks accelerate as shown with
an acceleration of magnitude a and that the coefficient of kinetic friction between block 2 and the plane is .

Part A
Find the ratio of the masses

m1 /m2 .

Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables a,

and , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g.

Hint 1. Draw a free-body diagram

Which figure depicts the correct free-body diagrams for the blocks in this problem?
Figure a)

Figure b)

Figure c)

ANSWER:
a
b
c

Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline
What is Newton's 2nd law for block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline? (Assume the positive direction is going up the incline.)
Express your answer in terms of m2 ,

T , f,

and , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g.

ANSWER:
m2 a

T f m2 gsin()

Hint 3. Find an expression for the friction force

What is the magnitude f of the friction force acting on block 2?

ANSWER:
f = n/
f = /n
f = n

= n

Hint 4. Find the normal force

By applying Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction perpendicular to the incline determine the magnitude of the normal force n.
Express your answer in terms of m2 and , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g.
ANSWER:
n

m2 gcos()

Hint 5. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 1 in the vertical direction

Write an expression for Newton's 2nd law in the vertical direction for block 1. Take the positive direction to point downward.
Express your answer in terms of the variables m1 and/or

T,

as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g.

ANSWER:
m1 a

m1 g T

Hint 6. Solve for the unknown tension T

Using your result from the previous hint, express
ANSWER:

in terms of g, a, and m1 .

m1 (g a)

Hint 7. Putting it all together

By applying Newton's law to both block 1 and block 2, as you did in Hints 2 and 4, you found two equations where the masses

m1 , m2 ,

the tension T , and

the acceleration a, all appear, along with g and . (Note that the friction force can be expressed in terms of the normal force, which, in turn, can be written as
m2 g cos() ,

as you found in Hint 3.) Choose one of the two equation and solve for T ; substitute this result into the other equation. You will then have an

equation with factors of m1 and m2 . You can then deduce the ratio.

ANSWER:

m1 /m2

a+gsin()+gcos()
ga

Correct

Contact Forces Introduced

Learning Goal:
To introduce contact forces (normal and friction forces) and to understand that, except for friction forces under certain circumstances, these forces must be determined
from: net Force = ma.
Two solid objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Indeed, when the objects touch, they exert repulsive normal forces on each other, as well as frictional
forces that resist their slipping relative to each other. These contact forces arise from a complex interplay between the electrostatic forces between the electrons and ions
in the objects and the laws of quantum mechanics. As two surfaces are pushed together these forces increase exponentially over an atomic distance scale, easily
becoming strong enough to distort the bulk material in the objects if they approach too close. In everyday experience, contact forces are limited by the deformation or
acceleration of the objects, rather than by the fundamental interatomic forces. Hence, we can conclude the following:

The magnitude of contact forces is determined by F = m a , that is, by the other forces on, and acceleration of, the contacting bodies. The only exception is that
the frictional forces cannot exceed n (although they can be smaller than this or even zero).

Normal and friction forces

f

Ffric

Two types of contact forces operate in typical mechanics problems, the normal and frictional forces, usually designated by n and f (or Ffric , or something similar)
respectively. These are the components of the overall contact force: n perpendicular to and f parallel to the plane of contact.

Kinetic friction when surfaces slide

When one surface is sliding past the other, experiments show three things about the friction force (denoted fk ):
1. The frictional force opposes the relative motion at the point of contact,
2. fk is proportional to the normal force, and
3. the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to that of the normal force is fairly constant over a wide range of speeds.

The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, often designated k . As long as the sliding continues, the frictional force is then
fk = k n

(valid when the surfaces slide by each other).

Static friction when surfaces don't slide

When there is no relative motion of the surfaces, the frictional force can assume any value from zero up to a maximum s n , where s is the coefficient of static friction.
Invariably, s is larger than k , in agreement with the observation that when a force is large enough that something breaks loose and starts to slide, it often accelerates.
The frictional force for surfaces with no relative motion is therefore
fs s n

(valid when the contacting surfaces have no relative motion).

