t of View and Assumptions st bons pedagoga ape, point of view atom that ‘comma fault at redandaney “Dont shift your point of teacher writen tho thargin opponte the “you” Chat as fom the” inthe previous paragraph Ia wer begins in the fest person (In ny Bist yearn high shoal 1.) ot shift to another person later on (Seddenly i your ‘your you realion "Their a ee with excepto, ee Ln nf view is the perspective fan which an author wets In led permnal ey, he writes from ether @ real or an a peronal viewpoint, whaso visblo mak i the grammatial ("Ia Moulmcin, i Lower Burma, Iwas hated by large fof people” writes George Orwell). In format tng, tempts or poten to be objective, the wuiter usally sl. Whea Cart Becker nals tho notion of progres (in 2), be removes bine from the say grammatical. He “Ihave been lel to think” or “You will agree with me” the end f the essay he does say, "If we look bad a hon "andthe reader knows tat Backers present only etified persnn among milion of poop (“we”) who ean ea unde years iy objective poe of writing the report of sient tim, No-one bingies that Newton’ Sst lw of motion you look st smething thas standing sti, chaees aro— Hott pay too lve attenton-that youl find stays that™ Siete fac sno a eaalDystnder with «pico of gm outh sod det on he wousers, Nori he a tal thin mado il pled st, with long at bifocal sss, and marl rable. Ih the cession he i Anyman (a siete Sion), th epi precision, leg and isitretedaese fhe doce happen t Enlieeept 7 slee to Anyen. ‘Docs Ayman have «personaly? Imagine hin. I the iage I lear than that of John Jones who vote, “In my fist yew highschool, 1.7 No writing can espe a pint of view,» spertie: A titi wri may ahve fr ipeacaloy (Da id nat, but bis wey personality represents apt of view. I ‘write writes consciously, he takes ne plat of vew oF anathe ding to he station and intentions Impercnality may” mini Alstcton from the beance of logit or scenic disci (Orit may pervade the reader thatthe dicision ew te pets (an tohorativa pe hat plkicens od Ea teachers a well tacit aed phnopher sometines asm ‘The persons pot of vow, intro, may’ give Het the substi ofa discussion. Or may persuade the reader ofthe pasion tegrty of the weiter (Thre are, iti lear, other Kin of srt thn that defined in the preceding sation of the text) ‘The gratia pest that a weer may expla, or dancing comply. des ito more than begin to deine «point af view teacher might ak a sade to desro Times Square from th points of view: a country boy's = Frenchman a tid For cach ofthe desrption Se stadent might wel se othr Stor the die person singular, the individuality of the pints view would emerge fom the sot of thing dat each of the hy ‘hate porns chose to remark upon and fom his patel st tad towards ie Conjre to mind a semilterate yok, «cals Parisian, anda Damen Runyon type or bring to mind some ll ont opesetstives In Bctinal writing i's customary to ll ' character ths indict. And lthoogh i an essay tho alm sw Ally to desetbo Ties Square rather than to characterize a Frew fact i that one cannot desertbe Times Square without somo sort and some does of pont of view. The more c= Py understod—and uovlly the tone content helt ew i tho more Ukly the wig sto be god, the dfeence betwen the es that begins, "Tho frst din high ebael wast oi the football tam "and ay that begs, “In Moulin, in Lower Burma, was ated Fe mumbers of people, » "The reader tay Bod atthe end fist esay that ho has a vague notion af the point of view hy who wrote i (hardly distinguishable fom that of another 0 wots, “The greatest experince of my frst your of igh ); whereas he fads atthe end ofthe soond exay that dear inprsion of the muralist yet dispassionate pot of hat George Orwell holds towards Britsh inperaim ja ‘he boy veho write sbout the fist thing edd in high faced not aspire to write aswell x Orwell; bat Fie gprs fo Syl asa stdent he one to clarify is point of view, I it an ethust a ey, a sophitet, a rowey? If that pont controls the esription not oly of unig theft ean of going to tho Sophomene Hop, his ey wil begin to ae: Kesitency and may begin to sole mer Later the se nay attain saint perpeesie to wre another esy yo pats of view: that othe young man he, looking back sel engaged in high school footal of view i more complex mater dn t might offhand ap- bbe The preceding dscusion, for instance, has ted the ele to three separate things th atl ad tre outlook of (he moralistic yet dipasionate point of view of George Al): tho Tinted, canstrsned outlook tht 1 dete by save of pict situation and intention (the impersonal- 1 sient water may sv fr); andthe atta atone ter onstrate etry (the pot of vw of a French tre or wholly atl? And i the wer pont of viewa Point of View ened Arpt Virw axe Assoerrions he canbe one othe other, bow dos a rede distinguish be ne ha they a a they either assume tha emacacy Aha? These ac unset and perbopessohble problems Si thigh to dst, or ne that it neane the oii Itt sy dat bth wes and er soa ware ft foes, Portal in agunent here Sx ppt to The weer who employs oy dels in ther 0 des he rear assumption; and we an convince ow opponents othe distinguishes between the nest of Coorg Orwell oa of i hs wsupton, we may then be ale oped withthe fn the sham of many pls ight indiguatin ver deeegion ina rghtheadel way. In csys the ity to rengnae and ehlenge—or recognize and acep— comes Ina dierent way: The vier hil as he Suppose that a student writes an exemplary essay about is Wi his ety may recognio what he bas wun le may de school Total! days, when be was a sarmy-oyed youngster Vl Bt the asmprion vo commonly accopted by bis pons “Mead the coach, nized the captain of the team, and $0 (She desea the best nm of grveent) tat he bon pert sl, fut nd select neman, Ms po ven take spel nis of He may desde thatthe a ow olen, women le op: hi sump. He is sufcinly debatable to nesta sme argument in Ie nc fo is enty his father's pinion thatthe bles fl (that peopl wl obey the tates of eon). He may cterpse are won on the fool lds of Contr Tigh a th asumption requis ivetigaton ois port belre He may not fel ft necessary to Fema that sports bulls char es wring (att concept of ce as an eat see ‘These things ne pict the sellin, courage, and sla rll a historical meaning). He may have to re-write the tat he mentions. They are atsumptons He may have bec sy and cme toa diferent concson frm the one he eee ear ee intended, Regul of what he docs, the writer ue “The terme point of view and ssrptons re smetines wel iunenders his ey to the reader. Thi sender as terchangaiy, To sy, “Het wring fiom the pot of ve Sos dhe eader comes fom a bckgound dee frm epublica," probably toy, “His aston re Hse of « 5 wre wl ve vantage ptt for recoguning a Beatie as eatas ce a tony ht the writer war unaware of fr goetning sup Xe embrace assptons, But ot alweyscmbraced Dy the the wor honght wuld be acceptin fo ejecting, “Sounptione, Pit ove i omonly wad ofr tn the wer argued bil. Then agua, be may accept the ‘hreterl otra or sie en ao be sed 1 ll tumptions, oh may enn by the, hs tention cutok. Astrpton i sed wo rfer to his atl lef being able to renee astmpions ix obvows. A onttook. According tothe srt of est that one dealing wih Pican should Know tht what sasumes when be esrption say, «pec ofexpeston—one term othe ther nt egogitin tothe average Northern sce wil have Ieinorerelorant ped If he ges to the Sith to ade citer white or “Asumpions ia word that peopl ie to apy to other ap. More importa, recnguaig sumptions ia pro tou nt wis of an tpest one darren hh en i rig es owing mae Shook, we realize tht the opinion of our opponents & vl Instead of haowing” tat sports bulls characters the st. Fenda becase is Bae on asuptons rater than on ft bon aware of what he was soming be might then have tapponeats iter asume that Nepocs are She equals of white el: dows spots build character? Dd the captain ofthe pa os ptPoint of View ond Amu fer might emerge: yes sports buds character, bot not lv ‘viable character, At this point eo atadent may be reed to that ore sophistentod ery n which ho Took baek—induyl ‘neal? upon a star eyed youngster. If sports doer bud charactor (gd and bad), the ass somes fact. Fact pes uth, whereas assumption implies tionablenee Sime asumption mney be vai, oer avai, ‘aically indetrmionble, What we today call an assump fe have boon coined fac (Hat mankind always poy ing), aod vee ver (that ere ae atone pails). In he ticsm that characterizes the madera wold, he tendency i ol Tove tht all assertions age assumptions that ae based pen co less auto evidence, One mut alvays make the nde {Eom evidence to inference. Does spots bil gpd and bad hi tr? Or ie character sready formed in the formative years hol? Or et formed inthe eal? Ori It pro fbr {gee? Oris formed in prayer? Oor age snot ro sepia ut Freudian pryholoit i ely to admit that ie views ar il baked ashe thinks the soroogis ae; but i sept! cul so that the reader who does ave vested fatrest in ph ‘lysis or sociology wil want to undarstand tho assumptions fe will nd determin hat unde both sytem. i, Naples GEORGE GISSING Bom in Wall, Engen the wna an apthciy, Googe ising (18571065 rllered such fh ie from ey ‘if lh le ppd Mic se cau ely by ‘kcal won, ttn, rman au he wt ote, ‘tnt wn sat pee be rm feo op reste droge. taal be plaid tome twenty hovel Fat of dn et soo the rey an he hy fin among the Deter pow ave The Nether Wold Bremen ant Nt Gr Sect, Te somewiat tologapheal ate hen ony Rf cat eh ee tang before Ging tho porunant, Sota Fre DS the third day of siveco, henry-clouded, sinless. AI the Ds gone out of Nope the srt ae duty and sting, 1 the montis and the ss, orow Usa lave by the Mesina boat, which calls a Pla mote than a Gwelvesonth ince I egan to tink of Pao, image of the place has grown i my mind. I pita a tle 2 yellowish te tow jst above, and bend, ring the long ange of mountains which guard the shore of ft Paola sno speci interest tI Iw of, bt its the point onthe cous to Cosenza, which hu intrest fn abun Hh gto So by Coma Rea by emai Copjpn an iland. I looks like Tan, he any otber sifu ‘64 yo now tan sland, almost a you sw both fake of at the same stunt, ike 2 teanmpareat slide ore mirselouly ford i he waste of water than Wake tren, sino hee sw ciation, an ordered and ancient yf the harman race Tisible and ante, spoken and writen to: a communica men man aed a cane human speaks 3 You bear and Tt to tis oe western ear and eye means wating bo escmbles nothing which tat westrm eye remembers there WILLIAM FAULKNER to measure it aginst, nothing for memory and babi to this Toki the word for hose or heme or happines" jist exyplic But serio too, ar Bough the splashed syn he characters held not mere communication But something ed inportant beyond jut information, promising toward timate wisdom or knowledge contalning the secret of mals ut then no sore, bsaise thee ie nothing fr western r to mean gains; s nt the min o stent only the z tal chirp at skter of yale ike ho eres of beds touts of chien, like marci Hhe outs of women and Impressions of Japan Wain Fotis (1997—) ie genely ackrowelon [tes ving Aran sori Bom nar Oxo ll Epps hae posed tf Me ere, ad prom, Grind on It Hiony an aden ere ic Yotnagatonia County, the ting f Exim—The Sound and he Fay ign gut Th rho rts hi sue, and by ject al err he ork, B= ov words Yemen ta See wi sl th Ad sav tthe ching wh gs ry pene and deren ane 0 cess Van Gogh snd Manet would have loved thom: that of [dean compasson and merce" In 195 he mete fm with all sod pack and day with walling, mounting _roted below ng in the gate ofthe compound before beginning, oF peehape "Th engies ax long sce trot ack the overcast ik lo ‘upward with no semblance whatever of speed wat! suddeny sc tha alcafts shadow scuding the catony hilo; and speed his retorned aga, aeafe and shadow ov rushing ‘Oe another as foward on nual radon destroction "To beak hgh the overcast and fing Hat shadow 8 FantaceRorisnd © peoo Point of View and Assn to Japan nor gves one singe dari what he thinks of Eros ingesy Hei amch too bury to have time to Bother about whe i apy or nt, quite diy, perape Sve years oi pales prety immune even fom parents, playing in the gutter with Hubota spre "The howl of mountains containing the Ike as fl of hat! suas the mouth of «wind net, fo seme tne now we have {hiking that maybe alent att take a retin th iyo there tis nly asi yt othe western eye ti a Sincibty and fevocaly alien as « Chinese jk, driven by ol tered U.S nade outboard engine and confining a worn mao beneath an open paper paral uch a would ave to comment ine sony reach ofthe English Thames, a th fevulnerable inthe ester of at ard ble bowl of wind > 0 tently inte eye of typhoon. ‘The geisa’s mas of blucblack Laequered ar enchws painted face like» elmet,surmonnts, crowns the slender 1 ede and tual posturing ike «grenadier’s beaskin bh) mn in appearance for tht slender Gros to beat, the ll Seal exprenonlss face immobile and mse also above th fed pouring yet behind that painted and less mask i thing quick aod alive and elf: or mote than en: pus thor than pucish even sardonic and qutzia, agit for td more’ for burlnue and earcatare: fora sy and viol ‘age onthe ac of me. “Kimono. It covers er from throat to ankles; with a gs feminine a he plang of Homer ora femal asthe ealing Sid, te hands themselves ca be concealed nt the sla ‘here sermins one unbroken chalceshape of modesty proc Jer feminity where nudity wold merely parade her mama Femalnes. A ssodety whic Saunt own immodestes tamon rve tossed by no sore than one white fk of haf the, balcony window~modedy, than which thee & Pavan ont est and which therfore is womaris dearest posses old defend twits her ie Ta ber western clots, ble and skit, se is merely ind nondesrpt young woman ehoughin kimono a he fed rai siping glide she oo coe nto her own share tinal hetage of feminine nase, Thong she has more she partake of er share of that other quality which five i this land which was at gven them by wht they Healy, constancy, deli, not for bt atleast one hopes ut rear She das ot speak my language aor I hes et ys se Knows sy countryman abit of waking soo afte bo that exc moning when T open my eyes a cofee tay Wy eo the tleony table, she ows like a fesh room to {in when Tretorn from walking and ito: the oom dove ay and the table st and the morning paper ready: she pnt words why lave ao cates to he lated fd. out words asks permission to ew the butions and da he the calls me wise an ad teacher, who arn nether, when i of met thers sh pend to ave me for her cient a, plese that Ty to deserve thot pride and mateh with tat loyalty, There i tof loot layalty in this Tan Ale of isto value toe fred. T would wish that re deserved or test appreciated as Lave teed to do [she sme rice py whic 1 know back home ia Arkansas spp and Lonisiana, where replaces now and then the is ne ts mee ile slr ad ithe more Scroly ight up tothe single row of beans wih ine the very he ization canal, the work here dave by hand where i tachins do i snge we have more machines than we ple mature the sme: oly dhe economy diferent, fe names ae the same macs to: Jonathan and Wins os: the heary Ant flag Hl gay wih tho same hic we we. Hut there the resemblance cxses very single lve in ths twist of paper wnt hat whole tre to thisPy Point of View and Assy water ey Becomes sigufcant and fstive and ceremonial i ‘nicl tee of the western site of Christmas. Only it ‘Sguone Hee: where inthe West hero one smal often ail ‘reat a fay, wrested ro the ving dir toe decked in ‘ns we thon to ie as thong tho tre were not the prot tart but the itm of ste, bere not one ree to a fu ‘hecy tree ofall sessed and decked to procl and sl gah Cts Demeter and Cores, refer an aster mow, toward the journeys nearing el nro, an evocative of dist and autumn and hay fever 39 ch Misisipp, gain tal bamboo fence "The sey is eatifl bt Uo faces are ster tf ‘The awit pple narow grace wit which the young and in that same ot glowing motion recovers, ther trout ‘denen ham the sige eltre which bent her asi the i ‘ough fu tothe hard gust which can never do more than si "The tol thoy use evoke the ones Noah mst ave bt with yet the fumework: ofthe house seens tors and stand Tora in the ft pints nr even the noo for nals, = Glee mg, an art fo the simple bulling of man's bail ‘Thich our wester ancestors seme 10 have last somewhere they moved ‘dod always the water, the sound, the plash and ip of tere wero people making constant obltion to water 8 sr ‘ples doo what the cal ce Tack So kind the people that wih Heo words the gest can ‘where and ives Gein; Sake: Arigna And one more word "Tomnmow now the ala lights, = moment more sl wel wll wrench fre ofthe groan, already dragging its Trek toward the overeat before the wheels are even tucked foto the overeat and then though I, the land, the id ow which remory wl always now though eye m0 ogee ‘er, Sayonara (questions, elite the phy peapestve pon Japan inthe fit to tothe mental outs ted purnagh and othe gw. hat pve the ey. At wh pt does Faller Beech pyc paeet ie opt Pastel he we me nd in te fou por? Me scrnce fo ho rs Van Mane it sso to gget tat tts ae est, ZA pas tn tet Sargon wk you ty Pele ®t ae fost expel eb? How lve dene he fet peopl he der in ese pages? Use? jedpment spon the ei Inthe event pars Itratetct Does We dingo more of he oxtral euaan i What sued ver ode soda? re Gis ete fine and femal at Fae fn te eth pecpaph? What seston aboot wenen Th tte Wa you yt Hac also rs saliy Hore on te tone bar at he foes tem ing pamprpte What abot hie jet fn the mcuning pects of te pce docs Falkner igre tht somesoe oe (reoccpled wi? Wht this ad rot in then? Ta FnigM be sald tat hs interest it oper xem k pris te same ay is nee inthe ie Boy fn ho ue the thee or foe asad standards by which Fale Geen gn the West fn the pargrph begin “And To hat et ey De yd he ‘mom 0 ide expe of he Wet In nia ropect be mot Tapes? Ware Is be Ista docosog fpan and” he Se Sieral tice ney a rete of anther vio t op aiht wll ve esa pe ‘lwp, nologies What & Fears ti tered? Eapn bow We apes pangrpls four