Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Proteins!

Carbohydrates!

Fats!

Amino acids!

Simple Sugars!

Fatty acids!

Glycolysis!
Pyruvate!

ATP!

Acetyl CoA!
Citric acid cycle!
Oxidative phosphorylation!
ATP!
Glycolysis

Glycolysis
P E P T IDOG LY C A N C H

C OO OP C

O
C OO OP P U

C H 3C H

O
C HOH
C HOH
C H 2 OH

5.1.3.12

C H 2 OH
O

HO OH

5.1.3.6

OP P U
OH

C H 2 OH
O

4.1.3.20

HO OH

HO OH

OP P U

OP

NHAC

5.1.3.14

UDP -N-A c -G luc os amine

Mannos e-6-P

OH

OH

O
OH OH

OH H

C OO -

3.1.1.18 HOC H 2

CO

HOC H 2

CO

CO

HOC H 2

HOC H 2 C

OH

C C OO -

CO

OH

OH H

OH

OH H

C HO

HOC H 2

HOC H 2 C

OH

OH H

OH OH

OH OH H
C

OH

C HO

HOC H 2

C H 2 OH

HOC H 2

OH OH

HOC H 2

HOC H 2

OH

CO

HOC H 2

HOC H 2

OH H

OH

H+

2e-

2e-

H+

A1

2PQ

P OC H 2 C

H
C

P OC H 2

2. 7.

P OC H 2

OH

HO

4.1.2.-

nt)

P OC H 2 C

C HO

P OC H 2

OH OH OH

H OH

NH 2

PC

Pi

ATP

ATP

ATP synthase

HO

C OO

C OO

A rac hidonate

C OS C oA

HO

1.14.99.5

C O-S -AC P

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C H=C HC OS -C oA

C OS C oA

OH-S tearoyl-C oA

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C OS C oA

P almitoyl-A C P

C hain elongation

P almitoyl-C oA
C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C H=C HC OS -C oA

1.3.1.9
2,
1.3.1.10

A C Y L -A C P

Dec anoyl-A C P

1.3 .1.9

4.2 .1.6

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H=C HC O-S -AC P

1.3.1.9

Hexanoyl-A C P

C H 3 C H=C HC O-S -AC P

1.3.1.9

B utanoyl-A C P

6.2.1.3

F A T T Y A C ID

3.1.2.20

3.1.1.3

C arnitine
O-A c yl-c arnitine

C H 2 O-C O-R "

(Mitoc hondria)

C H 3 C H(OH)C H 2 C OO

4.1.1.4

1.1.1.30

C H 3 C O-S -AC P

3.1.2.11

Hexanoyl-C oA
C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C OS C oA

2, 3-E noyl-C oA

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H=C HC OS C oA

1.3.99.3

2, 3-Hexenoyl-C oA
C H 3 C H=C HC OS C oA

1.3.99.2

B utanoyl-C oA

4.2.1.17

C H 3 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS C oA

C H 3 C H 2 C H=C HC OS C oA

C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C OS C oA

C H 3 C H 2 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS C oA

P entenoyl-C oA

3-Oxoac yl-C oA

C H 3 C OC H 2 C OS C oA

2.3.1.9

A c etoac etyl-C oA
C H 3 C H 2 C OC H 2 C OS C oA

4.1.3.5

OH

C H 2 O-C O-R

OH

R '-C O-OC H

O HC O-C O-R

+
C P P - OC H 2 C H 2 NH 3

2.7.8.1

+
P OC H 2 C H 2 NH 3

2.7.7.14

C DP -E thanolamine

+
NH 3
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C H(OH)C HC H 2 OH

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C OC HC H 2 OH

Dehydros phinganin

3.1

3.1.4.4

2.7.7.15

C DP -c holine

2.7 .8.

3.1.4 .12

+
NH 3
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2 OH

C holine-P

2.7.8.3

C eramide

3.1.4.12

L yc opene

C H3

C H 3O

11-c is -R etinal

L ight

C HO

1.1.1.105

(C 20)

2.5.1.10

Menaquinone

P hytol

P las toquinone

11-c is -R etinol

Dark

HO
CH3

C H 2 OH

5.2.1.7

(V itamin A )

C H3

F arnes yl-P P

CH3

(C 15)

O
C H3

-T oc opherol

P hylloquinone
(V itamin K )

C H3

H 3C

CH

C OO -

HE ME

N
H

H2C

N
C
H

C H2

N
C H2
C H2

C OO -

1.3.3.4
4.99.1.1

C H2

C OO -

H
C
H2

C H2
H3C

N
H

C H2

CH
C H2

N
C H3

C H2

C H2

C OO -

P rotoporphyrinogen

C OO -

1.3.3.3

H
C
H2

- OOC
H 2C

C H2

C H2

C H3
-

C H2
C H2

(C 30)

C H2
C OO-

4.1.1.37

H
N
C
H2

C H2
C OO -

Uroporphyrinogen

5-A mino-

C OO levulinate
- OOC

4.3.1.8
4.2.1.75

CH 2
CH 2

H 2C
H 2C

C H2

C OO -

P orphobilinogen

2003 International Union of Biochemistry and M olecular Biology

www.iubmb.org

H+

TE

D P R OTONS

A DP

Pi

ATP
E ND

E R G O N IC R E A C T IO N

H+

AT

3.1.2.4

1. 11

1 0 c -s ucb- u

s
n it

HOC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C OC OO

Oxopantoate

1.1.1.169
HOC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C OO

P antoate
-A lanine
3.5.1.22
6.3.2.1

HOC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C OO

P A NTOT HE NA T E
2.7.1.33

CH3

+
C H C H(NH 3 )C OO

C HC OC OO
C H 3C H 2

2.6.1.32

P OC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C OO

4-P -P antothenate
C ys teine
6.3.2.5

C H 3C H 2

IS OL E UC INE
CH3

C H3
C H 3 C H=C HC OS C oA

(C H 3 ) 2 C HC HC H(OH)C OO

C H3

6.4.1.4

3-Methylglutac onyl-C oA
H
C

HC
OOC C

C arnitine

C H3
C H 3 C = C HC OS C oA

C OO
P OC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C O NHC HC H 2 S H

4-P -P antothenylc ys teine

1.2.1.25

C H 3 C H 2 C HC OS C oA

4.1.1.36
P OC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C O NHC H 2 C H 2 S H

4-P -P antetheine

C H2
C H-C OO

H2
C

H 2C
OOC C

2.7.7.3

+
(C H 3 ) 2 C HC H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

2.6.1.6
1.4.1.9

ADP - OC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C O NHC H 2 C H 2 S H

L E UC INE

Dephos pho-C oenzyme A

2.7.1.24

1.2.1.25
1.3.99.10

3-Methylc rotonyl-C oA

C H2
C H-C OO

(C H 3 ) 2 C HC H 2 C OS C oA

Is ovaleryl-C oA

P -ADP - OC H 2 C (C H 3 ) 2 C H(OH)C O NHC H 2 C H 2 C O NHC H 2 C H 2 S H

C oenzyme A
+
NH 3

OOC C H 2 C H 2 C ONH
OOC C H 2 C H 2 C ONH
OOC C OC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H-C OO

