Variable Air Volume System

VAV Systems
Jeff Wotnosky
Trane Sales Engineer
Raleigh, North Carolina
American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved
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Version: 9/00
VAV systems
Agenda
What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

Why(/Not) design VAV systems
What buildings utilize VAV
VAV system types and their components
Changeover Bypass ( Varitrac)
True VAV ( Varitrane)
Single Zone VAV
System control considerations

Leed and VAV
Questions?
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What is Variable Air Volume(VAV)

?
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VAV System
Air handler/Packaged Unit
supply
ductwork
supply-air
diffusers
return
ductwork
VAV
terminal
units
building
automation
system (BAS)
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Characterstics of VAV systems

Constant air temperature off AC Unit
Vary the air volume as load requires
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Why use VAV?
Provides multiple zones of comfort

Life cycle cost will be less than other HVAC Systems trying
to accomplish similar comfort levels
Load diversity
Smaller equipment ( lower AC unit first cost compared to
Constant Volume)
Less supply air ( less energy consumption)
Able to adapt to changes in building use
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Why Not ??
Higher first cost than comparable single zone

Controls, equipment, commissioning
Increased maintenance cost

More pieces to look after
Terminal units might be located in occupied space
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Common places to use VAV systems

Commercial/Medical Office buildings
Schools ( all levels)
Houses of worship
Conference Centers
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VAV System Types
Changeover Bypass (Varitrac)

True VAV (Varitrane)
Single Zone VAV
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VariTrac Changeover / Bypass System
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What is VariTrac?
Cost Effective way to zone Standard packaged
Rooftop units or Split Systems
Often Driven by Light Commercial contractors:
Used to Package Rooftop Equipment
Desire somewhat simple installations and want to get on
and off the job quickly.
Want to get a little more flexibility than their typical
applications
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Changeover/Bypass VAV
System Layout
RA
EA
bypass damper
PA
OA
VariTrac
Constant volume damper
Supply fan
SA
VAV to space
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Where would you use VariTrac?

Ideal candidates for VariTrac Systems
are:
one-story office buildings, clinics, movie
theaters, strip malls, light manufacturing
centers.
Examples are offices within a church, school,
or manufacturing facility seeking individual
(zoned) temperature control.
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Light Commerical RTU
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Light Commercial Split System
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VariTrac Changeover Bypass

System
Main unit options:
-Voyager or Precedent RTU (ReliaTel)
-Odyssey Split System (ReliaTel)
-Existing Non-DDC w/opt. relay board (CCP)
VaiTrac or VariTrane
Units with reheat
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VariTrac Dampers
Cooling only standard
Trane Controller
Factory-installed, downloaded, and
tested controller
Remote reheat control
Round or Rectangular
Airside
Pressure Dependent System
(damper position control- no direct
CFM measurement)
Up to 1.75 system pressure
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Central Control Panel

Self-Configuring
High Quality Installation
Repeatable Performance
Up to 24 Zones
Optional touch screen user interface
PC-Free Setup for basic functions
Simple PC interface with Windows based
software
Interfaces with Main AHU via 2H/2C Control
Scheduling
2 Start/Stop Times
Schedule 4 Groups of Zones
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How is changeover achieved?

Voting
CCP polls UCMs
On a minimum calls for changeover the

CCP will disable heat or cool and enable
heat or cool
CCP then communicates to UCMs new
control mode and UCMs control to
different setpoints
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True VAV System (Varitrane)

Air handler/Packaged Unit
supply
ductwork
supply-air
diffusers
return
ductwork
VAV
terminal
units
building
automation
system (BAS)
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True Variable-Air-Volume System

RA
EA
supply
fan
OA
cooling
coil
variablespeed drive
PA
VAV
box
SA
thermostat
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VAV Terminal Units

Fan-powered
VAV terminal unit
Single-duct, coolingonly
VAV terminal unit
Dual-duct
VAV terminal unit
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VCCF
Single duct
Cooling only
No auxiliary heat
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VCCF
primary
air
supply
air
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VCWF
Single Duct w/hot water
reheat
Hot Water Coils
1 & 2 row coils
Built in access panel for
cleaning
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VCWF
supply
air
primary
air
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VCEF
Single duct w/electric
reheat
8 different voltages
Up to 3 stages of heat
Interlocking door
disconnect
Heater line fuse
Magnetic or mercury
contactors
Element removal
through control
enclosure
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Terminal Reheat System

RA
EA
PA
OA
reheat
coil
cooling supply
coil
fan
SA
thermostat
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Fan-Powered VAV
parallel,
fan-powered VAV
terminal unit
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Parallel, Fan-Powered
plenum
air
terminal
mixing fan
primary
air
supply
air
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Parallel Fan-Powered VAV

heating coil
(second stage of heat)
cool primary air

from rooftop unit
warm air recirculated
from ceiling plenum
(first stage of heat)
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Series, Fan-Powered
(Electrically Commutated Motors ECMs )
primary
air
terminal
mixing fan
plenum
air
supply
air
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Parallel vs. Series
Intermittent fan
Fan only runs in the
heat mode (Variable
Volume to the space)
Fan is the first stage of
heat
Fan CFM < Max Cooling
Most energy efficient
design
Sound in space will vary
Continuous fan
Fan runs continuously
in the occupied mode
(constant volume to the
space)
Fan CFM = Max Cooling
Less energy efficient
system design
Smaller main supply
fan?
ECM Motors
Sound remains same
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fan-powered VAV
Series Versus Parallel

HVAC energy consumption,
% of base
140
120
100
80
60
40
Atlanta
VAV reheat
Los Angeles
parallel FPVAV
Minneapolis
series FPVAV with ECM
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Fan Powered Units: Cooling

Only
Plenum Air provides
free reheat from
lights, etc.
Parallel units (only
when fan energized)
Series (increases as air
valve closes)
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with Hot Water Reheat
Model VPWF/LPWF (Parallel)
Reheat coil mounted on plenum
inlet (optional discharge)
Model VSWF, LSWF (Series)

Reheat coil mounted on
discharge
Coil Offerings
1 Row
2 Row
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with Electric Reheat
Model VPEF / LPEF(Parallel)

Discharge mounted
UL listed
Model VSEF/ LSEF (Series)

Discharge mounted
UL listed
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Fan Powered Units: Electric

Heater Options
8 different voltages
2 stages of heat (plus the
fan as stage 1)
Interlocking door
disconnect
Heater line fuse
Air flow switch
Magnetic or mercury
contactors
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Differences between VariTrac

and VariTrane
VariTrac
Used in Smaller buildings seeking cost-effective zone control

Simpler System Control
Less expensive than VariTrane
Smaller Constant Volume AHU/RTU (Typically 15 tons or less)
Up to 24 zones
Pressure Dependent
VariTrane
Used in Larger Buildings seeking ideal occupant comfort

Very Flexible System Control (more complex sequences)
Larger Variable Volume AHU/RTU equipment (up to 130 Tons)
Up to 120+ zones
30% fan energy savings over CV
Pressure Independent
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VAV System Types
Single Zone VAV
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Single Zone VAV

AHU is your VAV Box !!
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Application for Single Zone VAV
Large areas ( conference rooms, assembly halls)

Control air flow off room sensor
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Controls
Unit controls
System controls
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Unit Controls
Pneumatic Controls - about 5%

(PN**)
No- controls- field installation of others controllersabout 5% (ENON)
Factory Installation of others Controls- about 20%
(FM0*)
DDC Controls - around 70% (DD**)
Trane DDC (Communicates to a Trane-Trane-Trane
System)
Trane LonTalk DDC (designed to talk a language which is
not proprietary to Trane)
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VAV systems
Optimized System Controls
Optimal start
Optimal stop
Fan-pressure optimization
Supply-air-temperature reset
Ventilation optimization
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Optimal Start
system
on
system
off
optimal
start
occupied
heating
setpoint
occupied hours
unoccupied
heating
setpoint
mid
6 AM
noon
6 PM
mid
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Optimal Stop
system
on
system
off
optimal
stop
occupied
heating
setpoint
occupied hours
unoccupied
heating
setpoint
mid
6 AM
noon
drift below
occupied
setpoint
6 PM
mid
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Fan-Pressure Optimization
static
pressure
sensor
supply
fan
VAV boxes
communicating BAS
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fan-pressure optimization
Part-Load Energy Savings
static pressure
surge
duct static
pressure control
fan-pressure
optimization
airflow
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
Dynamic Reset of OA
May reset OA intake flow (or zone OA flow)
in response to:
Variations in zone population
(demand-controlled ventilation, or DCV)
Variations in ventilation efficiency
due to changes in airflow
(ventilation reset)
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ventilation optimization
Zone Level: DCV

BAS
lounge
rest
room
mech
room
storage
office
AHU
CO2
corridor
TOD
reception area
elevators
vestibule
OCC
TOD
OCC
office
CO2
conference rm
computer room
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ventilation optimization
System Level: Ventilation Reset

rooftop unit
with controls
OA
SA
Reset outdoor airflow (Traq damper)
RA
CO2
TOD
communicating BAS
New OA setpoint
per ASHRAE 62
CO2
OCC
TOD
OCC
DDC/VAV terminals
Required ventilation (TOD, OCC, CO2)
Actual primary airflow (flow sensor)
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rooftop VAV system
HVAC Energy Savings

HVAC energy consumption,
% of base
100
80
60
40
20
Atlanta
Los Angeles
conventional system
Minneapolis
optimized controls
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Trane Control Systems Architecture

Tracer Summit
(Workstation Software)
Tracker
Building
Control Unit
AH541
MP580/1
Central
Control Panel 3
ReliaTel
ReliaTel
VV550
ZN5XX
MP501/3
ZN517
ZN510/1
ZN524
MP503
Central
Control Panel 2
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VAV systems
Sustaining Performance
Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending
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VAV systems
Building operations, energy management,
commissioning, validation
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VAV systems
Facility management services
Periodic commissioning and calibration
parallel, fan-powered
VAV terminal unit
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VAV systems

Facility management services
Periodic commissioning and calibration
Wireless zone sensors
for flexibility
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EA credit 1: Optimize
Energy Performance
EQ credit 1: Outdoor-Air
Delivery Monitoring
TRACE 700
(90.1-2004, App G)
Ventilation optimization
in Tracer Summit
CO2 sensors only in
densely-occupied zones
Traq dampers in IntelliPak
rooftop unit
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Summary
What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

Why(/Not) design VAV systems
What buildings utilize VAV
VAV system types and their components
Changeover Bypass ( Varitrac)
True VAV ( Varitrane)
Single Zone VAV
System control considerations

Leed and VAV
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QUESTIONS ??
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THANK YOU
Jeff Wotnosky Trane Company

919-781-0458
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Variable Air Volume System

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VAV Systems

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 1

What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

System control considerations

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 2

What is Variable Air Volume(VAV)

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 3

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 4

Characterstics of VAV systems

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 5

Why use VAV?

Provides multiple zones of comfort

Able to adapt to changes in building use

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 6

Higher first cost than comparable single zone

Increased maintenance cost

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 7

Common places to use VAV systems

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 8

VAV System Types

Changeover Bypass (Varitrac)

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 9

VariTrac Changeover / Bypass System

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 10

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 11

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 12

Where would you use VariTrac?

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 13

Light Commerical RTU

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 14

Light Commercial Split System

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 15

VariTrac Changeover Bypass

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

File Name - Page 16

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

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Central Control Panel

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

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How is changeover achieved?

On a minimum calls for changeover the

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

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True VAV System (Varitrane)

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved

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True Variable-Air-Volume System

American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved