School of Computer Studies

AES Institute of Computer Studies

FYiMCA: Semester I
114-Business Mathematics
Unit 4 Matrix Algebra
Faculty: Ms. Heena Timani
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Introduction to Matrices
Introduction
Definition of a matrix
Types of matrix
Arithmetic Operations on Matrices
Applications of Matrices

Introduction
There are many situations in pure and applied mathematics which deal with rectangular arrays of
numbers or functions.
In fact in many branches of Business managements, Economics, Social Science, Biological
Science, Engineering and Computer Science it is necessary to express and use a set of numbers
in a rectangular array.
Illustration1. Institute time table AESICS Time Table
2. Mark sheet
3. Excel Sheet
Definition of a Matrix
A matrix M of elements of a set S is a rectangular array of elements of S arranged in
horizontal rows and vertical columns. If m is the number if rows and n is the number of
columns of M, then we say M is a matrix of order m x n or dimension m x n or just a m x nmatrix.
In other word matrix is a rectangular array of elements of m x n order or dimension . Where
m is number of rows and n is number of columns. For example

1 3
A

2 1 2 X 2

3 1
1 2 4 1 4
1
1 2 5

B 1 1 4 3 3
C 0.5 2 2 D=
2 1 3 2 X 3

2 3 5 2 2 3 x 5
2 2.5 3 3 x 3

In general a M of order m x n matrix can be represented by m number of rows and n number

of columns.

a11
a
21
M a31

am1

a12
a22
a32

a13
a23
a33

am 2

am 3

a14......... a1n
a24........ .
a34
.

.
am 4
amn mxn

Square Matrix- A matrix is said to be a square matrix if number of rows and number of
columns of the matrix are same. For Example
1 1 4
1 3
B 3 2 1
A

2
1

2X 2
6 2 1 3 x 3

Here A is 2 X2 and B is 3 X 3 matrix number of columns and rowa are equal.

Row Matrix : If a matrix having a single row and any number of columns then it is known as
row matrix. For example
A 1 4 8 91X 4 B 1 2 31 X 3
Column Matrix- If a matrix having a single column and any number of columns then it is
known as row matrix. For Example
1
3
8

A9
A 5

2 3 X 1
12
6
5X1

Null Matrix- If a matrix having all the elements zero then it is known as null matrix.

0 0 0 0 0
0 0
B 0 0 0 0 0
A

0
0

2X 2
0 0 0 0 0 3 x 5

Identity Matrix- A square matrix is said to be identity matrix if aij 1 , where i=j and

aij 0,

for i j

All diagonal entries are 1 and other non diagonal entries are zero.
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1 3 x 3

1 0
I

0 1 2 x 2

1
0
I
0

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1 4 x 4

Diagonal Matrix - A square matrix is said to be identity matrix if

All diagonal entries are non zero and other non diagonal entries are zero.
2 0 0
1 0 0

Diagonal Matrix E 0 3 0
F 0 3 0
0 0 4 3 x 3
0 0 7 3 x 3

Scalar Matrix -A square matrix A aij for which all the terms on the main diagonal are equal
that is aij k , where i=j and aij 0,

for i j

15 0 0 0 0
0 15 0 0 0
5 0 0

A 0 5 0 Here k=5, A is a scalar Matrix A 0 0 15 0 0

0 0 5 3 X 3
0 0 0 15 0
0 0 0 0 15
5X 5
K=15 is scale of matrix and order of matrix m x n= 5x5

Upper Triangular Matrix ; A square matrix is said to be an upper triangular form if all the
element below the principal diagonal are zero.
3

1 2 3
1 2 3
3 2 3

A 0 5 2
A 0 5 2
B 0 2 2
0 0 5 3 X 3
0 0 5 3 X 3
0 0 4 3 X 3
Lower Triangular Matrix ; A square matrix is said to be lower triangular form if all the
element above the principal diagonal are zero.

5 0 0
A 2 2 0
3 1 3 3 X 3

1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
4 5 0 0

B 2 5 0 C 1 9 0 D
4 2 10 0

3 4 6 3 x 3
3 5 6 3 x 3
2 3 5 16 4 X 4

Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix formed from a matrix interchanging its rows into columns and columns in to rows is
called Transpose of a matrix.

1 2 4 1 4
B 1 1 4 3 3
2 3 5 2 2 3 x 5

1
2

B T 4

1
4

1 2
1 3
4 5

3 2
3 2 5 x 3

Symmetric Matrix- A square matrix is said to be a symmetric matrix if A transpose is equal to

A( A AT ) For example
12 13 14
If A 13 14 15
Converting rows into columns or columns into rows
14 15 16 3 X 3
12 13 14
AT 13 14 15
14 15 16 3 x 3

Skew Symmetric Matrix- A square matrix is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if A transpose
is equal to - A( A AT ) , all aij=0 if i=j and otherwise aij= - aji For example

 12 14
12 14
0
0

T
A 12
0
15
A 12 0
15
14 15
14 15 0 3 X 3
0 3 X 3

Here all diagonal entries a11 a22 a33 0 and a12 a21, a13 a31, a23 a23