OOC C H-C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C HC OO
+
NH 3

OOC C HC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H-C OO
+
NH 3

OOC C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C OS C oA

.1

2.7. 2.11

.1

2-Oxoadipate

L ipids
2.5.1.16

CH

2.6.1.13

C H2

C H2

C HC OO

P R OL INE
1.14.11.2

OOC C HC H 2 C OO
N
+
H 2 NC NHC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

NO

NH 2

1.14.13.39

HOC H
H 2C

A rgininos uc c inate

4-Hydroxy2-oxoglutarate

4.3.2.1
+ NH 2

+ NH 2

H 2 NC N(C H 3 )C H 2 C OO

2.7.3.2

P - HNC N(C H 3 )C H 2 C OO

P -C reatine
3.5.2.10

HN C

NH

N
C H3

CO
CH2

C reatinine

A mino A c ids
B ios ynthes is
Degradation

P urines &
P yrimidines
B ios ynthes is
Degradation

V itamins C o-enzymes & Hormones

B ios ynthes is

Degradation

+
OOC C H(OH)C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

4-Hydroxyglutamate

C H2
C HC OO

1.5.1.12

P hotos ynthes is Dark R eac tions

Human Metabolis m is identified as far pos s ible by black arrows

B ios ynthes is

Degradation

C OMP A R T ME NT A T ION

2.6.1.23

N
H

HY DR OXY
P R OL INE

A R G ININE

C reatine

4.1.3.16
OOC C H(OH)C H 2 C OC OO

1.5.99.8
C H2
1.5.1.2

NH

3.5.3.6

S ac c haropine

P entos e P hos phate P athway

P yrroline-5c arboxylate
4.1.1.17

6.3.4.5

UR E A

OHC C OO

P yruvate G lyoxylate

C HC OO
N

2.1.3.3

+
H 2 NC NHC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

G uanidoac etate

C H 3 C OC OO

C H2 C H2

H 2 NC ONH 2

2.1.1.2

B ios ynthes is
Degradation

P utres c ine

G lutamic
s emialdehyde

2.1.3.3

B ios ynthes is
Degradation

S permidine

H 2 NC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

+
OHC C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

+
H 2 NC ONHC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

3.5.3.1

1.5.1.9

L E G E ND
C arbohydrates

H 2 N(C H 2 ) 4 NH (C H 2 ) 3 NH 2

1.2.1.41

6.3.5.5

2.1.4.1

+
C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

S -A denos ylmethyl
thiopropylamine

2.5.1.22

+
P OOC C H2C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

OR NIT HINE

G lyc ine +

+
OHC C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

2-A minoadipate 1.2.1.31 2-A minoadipate

s emialdehyde

A
C
I
D
S

C OO
NH C HC H 2 C H 2 C OO

(Dec arboxylated S A M)

G lutamine

ATP
C O2

5.1 .1.7 0
4.1 .1.2
1.5.1.7 - 10

LY S INE

C H 3 -S C H 2 C H 2 C HNH 2

S permine

+
H 2 NOC C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

H 2 NC OO P

H 2 NC NHC H 2 C OO

2.6.1.39

H 2 N(C H 2 ) 3 NH (C H 2 ) 4 NH (C H 2 ) 3 NH 2

3.5.1.2
6.3.1.2

1.4.1.14

N 6 -T rimethyllys ine

A
M
I
N
O

A denos yl

(G A B A )

4 .1

1.14.11.8

+
OOC C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

OOC C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C OC OO

G lutaryl-C oA

OOC C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

NH 4+

N 6 -T rimethyl3-OH-lys ine

+
H 2 N(C H 2 ) 4 C H(NH 3 )C OO

+
+
(C H 3 ) 3 N(C H 2 ) 3 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

+
+
(C H 3 ) 3 N(C H 2 ) 3 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

1.14.11.1

4-A minobutyrate

G L UT A MA T E

N2

+ NH

(C H 3 ) 2 C HC H 2 C OC OO

3-Is opropyl- 1.1.1.85 Oxoleuc ine

malate

4.2.1.33

+
(C H 3 ) 3 NC H 2 C H(OH)C H 2 C OO

7.1
1.7. 6.4
1.6. .1
.6
18
6.3.4.16
1.

H+ H+
H+ H+

G lutathione

C H 3 C HC O-S C oA

C H3

C H 3C H 2

+
OHC C H 2 C H (NH 3 )C OO

4.1.1.70

T IO N

F0
H+

C H 2 = C C OS C oA

2.5.1.6

(S A M)

C H 2S H
+
OOC C H(NH 3 )C H 2 C H 2 C ONHC HC ONHC H 2 C OO

1.2.1.25

C H3

1.2.1.32

S -A denos yl
methionine

G lyc ine

3-Hydroxy- 4.2.1.17 Methyl 1.3.99.3 Is obutyryl-C oA

Is obutyryl-C oA
ac rylyl-C oA

C H 3 C H(OH)C HC OS C oA

ME T HIONINE
+
C H 3 S C H C H C H(NH )C OO
2
2
3
+

4.1.2.12

C H3

4.3.1.3

2.1.1.10
2.1.1.20

C H3
+
C HC H(NH 3 )C OO
C H3

2.6.1.32

C HC OO

Adenos yl

2-Oxo- 1.4.1.8 V A L INE

is ovalerate

HOC H 2 C HC OS -C oA-

2.6.1.19

+
H 2 NC H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

H+

C H3

2SO 4

+
C H 3 S C H C H C H(NH )C OO
2
2
3

B ile A c ids

4.2.1.9

CH

2.1.1.13
2.1.1.14

6.3 .2.

C
H

4.2.1.19

Imidazole
ac etol-P

2.7.7.4

Adenos yl

-G lutamylc ys teine

CH

C H 2 C OC H 2 OP

NH

Uroc anate

(A P S )

C HC OC OO

H
C

C
C
H

NH
CH

4.2.1.49

HC HO

C H3

OOC C H 2 C = C HC OS C oA

1.1.1.3

1. 2.

+
OOC C H 2 C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

F1

H+

4.2.1.24

N
H

H2N

CH
N

C H3

OH OH HN

Imidazole
glyc erol-P
HC

2.6.1.9

C H 2S H
+
OOC C H(NH 3 )C H 2 C H 2 C ONHC HC OO

C DP

C H 2.7.4.6
CH

RPPP

P OC H 2 C

RP

+
S C H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

2.3.1.46

C (OH)C H(OH)C OO

2-3-Dihydroxy
is ovalerate

C IT R UL L INE

C Y T IDINE triphos phate

P
Y
R
I
M
I
D
I
N
E
S

(C T P )

CH
N

S -A denos yl
homoc ys teine

C OOH

4.2.1 .18

1.3.99.7

NA

d-C DP

NH 2

6.3.4.2

A denylyls ulphate

Homoc ys teine

T aurine

RP

2.7.4.14

N
OC

C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C H 2 OP

+
HS C H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

HO 3 S C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

C H3

CH3

2-Is opropylmalate

ATP

P +1 P i

CH2
H2NCH2C=O

C H2
C H2

C H2

H2O

COOCH2

2.7.1.25

4.4.1.8

6.3 .2.

1. 29

1.8.1.3

C (OH)C H(OH)C OO

(C H 3 ) 2 C HC (OH)C H 2 C OO

C arbamoyl-P

AT P

Pi
ADP +
H+
H+
H+

H+
H+

IV

1/ O
2 2

S qualene

C OO C H2

N
H

H 2C

OOC

C H2

C OO -

C H2

H2
C

N
H

H 2C

C oproporphyrinogen

C OO -

C H2

C H2
C H2

N
H

H 3C
C H2

C H2

C OOC H3

H2
C

N
H

H 2C

5.4.99.7
1.14.99.7

C OO -

C H2
C H3 C H
2

H2
C

L anos terol

H 3C

N
Fe

C H2

CH

CH
CH

TR A NS L O

HC
H3C

2H +

1.9.3.1

HO

Zymos terol

C OO -

C H2
C H3

H
C

C uB Heme a 3

HO

Des mos terol

C HL OR OP HY L L

C H2
CH

HO

C HOL E S T E R OL

NH
CH

NH
CH

G lutamate

C H3

1.1.1.86

C OOH

2-OXO A C ID

NO 2 -

F1
F6

AD

H
HO

HE MOG L OB IN

Imidazolone
propionate

4.2.1.22

C ys tathionine

Homos erine

G lutamyl-P

HC

C HC H 2 C H 2 C OO

OC

3.5.2.7

CH
N

1.17.4.1

O
C
CH
CH
N
R PPP

His tidinol-P

3.1.3.15

P
U
R
I
N
E
S

N
C
C

OOC C H 2 C H 2 C HO
A s partyl 4.2.1.52 2, 3-Dihydro-1.3.1.26 P iperideineN-S uc c inyl- 2.6.1.17N-S uc c inyl-2, 63.5.1.18 DiaminoS emialdehyde
dipic olinate 2, 6-dic arboxylate 2-amino-6-oxodiaminopimelate
pimelate
S uc c inic
pimelate
s emialdehyde
OH

2.6.1.-

MI

1.6.6.1
1.7.99.4

2e-

P roges terone

6.4.1.3

A s paragine

NO 3 -

ting A
s por . 6 . 1 . 3 T P s y
4
nth
3
os cp

2H+

Heme a

C ONH 2
NH C
C
HC
N

C H2

2-Methylac eto-1.1.1.35 2-Methyl-3-4.2.1.17T iglyl-C oA

2 Methylbutyryl1.3.99.3
ac etyl-C oA
hydroxyC oA
butyryl-C oA

A s partyl-P

1.4.1.2

an
-tr

d-C MP

C ytos ine

HN
OC

CO

C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C H 2 OH

C H3

UQ

2.5.1.21

(V itamin E )

2H+

P regnenolone

H 3C

C yt.bH

1.10.2.2

NH
CH

+
HOC H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

C OO

+
H 2 NOC C H 2 C H (NH 3 C OO

C yt.c

C H 2 OH

trans -R etinol
S T E R OIDS

R -C O-C OO

C uA C uA

+
OOC C H 2C H 2 C OO C H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

C H3
HOC H 2 C HC OO

1.1 .1.3

P hos phoadenylyls ulphate

2.7.1.39

1.1.1.3

3-Hydroxyis obutyrate

+
R -C H(NH 3 ) C OO

as

2.3.1.76
3.1.1.21

OPP
C H2

C H 2 OH

C HC H 2 C H 2 C OO

4. 1.

C H 3 C H 2 C OC OO

2-A MINO A C ID

_
UQ.

(C 20)

HC

NH
CH

Hypotaurine

C H 3 C OC (OH)C H 3

.3. 18

O
C

NH 2
C
CH
CH
OC
N
DP

NH 2
C
CH
CH
NH

OH OH

3.3.1.1

O-P hos phohomos erine

1.2.1.16

1e-

HN
H 2N C

d-UMP
4

2.4.2.9

P OC H 2 C

His tidinol

1.1.1.23

C ys teate

+
P OOC C H 2 C H (NH 3 )C OO

5.4.99.2

Glycine
5-A minolevulinate

2H+
1e-

C yt.c 1
2UQ

(C 10)

G eranyl-geranyl-P P
n

Ubiquinone

(C oenzyme Q)
5.2.1.3

1.1.1.105

S UC C INY L -C oA

G eranyl-P P

O
C H 3O

C HO

trans -R etinal

+
C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C HO

+
C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO
+
S C H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

4.2.99.9

+
P OC H 2 C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

4.2.1.18

5.1.99.1

-OOCCH2CH2COO-

S UC C INA T E

UQH 2

6.3.4.1
6.3.5.2

CH
CH
N DP
3.5.4.12

HN
OC

2.1.1.45

RP

4.2.1.9
2-A c eto-22-Oxo-3-methyl
2: 3-Di-OHhydroxy- 1.1.1.86 3-methylvalerate
valerate
butyrate

6.3.5.4
-OOCCH2CH2CO.SCoA

2.3.1.37

2UQH 2

2.7 .2.

4.3.1.1

6.2.1.4

2e- 2UQ _.
III
2eF e-S
C yt.bL

C H 3 C = C HC H 2 C H 2 C = C HC H 2 O P P
C H 2O P P

NH 2
N
OC
C
NH
CH
C
HC
N
N

+
HO 3 S C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

C OO

C H3

AS PAR TATE

2H+

1.10.2.2

4H+

2.5.1.1
C H3

CH3

2.5.1.29

1.8.99.2

4.4.1.1

C Y S T E INE

4.2.99.2

Methylmalonyl-C oA

4.1.1.71

NS

R hodops in

Ops in

(C 5)

2.5.1.32

1.1.1.41

2CH2COO

TR A

Metarhodops in
1.13.11.21
C OO-

R etinoate
1.2.1.36

R etinol es ters

(C 5)

Dimethylallyl-P P

(C 40)

CH
N RP

XA NT HOS INE -P
2.4 .2.1

O
C

3.5.4.1
O
C
CH
HN
OC N C H
RP

(G MP )

P -R ibulos ylformimino
P -R ibos ylformimino
5-aminoimidazole- 5.3.1.16 5-aminoimidazolec arboxamide-R P+
c arboxamide-R P
+

HO 2 S C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

C H 3 C H 2 C OS C oA

1.2.4.2
2.3.1.61

F AD

II

C H 3 C -C H 2 C H 2 O P P

Is opentenyl-P P

C H3
C H 3 C = C HC H 2 O P P

P hytoene
hv

(C 40)

+
.8 HS C H 2 C H(NH
3 )C OO

2-A c etolac tate

2.1.3.1
4.1.1.41
5.1.99.1

G L UT A R A T E

1.3.5.1

F e-S

N H

CH
C -C OO
RP

RP

G UA NOS INE -P

OC

1.13.11.20

OOC -C H-C OS C oA

UQH 2

2.4 .2.

