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Limits and Derivatives Formulas

1. Limits

Power rule

Properties
if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m , then
xa

xa

lim [ f ( x ) g ( x)] = l m
xa

lim [ f ( x) g ( x) ] = l m
xa

lim c f ( x) = c l
x a

x a

( )

Chain rule

d
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( g ( x) ) g ( x)
dx

1
1
= where l 0
f ( x) l

Formulas
n

1
lim 1 + = e
x
n
1

lim (1 + n ) n = e
x

sin x
lim
=1
x 0
x
tan x
lim
=1
x 0
x
cos x 1
lim
=0
x 0
x
n

x a
= na n 1
xa x a

lim

an 1
lim
= ln a
x 0
x

d
(c) = 0
dx
d
( x) = 1
dx
d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
( cos x ) = sin x
dx
d
1
( tan x ) = 2 = sec2 x
dx
cos x

d
( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d
( csc x ) = csc cot x
dx
d
1
( cot x ) = 2 = csc2 x
dx
sin x
d
1
sin 1 x =
dx
1 x2

2. Common Derivatives
Basic Properties and Formulas

( cf ) = cf ( x)
g ) = f ( x) + g ( x)

Product rule

( f g ) =

f g + f g

Quotient rule

f g f g
=
g2

d
1
cos 1 x =
dx
1 x2

d
1
tan 1 x =
dx
1 + x2
d x
a = a x ln a
dx
d x
e = ex
dx
d
1
( ln x ) = , x > 0
dx
x
d
1
ln x ) = , x 0
(
dx
x
d
1
, x>0
( log a x ) =
dx
x ln a

(f

Common Derivatives

f ( x) l
=
where m 0
lim
x a g ( x)
m

lim

d n
x = nx n 1
dx

( )
( )

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3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative

d dy d 2 y

dx dx dx 2

f =

Higher-Order derivative

f( ) = f(
n

n 1)

( n)

= f ( ) + g(
n

n)

(n)

= f ( ) g(

n)

(f

+ g)

(f

g)

Leibnizs Formulas

( f g ) =

f g + 2 f g + f .g

( f g ) =

f g + 3 f g + 3 f g + f g

( f g )(

n)

= f ( ) g + nf (
n

n 1)

g+

Important Formulas

(x )
m

(x )
n

(n)

(n)

m!
x mn
( m n )!

= n!
n 1

( log a x )

(n)

( 1) ( n 1)!
x n ln a
n 1

( ln x )

(n)

( n)

( 1) ( n 1)!
xn

( a ) = a ln a
( )
(e ) = e
( )
( a ) = m a ln
x

mx

mx

( sin x )( )

= sin x +

( cos x )( )

= cos x +

n ( n 1)
1 2

f(

n 2)

g + ... + fg (

n)