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An lntroducton to the

Devetop*^r::::Freedom
Approach
UNDERTAND

IT/

/DEYELOPMENT'

,6e
\.\

EEGINS IN YOUR

lvltND,y'KNOW!

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g

THEZE IS A'N A LR4IAT|V,

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WHUVO0T7hgPU?6 TEENDANDTT
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THERE IS A
BETTER WAYT
An Introduction to the
Development as Freedom
Approach

WHfrTDOES.,.

.IOPTIENT

ol

/:,

'l ?

(*)

:':-,t -l

Vt

7l:;'r:.ii

'dilWt

-T=F-3!

fnternational Institute for Sustainable Development

Mazingira Institute
Nairobi

2003

This documentary comic-book is based entirely on the sequence

of ideas and concepts expressed in Amartya Sen's
Development as Freedom, oxford university Piess, 1999.

THERE IS A BETTER IYAY!

is jointlY Published bY the
International Institute for sustainable Development,
161 Portage Ayenue East, 6th floor, lYinnipeg, R3B 0Yt, canada
e-mail: info@iisd.ca lYebsite: rvrvrv.iisd.org
and
Mazingira Institute
PO Box 14550, Nairobi, KenYa :
e-mail: mazinst@mitsuminet. com lvebsite: rvrvrv'mazinst'org

'

'

direction
The project was conceived, designed and produced under the
Lamba,
of Anantha Kumar Duraiappah, Flavio comim, Davinder
and Terry llirst, who. also wrote and drerv the picturs.

AII rights are reserved'

@

International Institute for sustainable Development,

Terry lIirst, and Mazingira Institte'

ISBN: 9966-9743-0'l
The Project was suPPorted bY
C.P. Loewen FamiIY Foundation
Box2260,Steinbach, MB, Canada, R()A 2A0
e-mail : kenfriesen @ Ioerven.com
and
Programme
Environment
United Nations
PO 8ox30552, Nairobi, KenYa

e.mail: thierry.oliveira@unep.org Website: www.unep.org

Printed in Kenya by Printfast (K) Ltd'

First Published, January' 2003

INTRODUCTION
ls tsn emxnsourA

B@KaN

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7?IE/R A VES WITHIN 7HIR. OWN

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,,Development can be seen...as a process of expanding the real freedoms people

viervs of
enjoy. Focusing on human freedoms contrasts with the narrolver
gross
development, such as identifying deveiopment with the growth of
national prouct, or with the riie in personal incomes, or with
industrialization, or with technologicar advance, or with social modernization."

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Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom,1999, p'3'

f,,
?,

It_l
i o Ev E to PM ENT A8 FREE q O]q
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gy

PEo Pl
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"Freedoms are not only the primary ends of development, they are also among
its principal means. In addition to acknowledging, foundationally, the
eyaluative importance of freedom, \ve also have to understand ttre remarkable
cnrpirical connection that Iinks freedoms of different kinds with one another.
Political freedoms, (in the form of free speech and elections), help promote
cconomic security. Social opportunitie.s (in the form of education anO health
facilities) facilitate economic participation. Economic facilities (in the form of
()pportunitie.s for participation in trade and production) can help to generate'
rcrsonal abundance as rvell as public resources for social facilities. Freedoms of
rlifferent kinds can strengthen one another.,,

r\martya Sen, Derelopment as Freed,om, 1999, p.l0.

lN HCT, W Ar?E A U ElfrTfTED 70 TtlEs E' RtG HTB'

NTRNfrTTOIIAL TA'Y t 71/E AN I7M M77ON S
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cawwt6?otfs!

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1HilAE IDEAS ABOUTTHE

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ALL INFLUENCaD 6//Y'HY BYOUR,,,

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"But-most fundmentally-political liberty and civil freedoms are

directly important on their own, and do not have to be justified
indirectly in terms of their effects on the eeonomy."

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Amartya Sen,
Development as Freedom, lggg, p.16.

('
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nE M,

.,, EYE\,I WHll MtOqrc eY0mi\g

NEED 77W TWU*T g TO AVOID
uenqt tn 7WP PUBIIC,TND

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THATUAW|PW4

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THE I,IEEDTOENHANCE

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"The second reason for taking substantive freedom to be so crucial is

that freedom is not only the basis of evaluation of success and failure,
but it is also the principal determinant of individual and social
effectivenes.s. Greater freedom enhances the ability of people to help
themselves and also to influence the world, and these matters are
central to the process of development. The concern here relates to
what tye may call...the 'agency a.spect' of the individual.,'

Amartya

INDIVIDUALS

'AAt'?

Ag

,SP/FS?

INVESTIGfrTDK?

lNFOP^l56c

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Sen, Development as Freedom, 1999, p.18.

t(olito!ilolr6T

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NOW, WE EXPLAIN
THE FIVE

Amartya Sen, Developrnent as Freedom, 1999, p.33.

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perspective, as being actively involved-given the opportunity-in shaping their
own destiny, and not just as passive recipients of the fruits of cunning
development programs."

Development as Freedom, 1999, p.53.

WENUST HAVE

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exerr:ise ef economic polic-v making itself, in addition to other crucial ;roles it
may have. In a freedlm-oriented approach, the particip':rtory freedoms cannlt
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evaluated in the light of their contributions to our freedom. To see development
as freedom provides a perspective in rvhich institutional assessment can
systematically occur."

Amartya Sen, Deuelopment as Freedon, 1999, p.L42.

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"Famine prevention is very dependent upon the political arrangements for

entitlement protection. In the richer countries, such protection i.s provided by
anti-plverty programs and unemplo-vment in.surance. Nlost developing
countries do not have any general s-vstems rf empllyment insurance, but some
of thern dr provide emergency public employment at times tf massive lo.ss of
employmerit caused by natural or non-natural disaster.s. Crlmpensatory
government expenditure in creating empllyment can help ttl avert a
threatening famine very effectively."

Amartya Sen,

Deu

elopment as Freedtttn, 1999, p'169'

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WOMEN'S AGENCY AIiID

SOCIAL CHANGE

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..Indeed, the empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process
of development for many countries in the world today. The factors involved
include women's education, their ownership pattern, their employment
opportunities and the workings of the labor market. But going beyond these
ruit.r ,classic, variables, they include the nature of the employment
arrangements, attitudes of the family and of the society at large' to women's
economic activities, and the economic and social circumstances that encourage
or resist change in these attitudes-'?

Amartya Sen, Deu elopment as Freedom, 1999, p'2A2'

.HEflCUIAHY
YOOSE ! EYEN WTTT+IN THEF4IV'ILY

WMENilMA ^frPDALll4fN
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INREASEDTT{qP

l^'rlrf:r!r!,
t'The extensive reach of women's agency is one of the more neglected areas of
development studies, and most urgently in need of correction. Nothing,
arguably, is as important today in the political economy of development as an
adequate recognition of political, economic and social participation and
leade.rship of women. This is indeed a crucial aspect of 'development as
freedom'."

Amartya

Sen, Development as Freedom,

1999, p'203'

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'6It is important to see the production of food as a result of human agency, and
to understand the incentives that operate on people's decisions and actions.
Like other economic activities, commercial production of food is influenced by
markets and prices. At this time, the world food production is being kept in
check by the lack of emand and falling food prices; thi.s in turn reflect.s the
poverty of some of the neediest people.,,

M,,M

FAut NC trHl N D woptD tru.qry$t

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"The magnitude of the population problem is often somewhat exaggerated,
but nevertheless there are good grounds for looking for ways and means of
reducing fertility rates in developing countries. The approach that seems to
deserve particular attention involves a close connection between public policies
that enhance gender equity and the freedom of women (particularly education
health care, and job bpportunities for rvomen) and individual respon.sibility of
the family (through the decisional power of potential parents, particularly
mothers). The effectiveness of this route lies in the close linkage betiveen young
women's well-being and thei agency."