RP

CH
N

C
C

2.7.4.8

P ropanoyl-C oA

2-OXO-

C H2

His tidinal

C H3

IS OC IT R A T E

C yt.b

UQ
4.1.1.33

C erebros ide

3.2.1.46 2.4.1.47
1.3.99.7

(C 40)

T o B rain -V IS ION

-C A R OT E NE

Diphos phomevalonate

A c yl-C oA
NHC OR

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2 O- G alac tos e

99

C H 3 C OC HC OS C oA

4.2.1.3

-OOCCOCH

F ADH 2

O
C

OC

C -C H 3
CH
DP

OC

(XMP )

T HY MIDINE -P

Urac il

HN

HS O

1.8.99.1

C ys teine
s ulphinate

2.3. 1.16

CH(OH)COOCHCOOCH2COO-

2H+ -OOCCH=CHCOOF UMA R A T E

C H 3 C (OH)C H 2 C H 2 O P P

C
C

O
C

HN

G uanine

(P A P S )

1.6.4.1

CH2COOC(OH)COOCH2COO-

4.1.3.1

MA L A T E
4H+
2H+ 4.2.1.2

UQH 2

C H 2 C OO

HS

4.2.1.16

C H3
OHC C HC OO

CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.SCoA

1.6. 5.3

.4. 9 HN

CH
CH

F ormimino
glutamate

Methylmalonyl
s emialdehyde

-OOCCHO

or

P s yc hos ine

NHC OR

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2 OH

CH

1.1.1.23

Oxobutyrate

2.6.1.1

Glyoxylate
Cycle

2H

2F e -S
(5 C lusters)

4H+

2.7.1.36
2.7.4.2

C HOL INE

2.7.1.32

2.4.1. 62

S P HING OMY E L IN

2.3.1.6

+
HOC H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

+
NH 3
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2 O- G alac tos e

S phinganin
4-S phingenin
2.4.1.23
UDP -S ugars A c yl-C oA
3.5.1.23
UDP -G alac tos e

1.1.1.102

C H 2 C OO
C H 3 C (OH)C H 2 C H 2 OH

Mevalonate

.4. 2

+
OC H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

4.1.3.2

1.1.1.37

O
C

NH

HN

4.1.3.7

F MNH2

1.3.1.2

OH OH
O

OOC

4. 2.

C IT R A T E

1.1.1.32

A c etylc holine

3.1.4.3
+
C P P -O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

2.7.8.2

NHAcyl O
+
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2 O P O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3
O

Mevaldate

C H 3 C OC H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

G lyc erophos phoc holine

4.1

4.1.3.8

2.7

CH
N

(IMP )

1.1.1.205

3.5. 4.3

G DP

C
A
T
E
C
H
O
L
A
M
I
N
E
S

6.3.4.4
3.1.4.6

.4 .1

O
C

INOS INE -P

A s partate

2.4.2.1

S uc c inylhomos erine

1.2.1.18

2COO-

NAD+

NH
N
C
C
CH
C
NH R P

2.4.2.4

HN
OC

CH
C -C OO
NH

O
C C
NH

1.17 .4.1

T DP

O
C

HC

NH

4.1.1.29

4.1 .3.1

4.1.1.32

OX A L OA C E T A T E

H2N
HC O

HC

A denylos uc c inate

d-G DP

OC

C H2
C H2
NH

A
C
I
D
S

F ormylamidoimidazolec arboxamide-R P
3.5.4.10

2.7.4.6

T hymine

C H 3 C OC (OH)C H 2 C H 3

-OOCCOCH

F MN

C H 2 C OO
C H 3 C (OH)C H 2 C HO

+
HOC H 2 C H 2 NH 3

+
C H 2 OP O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 )
O

3.1.1.5

- L ys olec ithin

L E C IT HIN

Oxalate

E thanolamine

C H 2 OH
HOC H O

+
C H 2 OP O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3
2.1.1.17
O
C H 2 OC H=C HR
2.1.1.71
C H 2 O-C O-R
R -C O-OC H O
3.1.1.32
O
R '-C O-OC H
+
+
C H 2 OP O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3
C H 2 OP O C H 2 C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3
O
O

G anglios ides

HOC H 2 C HO

G lyc ol
aldehyde
1.4.3.8

2.7.1 .82

E thanolamine-P

C H 2 O-C O-R
HOC H O

C holine
plas malogen 1.3.1.35
S erine +NH

2.7.8.5

OP hos phatidylglyc erol

.5

RP

3.1 .3.5

4.3.1.3

C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

1.1.1.39

NA DH+H+
4.2. 1.18

1.1.1.34

.1

2.4.2.1

4. 6

7. 6

O
C

3.5.4.19

HIS T A MINE

T HR E ONINE

2.6.1.4 4

4.1.3.4

C H 3 C (OH)C H 2 C OS C oA

-OH--Methylglutaryl-C oA

HOOC -C OOH

1.6.5.3

OP hos phatidyl
ethanolamine
C E P HA L IN

1.2.3.5
HOC H 2 C OO

G lyc olate
1.2.1.21

C H 2 O-P O C H 2 C HOHC H 2 OH

4.1.3.5
C H 2 C OO

1.1.1.79

C DP -diac yl
glyc erol

C H 2 O-C O-R

C H 2 O-C O-R

C ardiolipin

+
C H 2 O P OC H 2 C H 2 NH 3

OHC C OO

G lyoxylate

2.7.7.41

C H 2 O P OC MP

Inos itol

2.7.8.11

C H 2 O-P O C H 2 C H(OH)C H 2 O-P -OC H 2

O
O

2.3.1.50

S erine

2.7.8.8

P HOS P HA T IDY L
S E R INE
C H 2 O-C O-R
R '-C O-OC H
O

4.1.1.65

C H 2 O-C O-R

R '-C O-OC H

C OO
O
+
C H 2 O P O C H 2 C HNH 3

HO OH
OH

R '-C O-OC H

C H 2 O-C O-R

R '-C O-OC H

1.3.99.7

CH

HIS T IDINE

+
C H 3 C H(OH)C H(NH 3 )C OO

Malonic
s emialdehyde

A C E T Y L -C oA

NAD+

C H 2 O-C O-R
C H 2 O-P O

HC

4.1.2.5

2.6.1.18

OHC C H 2 C OO-

GTP

CH3COSCoA

3-Oxopentanoyl-C oA

C C H3
CH
NH

HN
OC

NH

HO 2 S C H 2 C OC OO

4.1.1.12

LACTATE

NADH+H+

Inos ine

3.2. 2.2

CH
NH

1. 17

2. 7.

P OC H 2

+
HO 2 S C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

C H 3 C H(OH)C OO

HOH
GDP
C O2

1.2.4.1
2.3.1.12
3.1.3.43
6.4.1.1

2.6.1.4

R '-C O-OC H O

1. 27

4 .2

CH

H 2N

2.1.2.3
N
C
C

2.4.2.15

d-C T P
GTP
T T P 2. 7.

Dihydrourac il

3.5.2.2

C H-C OO

+
C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

3-S ulphinyl
pyruvate

A L A NINE

4.1 .3.1

CH3COCOO-

NA D
ATP
C O2

2.3. 1.16

3-Oxohexanoyl-C oA

1.1.1.35

3-OH-P entanoyl-C oA

2.3 .1.1

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C OC H 2 C OS C oA

1.1.1.157

3-OH-B utanoyl-C oA

Odd C F atty ac ids

P entanoyl-C oA

1.1.1.35

3-OH-Hexanoyl-C oA

4.2.1.55

C rotonoyl-C oA

3-OH-A c yl-C oA

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS C oA

C
H

C Y S T INE

+
C H 3 C H(NH 3 )C OO

2.6.1.2

1. 1.

