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EVAPORATION
Compilation of Lectures and Solved Problems
EVAPORATION
A unit operation that involves the concentration of a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute
and a volatile solvent
It is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution of thick
liquor.
It differs with other unit operations in such a way that:
1. Distillation: in evaporation vapor is usually a single component
2. Drying: in evaporation, residue is liquid, sometimes a highly viscous one
3. Crystallization: focus is on concentrating a solution rather than forming crystals
must be evaluated at
or
If vacuum pressure is given,
Steam, S
VII
VIII
P1, T1
P2 ,T2
P 3 , T3
TI
TII
TIII
LII
LI
3. Backward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporators fresh feed enters the last and coldest effect
and continues until the concentrated product leaves the first effect. This is used when the
fresh feed is cold. This type of evaporation would requires liquid pump for each effect since
flow is from low to high pressure
VI
Steam, S
VII
VIII
P1, T1
P2 ,T2
P 3 , T3
TI
TII
TIII
LI
LII
4. Mixed Feed Multiple Effect Evaporators fresh feed enters any of the available effects and
continues not necessarily to the effect next to it.
5. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporators involves the adding of fresh feed and the
withdrawal of concentrated product from each effect. The vapor from each effect is still used
to heat the next effect. This method is used mainly when the feed is almost saturated and
solid crystals are the product, as in the evaporation of brine to make salt.
2. Steam Economy number of kilograms vaporized per kilogram of steam fed to the unit
Boiling point Evaluation (BPE) of a solution is the increase in boiling point over that of water
1. Small for dilute solutions and organic colloids solution
2. Large enough for concentrated solutions of inorganic salts; BPE can be estimated using
th
Figure 11-124 (CHE HB 8 edition)
Dhrings Rule the boiling point of a given solution is a linear function of the boiling point of
th
pure water at the same pressure. Figure 16.3 (Unit Operations 7 edition by McCabe and
Smith)
PROBLEM # 01:
A triple effect forward feed evaporator is being used to evaporate a sugar solution containing 5 wt
% solids to a concentrated solution of 80 %. The boiling point rise of the solutions (independent
2
of pressure) can be estimated from BPR C = 1.78x + 6.22x , where x is wt fraction of sugar in
solution. Saturated steam at 205.5 kPa (121.1C saturation temperature) is being used. The
pressure in the vapor space of the third effect is 13.4 kPa. The feed rate is 10,000 kg/h at
26.7C. The heat capacity of the liquid solutions is 4.19 2.35x, kJ/kgK. The heat of solution is
considered to be negligible. The coefficients of heat transfer have been estimated as U 1 = 3123,
2
U2 = 1987, and U3 = 1136 W/m K. if each effect has the same surface area, calculate the area,
the steam rate used and the steam economy.
SOLUTION:
V1
Steam, S
V2
V3
P1, T1
P2 ,T2
P 3 , T3
TI
TII
TIII
L1
L2
Step 1:
rd
From steam table, at 13.4 kPa (pressure of the vapor space at 3 effect)
From the given:
rd
Step 2:
Consider solute balance around the system:
(
)(
L3
Where:
Assume , initially equal rate of evaporation in each effect
(
st
)(
For the 2
nd
effect:
)(
Step 3:
st
nd
To solve for BPR for the 1 and 2 effects:
st
1 effect:
(
)
(
)
(
)
nd
2 effect:
(
)
(
)
(
)
)*
)*
)*
Calculate actual boiling point of solution for each effect using the estimated T
(
(
For 2
)(
nd
)(
effect:
)
(
)
)(
)(
(
(
)(
)(
( )(
)(
)
)(
rd
For 3 effect:
(
)
)
(
(
(
)(
(
Equate
)(
)(
(
)
)(
( )(
) (
)
)(
and
Step 5:
Solve for heat transfer area for each effect:
st
For 1 effect:
(
*(
*(
(
For 2
nd
*
)
effect:
*(
*
*(
rd
For 3 effect:
(
*(
(
*
*(
Since areas are not close, then another trial should be done
TRIAL 2:
Conduct new material balance using the computed L values
)(
)
)(
)
st
nd
effects:
)
)
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
Calculate actual boiling point of solution for each effect using the estimated T
(
(
For 2
)(
nd
)(
effect:
)
(
)
)(
)(
(
(
)(
)(
( )(
)(
)
)(
rd
For 3 effect:
(
)
(
From steam table, at TV2 = 87.61C
)(
(
Equate
)(
)(
)
)(
( )(
) (
)
)(
and
Step 5:
Solve for heat transfer area for each effect:
st
For 1 effect:
(
*(
*
*(
(
For 2
nd
effect:
*(
*
*(
rd
For 3 effect:
(
*(
(
*
*(
Steam Requirement
Steam Economy:
PROBLEM # 02:
A solution with a negligible boiling point rise is being evaporated in a triple effect evaporator using
saturated steam at 121.1C. The pressure in the vapor of the last effect is 25.6 kPa abs. The
2
heat transfer coefficients are U1 = 2840, U2 = 1988, and U3 = 1420 W/m K and the areas are
equal. Estimate the boiling point in each of the evaporators.
(Source: Transport Processes and Separation Processes, Geankoplis)
SOLUTION:
VI
Steam, S
121.1 C
T2
T3
TI
TII
TIII
LI
( )
VIII
T1
( )
VII
LII
p3 = 25.6
kPa abs
)(
)(
)(
PROBLEM # 03:
A
forced-circulation
evaporator
is
to
concentrate 60,000 kg/h of 44 percent NaOH to
65 percent using steam at 3 atm pressure. The
feed temperature and the condensing
temperature are both 40C. The density of the
3
feed solution is 1,450 kg/m . If the over-all
2
heat transfer coefficient is 2,000 W/m C,
calculate (a) the steam requirement, in kg/h; (b)
the heat transfer area required.
(Source: Unit Operations of Chemical
th
Engineering, 7 edition, McCabe and Smith)
SOLUTION:
Consider solute balance (NaOH balance)
(
)(
*(
*(
*(
)]
*(
*
( )
(
)(
Specific
gravity
Specific heat,
BTU/lbF
10
20
30
35
40
1.02
1.05
1.10
1.16
1.25
0.98
0.94
0.87
0.82
0.75
Calculate (a) the steam required in lb/h; (b) heating surface per effect; (c) economy in lb per lb of
steam; and (d) the latent heat to be removed in the condenser
th
SOLUTION:
II
c
P
xP= 0.38
III
CONDENSER
a
F= 35,000 gal/h
xF = 0.17
TF = 60 F
)(
Solute balance:
(
)(
Solute balance:
(
)(
)(
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
rd
rd
Temperature of vapor leaving the 3 effect corresponds to the pressure in the 3 effect
From steam table, at 2 in Hg
)(
)(
(
)
)(
(
)(
)
)
( )
( )
STREAM
DESIGNATION
TEMPERATURE,
F
st
1 Effect
Steam Feed to E-I
Liquor from E-III
Vapor to E-II
Product
230
106
172
187
nd
2 Effect
Feed from H- c
Vapor to E-III
Liquor to E-III
162
144
145
rd
3 Effect
Vapor to condenser
Liquor to E-I
101
106
Feed
Feed to b
Feed to c
60
91
134
st
Equate
Substitute
(
and
and
)
)
(
*(
*(
(
(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
)
*
Since surface of each effect is not the same, therefore, previous assumptions need to be readjusted
To adjust T:
Assume constant q and U
(
)
(
)
(
)(
)(
)(
DESIGNATION
TEMPERATURE,
F
st
1 Effect
Steam Feed to E-I
Liquor from E-III
Vapor to E-II
Product
230
106
170
185
nd
2 Effect
Feed from H- c
Vapor to E-III
Liquor to E-III
160
143
144
rd
3 Effect
Vapor to condenser
Liquor to E-I
101
106
Feed
Feed to b
Feed to c
60
91
133
st
Equate
and
Substitute
(
and
)
From equation
(
)
(
*(
*(
(
(
*(
*(
*(
(
(
)
*(
*(
*(
*(
)
*
*(
Since surface of each effect is not the same, therefore, previous assumptions need to be readjusted
To adjust T:
Assume constant q and U
(
)
(
)
(
)(
)(
)(
( )
(
(
)
*(
*(
*(
*
( )
Vapor, V
Steam, S
8.8 kg/cm2 gage
Sucrose Soln
F= 1 MT
xP = 0.10
TF= 20 C
Sp ht = 1.0
T1
TI
SOLUTION:
Consider sucrose balance
(
)(
)(
*(
)(
pvacuum = 600 mm Hg
Pbarometric= 760 mm Hg
P
xP = 0.50
Vapor,
V = 9,000 kg/h
pvacuum = 61.07 cm
Steam, S
172 kPa abs
Organic Colloid
F
xF = 0.20
TF= 25 C
sp ht = 4.0 J/g C
SOLUTION:
Consider sucrose balance
(
)
(
*(
*(
)(
T1
TI
P
xP = 0.65
( )
)(
( )
Vapor,
V
T1
TI
P = 10,000 lb/h
xP = 0.50
SOLUTION:
Consider NaOH balance
(
)(
)
(
)(
*(
*(
*(
)
For steam at 50 psig
*(
)
( )
( )
tB =T =
100 F
Vapor,
V
pvacuum = 26Hg
Steam, S
20 psig
NaOH soln
F
xF = 0.10
TF= 80 F
T1
tA = 70 F
100 gpm
TI
P
xP = 0.40
SOLUTION:
Consider heat balance around the condenser:
(
)(
*(
(
)
Assume barometric pressure of 1 atm or 29.921 in Hg
From steam table, at 3.921 in Hg,
The vapor will be condensed first before lowering to 100F, thus, Cp of the liquid water
should be used
(
)(
)
(
)(
*(
)
For steam at 20 psig
*(
*(
*(
I.
II.
III.
SOLUTION:
Consider sugar balance
(
)(
T1 = 43 C
Steam, S
110 C
Sugar soln
F=4,500 kg/h
xF = 0.10
TF= 21 C
T1
TI
P
xP = 0.30
)
*(
*(
*(
)(
VI
VII
T2 = 43 C
Steam, S
110 C
T1
T2
TI
TII
Sugar soln
F=4,500 kg/h
xF = 0.10
TF= 21 C
PI
Initial Assumptions:
Assume equal evaporation rates
*
st
( )
( )
( )
P
xP = 0.30
Ts = 110 C
TI
)(
TI
*
)
TII
TII = 43 C
)(
(
nd
effect:
st
Equate
and
(
(
)
)
)(
)(
)(
)(
(
)
(
(
)(
( )
Equate
and
*(
)(
)(
)
)
VII
T2 = 43 C
Steam, S
110 C
T1
T2
TI
TII
PI
P
xP = 0.30
Initial Assumptions:
Assume equal evaporation rates
st
Sugar soln
F=4,500 kg/h
xF = 0.10
TF= 21 C
( )
( )
( )
Ts = 110 C
TI
TI
TII
TII = 43 C
nd
st
effect:
and
(
(
)
)
*
)
)(
(
Equate
)(
*
*
)(
)(
)
(
)(
( )
Equate
and
*(
)(
)(
)(
)(
SOLUTION:
Vapor,
V
P = 25 Hg vac
Steam, S
25 psig
F=10 MT/h
xF = 0.12
TF= 85 F
TI
170 F
P
xP = 0.72
TF= 125 F
)(
SOLUTION:
Vapor,
V
P = 1 atm
Steam, S
383.2 K
F=4535 kg/h
xF = 0.02
TF= 311 K
TI
P
xP = 0.03
)(
th
edition, by
Since the evaporator operates at 1 atm, operating temperature will be the the
temperature corresponding to 1 atm or water boiling point (373 K)
(
(
)
*(
*(
*(
)
(
)(
Vapor,
V
xF = 0.04
TF= 15.6 C
SOLUTION:
Assume that the boiling point of the solution is 100C (1 atm operating pressure)
(
)
)(
)(
)(
*(
P = 1 atm
Steam, S
115.6 C
TI
P
xP = 0.08
Vapor,
V
PV = 20 kPa (abs)
Steam, S
42 kPa (gage)
NaOH soln
F=9,072 kg/h
xF = 0.10
TF
TI
SOLUTION:
Consider NaOH balance:
(
)(
For 20 kPa evaporator vapor space pressure, the temperature of the vapor (from steam table)
)]
P
xP = 0.50
*[
)(
)]
*(
*(
(
*(
)(
)(
)
)
*(
*(
*(
(
*(
)(
)(
)
)
*(
Vapor,
V
PV = 51.7 kPa (abs)
Steam, S
110 C
NaOH soln
F=4,536 kg/h
xF = 0.10
TF = 21.1 C
TI
P
xP = 0.20
SOLUTION:
Consider NaOH balance:
(
)(
For 51.7 kPa evaporator vapor space pressure, the temperature of the vapor (from steam table)
)]
*[
)(
,
)]
*(
(
(
)
)
*(
(
*(
)(
)(
)
*(
Vapor,
V
PV = 13.3 kPa (abs)
Steam, S
399.3 K
NaOH soln
F
xF = 0.20
TF = 311 K
TI
P
xP = 0.50
SOLUTION:
Consider NaOH balance:
(
)( )
For 13.3 kPa evaporator vapor space pressure, the temperature of the vapor (from steam table)
)]
)[
)(
,
)]
(
(
)(
( )(
)(
)(
Vapor,
V = 4,536 kg/h
PV = 15.3 kPa (abs)
Steam, S
101.32 kPa
F
xF = 0.05
TF = 15.6 C
TI
P
xP = 0.50
SOLUTION:
Consider NaOH balance:
(
)( )
For 15.3 kPa evaporator vapor space pressure, the temperature of the vapor (from steam table)
Since no BPE
*(
*(
*(
)(