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Amartya Sen, Deuelopment as Freedom, p.247.

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emerge from social values and affirmations, but also in facilitating and
guaranteeing fuller public discussion. The reach and quality of open
discussions can be helped by a variety of public policies, such as press freedom
and media independence (including the absence of censorship), expansion of
basic education and schooling (including female education), enhancement of
economic independence (especially through employment, including female
employment), and other social and economic changes that help individuals to
be participating citizens. Central to this approach is the idea of the public as an
active participant in change, rather than as a passive, docile recipient of
instructions or of dispensed assistance."

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Sen, Development as Fr'eedom, 7999, p.281.

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is a characteristic of freedom that it has diverse aspects that relate to a
. vqfiety of activities and institutions. It cannot yield a view of development that
trinslates readily into some simple 'flormula' of accumulation of capital, or
opening up of markets, of having eflicient economic planning (though each of
these particular features f,its into the broader picture). The organizing principl
that places all the different bits and pieces into an integrated whole is the
verarching concern rvith the process of enhancing individual freedoms and
the social commitment to help to bring that about."

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This is a documentaU qomic-book for peopler who are completing ther studies and are about to enter the
arena of public life to earn their living. lt is an itOuction to the ideas of Amara Sen, the celebrated economist,
who earned lhe Nobel prize lor Economic Science in 1998, and who has spent a lifetime urging for a change of
focus in what has come to be called .the development process', that we are all experiencing. ln 1999, Sen
gathered all his arguments together in a landmark book called, Development as Freedom. Even the title was a

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revelation to the development planners at the World Bank and the lMF, to whom these arguments were originally
addressed. Sen's ney approach has since changed deelopment thinking profoundly, for both rich and poor, in
the twen-first century. lt is a challenge to us allto make a difference'

Sen's ideas are prgsented in this comic-book in a fast-moving, illustrated dialogue - giving a broad overview of
what it is that he is driving at - in the hope that more people will be attracted to read his book in more detail, to
discuss it, and understand its irnportant message to us all.

"The art of communication can be very exacting especially when the content is complex.
The authors of this book of carloons have done a superb job in reaching outwithout
losing the basic features of seeing dvelopment as freedom"'
Professor Amartya Sen - Master o Trinity College. Cambridge'

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"Professor Sen's approach and ideas have greatly inspired UNEP's work on poverty, environment and development. ln
that sense we are further echoing the sentiments oi tn Secretary-General of the United Ntions, Mr. Kofi Annan' on how
.beneficial Professor Sen's ideas on economic development have been to the United Nation's own development work. This
lively comic-book captures in an elegant and simple manner, Professor Sen's insights on how policy and economic.devel'
oprent can be made more humane. A must read for all policy-makers and concemed citizens!'

Bakary Kante - Director, Policy De.vetopment and Law, United Nations Environment Programme-Move over, Adam Smith! Nobel Prize Wiriner Amartya Sen has a new way to think about economic development - and
it's an approach that could dramatically increase human well-being throughout the world. By showing how human capabili'
ties and freedom matter more than simple wealth, Sen confronts famine, poverty, women's oppression, political tyranny
and other social ills with a revolutionary conceptual shift that could lead to a real change. This lively comic'book reveals the
compelling power of Sen's key points with clari and humour. lt should be required reading for all.'
Diana Strassnann -Edifor, Feminist Economics and Senior Besearch Fetlow, Rice University.
"People ask: ls there truth in the statement by oppressive rulers, that if citizens want prosperi they must wait for human
rights? Sen proves such rulers wrong. This attractive comic-book not only explains Sen's vital message. but motivates
readers to demand from our governments both development and freedom.'

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Published by

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Foundation

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(it) united Nations Environment Programme