2.3.1.38

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C OC H 2 C OS C oA

4.3.2.2

d-G T P

O
C

OC

C H2

NH

HC

N
HC

7. 7

1.3.1.2

P -R ibos yl-A MP

4.4.1.1 5

1.4.1.1

P lant P igments

N
C

H 2N

RP

F umarate

.7. 6

HN
OC

NH 2
N
+ C
C
N
CH
C
HC
N
N
R P (P P )

3.6.1.31

NHC OC H 2 C H 2 NH 2

+
S -C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO
+
S -C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

HS O 3-

P Y R UV A T E
1.1.1.35

C arnos ine

1. 1

1.2.4.1
2.3.1.12
1.8.1.4

4.1.1.9

A c etyl-A C P

A c etoac etate

P hos phatidate

C H 3 (C H n C H(OH)C H 2 C OS C oA

4.2.1.17

A c etyls erine

4.4.1 .15

P Y R UV A T E

HOOC C H 2 C O-S C oA

Malonyl-C o-A

C H 3 C OC H 2 C OO

C H 2O P

2.3.1.20 glyc erol 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C H=C HC OS C oA

1.3.99.3

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H 2 C H 2 C OS C oA

P hos phatidyl
inos itol

P
O
R
P
H
Y
R
I
N
S

2.7.8.5

R -C O-OC H

C H 2 OH

Diac yl

FAT

3.1.1.28

3. 7.

K E TONE B ODIE S
C H 3 C OC H 3

A c etone 3-OH-B utyrate

C H 2 O-C O-R

C H 2 O-C O-R
R -C O-OC H

R -C O-OC H

T riac ylglyc erol

O-A c yl-c arnitine

+
C H 2 C O-OC H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

HS
4. 1.

ATP

1. 2

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C H 2 C H 2 C OS C oA

A C Y L -C oA

2.7.1.40

2.3.1.39

3-P -G lyc erol

2.3.1.51

1. 30

A c etaldehyde

A DP
HOOC C H 2 C O-S -AC P

Malonyl-A C P

2.3.1.41

L
I
P
I
D

C H 2 O-C O-R

2. 3.

2.1.3.2

C H 3 C HO

P -enolpyruvate

C H 3 C OC H 2 C OS AC P

C H 2O P

2.7.1.30

G lyc erol
2.3.1.1 5

2.3.1.7

NH
H

1.2.1.4

C H 2 =C (O P ) C OO

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C OC H 2 C OS AC P

A c etoac etyl-A C P

1.1.1.8

HOC H

CH

HN

C H 3 C H 2 OH

E T HA NOL
1.1.1.1

3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-A C P

1.1.1.100

C H 2 OH

C H 2 OH

4.1.1.22

2.3.1.41

C H 3 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS -AC P

3-OH-B utanoyl-A C P
HOC H
C H 2 OH

(C ytos ol)

1.1.1.100

3-OH-Hexanoyl-A C P

4.2.1.58

C rotonoyl-A C P
R -C H 2 C OO

A C Y L -C oA

S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS AC P

4.2.1.59

2, 3-Hexenoyl-A C P

C H 3 C H=C HC O.S -AC P

C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C OS AC P

HC

2-P -G lyc erate

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 6 C OC H 2 C OS AC P

2.3.1.41

O
C

UR IDINE Dihydro
Orotate
Orotidine-P
Uridine-P
UDP
4.1.1.23 (UMP ) 2.7.4.4
2.4.2.10
2.7.4.6 triphos phate
orotate 1.3.1.14

C C H 2 C HC OO

4.2.1.11

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 6 C H=C HC OS AC P

C H-C H 3
CH2
NH

O
C

HN
OC

OH OH
O

HOC H2C H(O P ) C OO

Mitoc hondrial

3-Oxoac yl-A C P

3-Oxo-Dec anoyl-A C P

T annins

OOC -C H-C H 2 C OO

2.7.7.7

2.7

Dihydro
thymine

3.5.2.2

HN

CH
NH

2.7.7 .7
2.7.7.6

O
C

HN
OC

O
C

N
C
C

NH

A DE NOS INE -P

2. 7.

C arbamoyl
-alanine

C H 3C OO

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C OC H 2 C OS AC P

1.1.1.100

L IG NIN

A denine

R NA

3.5.2.3

P -R ibos yl-A T P

G lyc erate

2.3.1.41

3-OH-Dec anoyl-A C P

P OC H 2

2.4.2.17

ACE TATE

1.1.1.100

3-OH-A c yl-A C P

4.2. 1.60 C H (C H ) C H(OH)C H C OS AC P

3
2 6
2

2, 3-Dec enoyl-A C P
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 2 C H 2 C H 2 C OS AC P

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n C H(OH)C H 2 C OS AC P

4.2.1.60
4.2.1.61

3-E noyl-A C P

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 5 C H=C HC H 2 C OS AC P

3, 4-Dec enoyl-A C P

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 6 C H 2 C H 2 C OS AC P

C H 3 (C H 2 ) n+2 C OS -C oA

I
S
O
P
R
E
N
O
I
D
S

Oxos tearoyl-C oA

E ndoplas mic R etic ulum

H 2N

RP

(A MP )

H 2 NC ONHC H 2 C H 2 C OO

3.5.1.6

2.6.1.22

2.6.1.52
P OC H 2 C OC OO

HOC H2C H(OH) C OO

5.4.2.1

OH

I
OH

T HY R OXINE
OOC -C H-C H 2 C OO
HNC O C N

(UT P )

P -Hydroxypyruvate

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C OC H 2 C OS -C oA
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C OS -AC P

P
H
O
S
P
H
O
L
I
P
I
D
S

2, 3-Diphos phoglyc erate

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C OC H 2 C OS -C oA

C oumarate

ME L A NIN

O
C

HN

2.7.4.3
2.7.4.4

A DP

DNA

C arbamoyl
as partate

HC

P OC H2 C H(O P ) C OO

1.14.13.11
C H=C HC OO

1.1.1.29

2.7.1.31

OH

T hromboxane B 2

OH

T yramine

NH

CH

OC

A
M
I
N
O

P henylpyruvate

C innamate
Menaquinone

4.2.1.51

C H=C HC OO

1.1.1.204
1.1.3.22
Hypoxanthine
1.1.3.22 Xanthine

HN

1. 13

-OOC
NH 2 C H 2
OC
C H-C OO
N

P hos phos erine

1.1.1.95

3-P -G lyc erate

C OO
O

HO

5.3.99.5

C H 3 (C H 2 ) 14 C H(OH)C H 2 C OS -C oA

Dehydros tearoyl-C oA

P OC H2C HOH C OO

OH

C OO

OH

P ros taglandin P G E2

2. 1.

H 2 NC H 2 C H 2 C OO

+
P OC H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

ATP

C OO

L eukotriene B 4

HO

P almitoleoyl-A C P

S tearoyl-C oA

B
I
O
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S

D
E
G
R
A
D
A
T
I
O
N

1.13.11.34

5.
1. 14 3. 99
.9 9. .3
1

1.3.1.35

Oleoyl-C oA

4.1.1.11

3.1.3.3

Hydroxypyruvate

C OO

-L inolenate

1.14.99.25

L inoleate

L
I
P
I
D

NH 2 N
C
C
CH
C
HC
N R P (P )
N

-Ureido
is obutyrate

3.5.1.6

-A lanine

HOC H 2 C OC OO

A DP

C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

1. 25

2.7.7.6

C H3

4.2.1.22

S E R INE

2.6.1.51
1.4.1.7

P OC H 2C HOHC OO P

HN

1.17.4.1

H 2 NC ONHC H 2 C HC OO

3-A minois obutyrate

HOC H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

2.7.2.3

CO

OH OH

4.2.1 .20

C H3
H 2 NC H 2 C HC OO

C HOL INE

A DP

CH
N

2.7.4.6

ATP

4.6.1. 1

ATP

4.1.2.5

+
HOC H 2 C H 2 N (C H 3) 3

1: 3-bis -P -G lyc erate

OP OP

CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE

C
C

NH

2.7 .7.

1.1.99.1

NA DH

HC

C
C

N
H

UR A T E

d-A T P

B etaine
aldehyde

OH OH

P -R ibos yl-P P

3.6.1.34

d-A DP

OHC C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

1.2.1.12

NH 2

2.7.4.6

6.3.4.7
Pi
NA D+

4. 1.

Ubiquinone

NH

HN
OC

1.7.3.3

-O P ~O P ~O P O C H
2 O
O
O
O

OH

F OL IC
A C ID
C1
P OOL

2.1.2.1

1.2.1.8

2.4.2.14

C H 2O P
O

2.7.6.1

ATP

H+
H+

Fixation

H+

H+

STROMA

N
C H2 O

NH
CO
NH

C yc lic A MP

B etaine

Pi

1
5.3 .1.

1.2.1.13

CO2

H+

THYLAKOID LUMEN

THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

HC

C
N H
H

CH

OC

OC

2.1.1.5

A DP
1

H+

5.3

2.6.1.5
4.3 .1.5

P HE NY L A L A NINE
1.3.1.13

H2N

RP

C H 2 C OC OO

A
R
O
M
A
T
I
C

1.3.1.13
1.14.16.1

T Y R OS INE

1.14.18.1

OH

P rephenate

CH
N

A llantoin

Glyceraldehyde

Ribulose-1,5-bis-P

H+

3.5.2.5

1.4.4.2

OOC C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 2

3-P -G lyc eraldehyde

.1. 1

HC
C

1.5.99.2

2.7.1.28

H+
H+

H+
PC PC

H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
Protons from Water
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+

NH 2

H2N

NH

OOC C H 2 N(C H 3 ) 3

2.2.1.1

(G lyc erone-P )

ADP

H 2N

5.4.99.5

2-A mino
muc onate

C H 2 C OC OO

4.1.3.27

OC -C OO

OH

C horis mate

NH 2

OOC
OOC

OOC

C H 2 C H(NH 3 ) C OO

C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

OOC

RP

Dimethylglyc ine

4.1.2.13

2.2.1.1

Pi

C HO
NH

A llantoate

2 .1
OOC C H 2 NHC H 3

S edoheptulos e-P P

HOC H 2 C OC H 2 OP

Dihydroxyac etone-P

Dopaquinone

NH 2
CO

C OO
C
N H
H

OC

S arc os ine

G lyoxylate

OH OH OH H

D-R ibos e-5-P

NADP+

H 2N

Urea

G LY C INE

P -R ibos yl
amine
C O C H 2O P

H 2 NC ONH 2

1. 4
2. 6. 10
0
1.
.2
1. 4.
.1

OH OH
H

H 2C
C

HN

RP

3.5.3.4

F ruc tos e1: 6-bis -P

2.2.1.2

D-Xylulos e-5-P

1.14.16.2

H2
C
C H-C OO
+
NH 3

P las toquinone

NH 2

A nthranilate

C H2

O-C -C OO

OH

S hikimate-5 4.6.1.4
enolpyruvate 3-P

Dopa

(V itamin E )

OC H 3

C H 2 (NH 3 )C OOH

C H 2O P
O

4.1.1.28

1.14.12.1

C OO

C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO

OH

2.6.1.5

OH
OH

1.14.18.1

C HO

P O

2.5.1.19

1.2.1.32

C OO

2.4.2.18

N-(5-P -R ibos yl)

anthranilate

C H 2 C H (NH 3 ) C OO-

Dopamine

NH

NH

OH

OH

Hydroxyphenyl
pyruvate

-T oc opherol

C HOHC H 2 OH

C O C H 2O P

OH OH H
C O C H 2 OH

OH H

1. 15

4.1.1.48

C OO

S hikimate-3-P
PEP

OC H
NH 2
C OO

NH 2

6.3.5.3
6.3.3.1
F ormyl
F ormyl
5-A mino 4.1.1.21 5-A mino-4-imidazole 6.3.2.6 5-A mino-4-imidazole 4.3.2.2 5-A minoimidazole
c arboxylate-R P
(N-s uc c inylc arboxamide)-R P c arboxamide-R P
glyc inamide-R P glyc inamidine-R P imidazole-R P

6.3.4.13

A DP

H
C

1.14.17.1

1. 6

OH

2.7.1.11

3.1.3.11

C HO

OH OH

C OO

C H C H 2O P

1.3.1.13

OH

(Noradrenaline)

2. 1.

2.1.2.2

G lyc inamideribos yl-P

ATP
H
P OC H 2 C

P O

2.7.1.71

OH

1.13.11.27

4-OH-3-Methoxyphenylglyc ol

OC
OH

NH
H 2C

OH

OH

OH

S hikimate

OH

(Normetadrenaline)

3. 4

C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

Norepinephrine

OC H 3

NHC OC H 2 NH 2

C O C H 2 OH

OH OH H

E rythros e-4-P

1. 4.

C H 2O P
O

C O C H 2 OH

5.1.3.1

2.1.1.28

C HOHC H 2 NH 2

4-OH-3-MethoxyD-mandelate

F ruc tos e-6-P

OH OH

D-R ibulos e-5-P

NADPH+H+

P700

O2

2.2.1.1

HO

OH OH

1-(o-C arboxy phenylamino)

1-deoxyribulos e-5-P

C H 2 C OC OO

OH

OH

Normetepinephrine

OC H 3
OH

OH

1.1.1.25

C HOHC H 2 NH 2

OH

C H(OH)C OO
OH

HO OH

HO

OH

OH

(A drenaline)

5.3.1.9

5.3.1.8

NA DP H

H+
H+

4H +

H+

H+

Translocated protons

H+

P OC H 2

5.3.1.6

H+

Chl.A0

Fe-S 2e- Cyt.f

Mn

H 2O

G luc os e-6-P

NADP +

OH

Dehydros hikimate
C H 2 C OO

O
C H 2 C OO

C OO

E pinephrine

C H 2 OP
O

P OC H 2C HOHC HO

Cyt bc

_ 2e2PQ

OH

P -G luc ono
lac tone

.1. 17

NADP +

C HO

5.1.3. 4

Fe-S

2e-

2PQH2

3.1

C C OO -

5.1.3.1

3
3

P680
Chl.a

D-R ibos e

2
2

QA

OH H

1.1.1.44

4.2.1.10

OH
OH

2.7.1.2
2.7.1.1

NH

C OO

OH

C HOHC H 2 NHC H 3

A DP

1.1.1.49

2.7.1.17

*
2e-

Cyt bf

Pheophytin

H
C

C H 2O P

C H 2 OH

C H 2 OH

Ferredoxin

PQ

1e-

H
C

3.1.3.9

2.6.1.16

C OO
OC H

4.1.1.45
3-Hydroxy 1.13.11.6 2-A mino-3-c arboxy
2-A minomuc onateanthranilate
muc onate s emialdehyde
6-s emialdehyde
C OO
H
H
C atec hol

3.7.1.3

C OO
HOC -C H(OH)C H(OH)C H 2 OP
CH
N

C OO

F umaryl 5.2.1.2 Maleyl 1.13.11.5 Homogentis ate

ac etoac etate
ac etoac etate

ATP

O
HO OH

1. 4

OH OH H OH
6-P -G luc onate NA DP H

CO

PHOTO- H+

H+

2e-

2. 7.