The actual magnitude and direction of the static friction force are such that it (together with other forces on the object) causes the object to remain motionless with
respect to the contacting surface as long as the static friction force required does not exceed
s n . The equation fs = s n is valid only when the surfaces are on the verge of sliding.

Part A
When two objects slide by one another, which of the following statements about the force of friction between them, is true?
ANSWER:

The frictional force is always equal to k n .

The frictional force is always less than k n .
The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than k n .

Correct

Part B
When two objects are in contact with no relative motion, which of the following statements about the frictional force between them, is true?
ANSWER:
The frictional force is always equal to s n .
The frictional force is always less than s n .
The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than s n .

Correct
For static friction, the actual magnitude and direction of the friction force are such that it, together with any other forces present, will cause the object to have the
observed acceleration. The magnitude of the force cannot exceed s n . If the magnitude of static friction needed to keep acceleration equal to zero exceeds s n
, then the object will slide subject to the resistance of kinetic friction. Do not automatically assume that

fs = s n

unless you are considering a situation in

which the magnitude of the static friction force is as large as possible (i.e., when determining at what point an object will just begin to slip). Whether the actual
magnitude of the friction force is 0, less than s n , or equal to s n depends on the magnitude of the other forces (if any) as well as the acceleration of the object

through F

= m a .

Part C
When a board with a box on it is slowly tilted to larger and larger angle, common experience shows that the box will at some point "break loose" and start to
accelerate down the board.
Fg

The box begins to slide once the component of gravity acting parallel to the board Fg just begins to exceeds the maximum force of static friction. Which of the
following is the most general explanation for why the box accelerates down the board?
ANSWER:
The force of kinetic friction is smaller than that of maximum static friction, but

Fg

remains the same.

Once the box is moving,

Fg

is smaller than the force of maximum static friction but larger than the force of kinetic friction.

Once the box is moving,

Fg

is larger than the force of maximum static friction.

When the box is stationary,

reduces the friction.

Fg

equals the force of static friction, but once the box starts moving, the sliding reduces the normal force, which in turn

Correct
At the point when the box finally does "break loose," you know that the component of the box's weight that is parallel to the board just exceeds

s n

(i.e., this

component of gravitational force on the box has just reached a magnitude such that the force of static friction, which has a maximum value of s n , can no
longer oppose it.) For the box to then accelerate, there must be a net force on the box along the board. Thus, the component of the box's weight parallel to the
board must be greater than the force of kinetic friction. Therefore the force of kinetic friction k n must be less than the force of static friction s n which implies
k < s ,

as expected.

Part D
Consider a problem in which a car of mass
Select the best answer.
ANSWER:

is on a road tilted at an angle . The normal force

n = Mg
n = M g cos()

n=

Mg
cos()

is found using F

= M a

Correct
The key point is that contact forces must be determined from Newton's equation. In the problem described above, there is not enough information given to
determine the normal force (e.g., the acceleration is unknown). Each of the answer options is valid under some conditions ( = 0, the car is sliding down an icy
incline, or the car is going around a banked turn), but in fact none is likely to be correct if there are other forces on the car or if the car is accelerating. Do not
memorize values for the normal force valid in different problems--you must determine

from

= m a .

Centripetal Acceleration Explained

Learning Goal:
To understand that centripetal acceleration is the acceleration that causes motion in a circle.
Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Because velocity is a vector, it can change in two ways: the length (magnitude) can change and/or the direction can change.
The latter type of change has a special name, the centripetal acceleration. In this problem we consider a mass moving in a circle of radius R with angular velocity ,

r (t) = R[cos(t)^
i + sin(t)^
j]
= R cos(t)^
i + R sin(t)^
j.

The main point of the problem is to compute the acceleration using geometric arguments.

Part A
What is the velocity of the mass at a time t? You can work this out geometrically with the help of the hints, or by differentiating the expression for
introduction.
Express this velocity in terms of R,

, t,

^
and the unit vectors ^
i and j .

r (t)

given in the

Hint 1. Direction of the velocity

What is the angle between
when t

= 0,

r (t = 0)

and

r (t)?

As shown in the figure, this angle is directly related to the direction of the velocity vector. Keep in mind that

r (t = 0) = R^
i.

Express your result in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER:

Hint 2. Speed
What is

v(t),

the speed (magnitude of velocity) of the mass at time t?

Express v(t) in terms of and

R.

ANSWER:
v(t)

ANSWER:

v (t)

^
^
Rsin(t) i + Rcos(t)j

Correct

Assume that the mass has been moving along its circular path for some time. You start timing its motion with a stopwatch when it crosses the positive x axis, an instant

that corresponds to t = 0. [Notice that when t = 0, r (t = 0) = R^

i .] For the remainder of this problem, assume that the time t is measured from the moment you
start timing the motion. Then the time t refers to the moment a time t before you start your stopwatch.

Part B
What is the velocity of the mass at a time t?
Express this velocity in terms of R,

, t,

^
and the unit vectors ^
i and j .

ANSWER:

v (t)

^
^
Rsin(t) i + Rcos(t)j

Correct

Part C
What is the average acceleration of the mass during the time interval from
Express this acceleration in terms of R,

, t,

to t?

and the unit vectors ^

i and ^
j.

Hint 1. Average acceleration

The definition of average acceleration over the interval from

t1

to t2 is

avg [

]=

2 )

1)


a avg [ t1 , t2 ] =

v (t2 ) v (t1 )
t2 t1

ANSWER:

a avg [t, t]

R
t

^
sin(t) i

Correct

Part D
What is the magnitude of this acceleration in the limit of small t? In this limit, the average acceleration becomes the instantaneous acceleration.
Express your answer in terms of R and

Hint 1. Expansion of sin(x)

For small times

(or more precisely when t

1),

what is the first term in the Taylor series expansion for sin(t)?

Express your answer in terms of and t.

Hint 1. Taylor series expansion

The Taylor series expansion of sin(x) is
sin x = x

ANSWER:
sin(t)

3!

5!

7!

+ .

ANSWER:
acentripl

Correct

Part E
Consider the following statements:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as
b. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is

c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is

2
radial

r (t)

because it is a vector.

/R .

2
tangential

/R .

d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature R at speed s experiences a centripetal acceleration s2 /R .
e. If you are in a car turning left, the force you feel pushing you to the right is the force that causes the centripetal acceleration.
In these statements
axis. Conversely,

vradial

vtangential

refers to the component of the velocity of an object in the direction toward or away from the origin of the coordinate system or the rotation
refers to the component of the velocity perpendicular to vradial .

Identify the statement or statements that are false.

ANSWER:

a only
b only
c only
d only
e only
b and e
c and e
d and e

Correct
That's right; the true statements are therefore:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as

c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is

/R .

2
tangential

r (t)

because it is a vector.

d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature R at speed s experiences an acceleration s2 /R .
There is so much confusion about centripetal force that you should probably ban this term from your vocabulary and thought processes. If you are in a car turning
left, your centripetal acceleration is to the left (i.e., inward) and some real force must be applied to you to give you this acceleration--typically this would be
provided by friction with the seat. The force you "feel" pushing you to the right is not a real force but rather a "fictitious force" that is present if you are in an
accelerating coordinate system (in this case the car). It is best to stick to inertial (i.e., nonaccelerating) coordinate systems when doing kinematics and
dynamics (i.e.,

= m a

calculations).

Video Tutor: Ball Leaves Circular Track

First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment. Then, close the video window and answer the
questions at right. You can watch the video again at any point.

Part A
Consider the video demonstration that you just watched. Which of the following changes would make it more likely for the ball to hit both the white can and the green
can?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To answer this question, you first have to decide whether changing the balls mass or its speed can change the path it follows after it leaves the track.
Newtons second law says that a net force acting on the ball will change the balls motionthat is, its speed and/or direction. Newtons first law says that, in
the absence of a net force, the balls motion wont change.
After the ball leaves the track, does a net force act on it? Draw a free-body diagram for the ball if youre not sure.
To hit the green can, the ball must continue following a curved path. What would be needed to make that happen?
ANSWER:
Use a ball that is heavier than the original ball.
Use a ball that is lighter than the original ball, but still heavier than an empty can.
Roll the ball slower.
Roll the ball faster.
None of the above

Correct
By Newtons first law, after it has left the circular track, the ball will travel in a straight line until it is subject to a nonzero net force. Thus, the ball can only hit the
white can, because that is the only can in the balls straight-line path.

Banked Frictionless Curve, and Flat Curve with Friction

A car of mass M = 1500kg traveling at 60.0km/hour enters a banked turn covered with ice. The road is banked at an angle , and there is no friction between the road
and the car's tires as shown in . Use g = 9.80m/s2 throughout this problem.

Part A
What is the radius

of the turn if = 20.0 (assuming the car continues in uniform circular motion around the turn)?

Express your answer in meters.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

You need to apply Newton's 2nd law to the car. Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration
of magnitude v2 /r pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve).

Hint 2. Identify the free-body diagram and coordinate system

Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car and the most appropriate choice of coordinate axes?

ANSWER:
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C

Hint 3. Calculate the normal force

Find n, the magnitude of the normal force between the car and the road. Take the positive x axis to point horizontally toward the center of the curve and the
positive y axis to point vertically upward.
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Consider the net force

The only forces acting on the car are the normal force and gravity. There must be a net acceleration in the horizontal direction, but because the car
does not slip, the net acceleration in the vertical direction must be zero. Use this fact to find n.

Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the y direction

Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the y direction?
ANSWER:
Fy = n cos + M g
Fy = n sin + M g
Fy = n cos M g
Fy = n sin M g

ANSWER:
n

= 1.56104

Hint 4. Determine the acceleration in the horizontal plane

Take the y axis to be vertical and let the x axis point horizontally toward the center of the curve. By applying Fx
determine a, the magnitude of the acceleration, using your result for the normal force.
Express your answer in meters per second squared.

Hint 1. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the x direction

Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the x direction?
ANSWER:

= M ax

in the horizontal direction,

 Fx = n cos
Fx = n sin

F x = n cos +
F x = n cos

Mv

r
Mv

ANSWER:
a

= 3.57

m/s

ANSWER:
r

= 77.9

Correct

Part B
Now, suppose that the curve is level (
shown in . What is

min ,

= 0)

and that the ice has melted, so that there is a coefficient of static friction between the road and the car's tires as

the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road required to prevent the car from slipping? Assume that

the car's speed is still 60.0km/hour and that the radius of the curve is 77.9m .
Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

You need to apply Newton's 2nd law to the car. Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration
of magnitude v2 /r pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve).

Hint 2. Identify the correct free-body diagram

Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car as it goes around the curve? Ffr represents the friction force.

ANSWER:
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
Figure D

Hint 3. Calculate the net force

What is the net force Fnet that acts on the car?
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. How to determine the net force

Newton's 2nd law tells you that

= m a .

Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude v2 /r pointing radially
inward (toward the center of the curve).

ANSWER:
= 5350

Fnet

Hint 4. Calculate the friction force

If the coefficient of friction were equal to min , what would be Ffr , the magnitude of the force provided by friction? Let
acceleration due to gravity.

Hint 1. Equation for the force of friction

The force of friction is given by
Ffr = n .

Hint 2. Find the normal force

What is the normal force n acting on the car?
Enter your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Acceleration in the y direction

Because the car is neither sinking into the road nor levitating, you can conclude that

ANSWER:
n

= 1.47104

ANSWER:

ay = 0 .

be the mass of the car and g be the

F fr =

min

Mg

Ffr = min M g

ANSWER:
min

= 0.364

Correct

Problem 5.56
An adventurous archaeologist crosses between two rock cliffs by slowly going hand-over-hand along a rope stretched between the cliffs. He stops to rest at the middle of
the rope . The rope will break if the tension in it exceeds 2.75104N , and our hero's mass is 89.0kg .

Part A

If the angle between the rope and the horizontal is

= 11.3 , find the tension in the rope.

ANSWER:
2230

Correct

Part B
What is the smallest value the angle can have if the rope is not to break?
ANSWER:
0.909

Correct

Exercise 5.15
A load of bricks with mass m1 = 14.8kg hangs from one end of a rope that passes over a small, frictionless pulley. A counterweight of mass m2 = 27.4kg is suspended
from the other end of the rope, as shown in the figure. The system is released from rest. Use g = 9.80m/s2 for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.

Part A
What is the magnitude of the upward acceleration of the load of bricks?
ANSWER:
2.93

m/s

Correct

Part B
What is the tension in the rope while the load is moving?
ANSWER:
188

Correct

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 5.39

A large crate with mass

rests on a horizontal floor. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the crate and the floor are s and k , respectively. A woman

pushes downward on the crate at an angle below the horizontal with a force
You may want to review (

pages 146 - 154) .

For help with math skills, you may want to review:

Vector Components
Limits Involving Infinity
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Minimizing kinetic friction.

Part A
What is the magnitude of the force vector

required to keep the crate moving at constant velocity?

Express your answer in terms of m, g, , and

k .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Consider that the crate is moving at constant velocity. What does this imply about the forces on the crate in any direction?
Start by drawing a free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the crate, including a coordinate system of your choice.
Resolve these forces into components in accordance with your coordinate system, being careful to ensure that the directions (i.e., signs) are correct.
ANSWER:

mg
k

cos k sin

Correct

Part B
If s is greater than some critical value, the woman cannot start the crate moving no matter how hard she pushes. Calculate this critical value of s .
Express your answer in terms of .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Since the woman cannot move the crate, no matter how large a force she applies, the variable F must not appear in the solution.
How can you eliminate the force from the set of equations you identified in Part A?
How can you find the value of s at which the horizontal component of the force exerted on the crate by the woman is always smaller in magnitude than the
maximum frictional force exerted on the crate by the floor?
ANSWER:
s

1
tan

Correct

Exercise 5.46
The "Giant Swing" at a county fair consists of a vertical central shaft with a number of horizontal arms attached at its upper end. Each arm supports a seat suspended
from a cable 5.00 m long, the upper end of the cable being fastened to the arm at a point 3.00 m from the central shaft.

Part A

Find the time of one revolution of the swing if the cable supporting a seat makes an angle of 30.0 with the vertical.
ANSWER:
T

= 6.19

Correct

Part B
Does the angle depend on the weight of the passenger for a given rate of revolution?
ANSWER:

Yes.
No.

Correct

Problem 5.73
Block A in the figure weighs 1.29N and block B weighs 3.53N . The coefficient of kinetic friction between all
surfaces is 0.306.

Part A
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force
ANSWER:
F

= 1.47 N

necessary to drag block

to the left at constant speed if A rests on B and moves with it (figure (a)).

Correct

Part B
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force

necessary to drag block

to the left at constant speed if A is held at rest (figure (b)).

ANSWER:
F

= 1.87 N

Correct

Problem 5.120
A small remote-control car with a mass of 1.70kg moves at a constant speed of v = 12.0m/s in a vertical circle inside a hollow metal cylinder that has a radius of 5.00m
.

Part A
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point A (at the bottom of the vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
65.6

Correct

Part B
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point B (at the top of the vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
32.3

Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 101%.
You received 14.14 out of a possible total of 14 points.