OH OH OH

_
PQ
1e-

C H 2O P
O

C H 2 OH

OH

PQ

PQH2

c
otophosphoryla SYSTEM
n-cycli electr
tion l
No (electric curre on fl

2H+ yclic Ph
C
2H+

PQH2

QB

OH
C

R ibitol

H+

2e-

H
C

HOC H 2 C
C H 2 OH

CO

2.7.1.3

C HO

CO

OH H

PHOTOSYSTEM
II

CO

OH

D-Xylulos e
H+

OH H

OH OH OH

OH OH

1.1 .1.

OH OH H

HOC H 2 C

D-Xylos e
P OC H 2

OH

Dehydroquinate

O
C H 2 C OO

-OOC
OH

HO OH

5.4.2.2

OH

4.6.1.3

G L UC OS E

3.2.1.48

1.1. 1.21

S orbitol

F ruc tos e-1-P

C H 2 OH

NH 2

G luc os amine-6-P
3.2.1.26

S UC R OS E

HOC H 2 C

OH OH H

L -R ibulos e 2.7.1.16 L -R ibulos e-5-P

L -L yxos e

CO

2.3. 1.4
5.3.1.8

C H 2 OH

C OO

Quinolinate

(ME L A TONIN)

C H2

OH

Indole-3-glyc erol-P

C OO

2.4.2.19

C OO
C OO

NH

N-A c etyl-5-O-methyl-s erotonin

NH 2

OH

Quinolinatenuc leotide

C H 2 C H 2 NHC OC H 3

C OO

NH 2

OH

C -C H(OH)C H(OH)C H 2 O P
CH

4.2.1.20

T R Y P TOP HA N
HO

3-Deoxy-D-arabinoheptulos onate-7-P

C H 2 OH
O

OH

1.1.1.14

1.10.2.1
1.10.3.3

2.7.1.47

CO

OH H

2.7.1.47

C O C H 2 OH

CO

P OC H 2

OH OH

C HO

4.1.1.28

HOC H HC OH
C

UDP -G alac tos e

G luc os e-1-P

OH

+
C O C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO

+
C O C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO
NH 2

C OO
+
C OO
N RP

2.4.2.19

C H 3O

2.1.1.4

N-A c etyl-s erotonin

Nic otinatenuc leotide

C H 2 C H 2 NHC OC H 3

NH

2.3.1.5

K ynurenine 1.14.13.9 3-Hydroxy

kynurenine

+
C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO
NH

NH

T ryptamine

NH

5-Hydroxytryptamine

2.4 .2.1

R ibos e- P

2.7.7.18

C OO

NIC OT INA T E

+
N

-Adenos ine

HO

(S E R OTONIN)

3.5.1.9

F ormylkynurenine

C OO

-O-P -O-P -O

Des amino-NA D

C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

1.13.11.11

C OO
OC
P OC H 2 C H 2

OP P U

OH

HO

HO OH

5.5.1.4

CO

C O C H 2 OH

L -Xylulos e-5-P

C H 2 OH

OH

Xylitol

1. 4

P OC H 2

2.7.1.53

OH H

1.1.1.10

5. 3.

H
C

OH OH

D-R ibulos e

OH H

OH H

CO

OH

OH

C H 2 C H 2 NH 2

OH

OH OH H

OH H

L -Xylulos e

Dehydroas c orbate

H
HOC H 2 C

5.3.1.3

OH H
HOC H 2 C
H

C H 2 OH

L -A rabinos e
HOC H 2 C

C HO

OH OH H

C O C OO -

CO

OH

2, 3-Dioxogulonate

D-A rabinos e

L -A rabitol
HOC H 2

1.1.1.130

HOC H 2

4.1.1.34

L -Xylos e

A S C OR B A T E
OH H

OH H

3-Dehydrogulonate
HOC H 2

OH OH

OH H

Inos itol-P

OH H

2.4.1.22

OH

C H 2 OH
O

HO
5.1.3.2
2.7.7.10

NH

4.1.99.1

NH

Indolepyruvate
OP

OH

2.7.7.12

OP

HO OH

C H 2O P
O

2.4.1.13

2.4.1.9

F ruc tos e

OH

3.1.3.25

Inos itol

OH

G ulonolac tone 1.1.3.8 2-Oxogulonolac tone

1.1.1.45

HOC H 2

OP

OH

1.13.99.1

OH H

OH
NHC OC H 3

OH

HO OH

HO OH

OH
OH

G luc uronate

OH OH

OH

OH

HO OH

1.1.1.19

OH H

OH

N-A c -G luc os amine-6-P

2.7.7.23

C OO
OH H
HOC H 2

HO

NHC OC H 3 5.4.2.3

N-A c -G luc os amine-1-P

2.7.7.9
C H 2 OH
O

2.7.7.24

HO OH HO OH

C H 2O P
O

2.7.1.60

AC NH
HO OH
OH

N-A c -Mannos amine

G ulonate

P
H
O
T
O
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S

5.4.2.8

HO

R ibos e

6.3.5.1
6.3.1.5
HO

4.1.1.28

+
C O C H 2 C H(NH 3 )C OO
C HO

C H 2 C OC OO

C H 2 OH
O

2.7.1.6
OP P U

HO

2.7.7.34

T DP -G luc os e

C H 2O P
O

UDP -G luc uronate

4.1.1.43

G A L A C TOS E

C H 2OH
O
OH

UDP -G luc os e
G alac tos e-P

2.7.7.27

1.14.16.4

C H 2 OH
O

C H 2 OH
O

HO OH HO O P

Mannos e-1-P

5.1.3.7

OH

1.1.1 .22

NH

5-Hydroxytryptophan

Indole

.1

C OO

4.2.1.46

2.7.1.7

Adenos ine(P )

-O - P - O - P - O-

+
C H 2 C H(NH 3)C OO

NH

NH

Indoleac etaldehyde

R ibos e

NA D( + P )
HO

C H 2 C HO

3.2.1.23
2.7.1.38

OH

HO OH

G DP -G luc os e

MA NNOS E

2.7.7.13

A DP G luc os e

OH

HO OH HO OH

C H 2 OH
O

NH

Indoxyl

(A uxin)

1.2.3.7

OH

C H 2OH
O

2.4.1.11 HO
2.4.1.21

2.4.1.1
etc.

OP P T

OH

T DP -4-Oxo6-deoxygluc os e

C H 2 OH
O

G DP -Mannos e
OP P U
OH

2.4.1.33

HO OH HO OP P G

OH

UDP G alac turonate

C OO

UDP -N-A c G luc os amine

pyruvate

3.1.3.29
AC NH
4.1.3.20
HO OH
OH

P
E
N
T
O
S
E
S

4.2.1.47
HO

NHC OC H 3

UDP -N-A c G alac tos amine

OP P U
NHAC

2.4.1.21

OH

5.1.3.13 O

OH

NH

Indoleac etate
OH

OH
OH

L A C TOS E

.1

HO O
C H2 C

(S ialate)

C H 2O P
O

C OO -

OP P U

OH

1.1.1.158

N-A c -Neuraminate

C H3

C H 2 OH
O

C H 2 OH
O
O

OH

2.4.1.29

T DP -R hamnos e

G DP Mannuronate

OH

G DP -F uc os e

2.4.1.16

C OO
OH 2.7.7.43

3.1.3.29
HO

HO OP P G

HO

C H 2 C OO
C H 2 OH
O

HO

OP P T
OH OH

C OO

C ONH 2

G LY C OG E N

HO C H 3

O
C H3

UDP Iduronate
C H 2 OH
O C OO
HO

1.1.1.132

2.4.1.68
2.4.1.69
OP P U

OH

OH

UDP -N-A c -Muramate

C MP -N-A c etyl
neuraminate
AcNH

HO

2.4.1.17

NHAC

C OO-

HO

B L OOD G R OUP A L G INA T E S O-A NT IG E NS

S TAR CH
S UB S T A NC E S
P E C T IN
INUL IN
C E L L UL OS E

DE R MA T A N

C HONDR OIT IN

6.3.2.7-10
6.3.2.13 HO O

2.4.99.7

C H 2 OH

N-A c -Mannos amine-6-P

H
E
X
O
S
E
S

C HIT IN

2 OH

C HOH
C HOH

AcNH

6.
3.
5.
5

HY A L UR ONIC A C ID

G LY C OP R OT E INS
G A NG L IOS IDE S
MUC INS

1 .4

P
O
L
Y
S
A
C
C
H
A
R
I
D
E
S

HOC H
HC

C H2
C HC OO

3-Hydroxypyrroline5-c arboxylate

T he "B ackbone" of metabolis m involves

G LY C OLY S IS in the C Y T OP LAS M,
the T C A C Y C LE (mainly) in the Mitochondrial matrix
and AT P F OR MAT ION s panning the
MIT OC HONDR IAL INNE R ME MB R ANE

An electron flow (an electric current) generated from

NADH and UQH2 drives the translocation of protons
from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
The retrolocation of these protons through the F0 subunits
of ATP synthase to the matrix then supplies the energy
needed to form ATP from ADP and phosphate

E lectron F low

P roton F low

1.5.1.2
S mall Numbers ( eg. 2.4.6.7) refer to the IUB MB E nzyme
C ommis s ion (E C ) R eference Numbers of E nzymes

22 nd Edition Designed by Donald E. Nicholson, D.Sc., The University of Leeds, England and Sigma-A ldrich
Product No. M 3907

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis provides substrates for:

the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle)
anaerobic glycolysis
alcoholic fermentation

Glycolysis uses
glucose
ADP + Pi
NAD+

Glycolysis produces
pyruvate
ATP
NADH

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 1: hexokinase (G = -16.7 kJ mol-1)

D-glucose + ATP glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+

CH2OH
O
H

HO

H
OH

OH

OH

Glucose
Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 2: phosphoglucose isomerase (G = 1.7 kJ mol-1)

glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate

O
- O P OOCH2
O
H

HO

H
OH

OH

OH

Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 3: phosphofructokinase (G = -13.8 kJ mol-1)

fructose-6-phosphate + ATP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + H+

O
- O P OOCH2

H H

HO

CH2OH

HO OH

Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 4: aldolase (G = 23.8 kJ mol-1)

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate +
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

O
- O P OOCH2

H H

HO

O
- O P OO

CH2O

HO OH

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 5: triosephosphate isomerase (G = 7.5 kJ mol-1)

dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

O
CH2O P OC O OCH2OH

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 6: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G = 6.2 kJ

mol-1)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + Pi
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate +
NADH + H+

O
C H
H C OH O
CH2O P OO-

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 7: phosphoglycerate kinase (G = -18.8 kJ mol-1)

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP
3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

O
C O P OOH C OH
O
CH2O P OO-

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 8: phosphoglycerate mutase (G = 4.4 kJ mol-1)

3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate

O
C OH C OH

O
CH2O P OO-

3-Phosphoglycerate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 9: enolase (G = 1.7 kJ mol-1)

2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + H2O

O
C O-

O
H C O P OOCH2OH

2-Phosphoglycerate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Step 10: pyruvate kinase (G = -31.4 kJ mol-1)

phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H+ pyruvate + ATP

O
C OC

O
O P OO-

CH2

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Steps 1-10 of glycolysis (G = -73.3 kJ mol-1)

glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ADP 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

NAD+ is needed for glycolysis to proceed

in the presence of oxygen, NADH is oxidized using oxygen (indirectly)

for the generation of ATP
NAD+ is regenerated
glycolysis can proceed
ATP is produced

in the absence of oxygen, NADH is oxidized using organic substrates

NAD+ is regenerated
glycolysis can proceed
no ATP is produced, other than directly from glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast in the absence of oxygen

Step 1: pyruvate decarboxylase
pyruvate + H+
acetaldehyde + CO2

H3C

O-

Pyruvate

Step 2: alcohol dehydrogenase

acetaldehyde + NADH + H+
ethanol + NAD+

Glycolysis

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in a number of microorganisms and in

active muscle tissue in the absence of oxygen
Step 1: lactate dehydrogenase
pyruvate + NADH + H+
lactate + NAD+

H3C

O-

Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Anaerobic Glycolysis

The Cori cycle

lactate is produced in muscles
due to lack of sufficient oxygen
to oxidize NADH
lactate is transported through
the bloodstream to the liver
lactate is oxidized to pyruvate in
the liver
pyruvate is used to remake
glucose by gluconeogenesis
glucose is transported back to
the muscles via the bloodstream

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the
resynthesis of glucose from
glycolytic intermediates

employs most of the same

enzymes of glycolysis

employs 4 new steps to avoid

irreversible steps of glycolysis

irreversible steps of glycolysis

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Steps 1 and 2
Accomplish the reverse of pyruvate kinase (step 10 in glycolysis)
1 carboxylation, 1 decarboxylation (no net gain in carbon)
use 1 ATP and 1 GTP to generate PEP
G for ATP hydrolysis = -30.5 kJ mol-1
G for PEP hydrolysis = -61.9kJ mol-1
net G = 0.9 kJ mol-1

Step 1: pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate + ATP + CO2 + H2O oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + 2H+

H3C

O-

Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Step 2: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

oxaloacetate + GTP
phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

OO

CH2

O-

Oxaloacetate

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Step 9: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (G = -16.7 kJ mol-1)

accomplishes the reverse of phosphofructokinase (step 3 in glycolysis)
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O fructose-6-phosphate + Pi
reverses phosphofructokinase

O
- O P OOCH2

H H

HO

O
- O P OO

CH2O

HO OH

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Step 11: glucose-6-phosphatase (G = -13.8 kJ mol-1)

accomplishes the reverse of hexokinase (step 1 in glycolysis)
glucose-6-phosphate + H2O glucose + Pi
reverses hexokinase

O
- O P O-

OCH2
O
H

HO

H
OH

OH

OH

Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis