CHNG 3

THIT K C S D LIU PHN TN

MC TIU
Chng ny cp n hai vn chnh sau:
1. Mt s tiu chun thit k v cch thc phn tn d liu mt cch hp l.
2. Nn tng ton hc h tr cho nh thit k xc nh s phn tn d liu.
Chng ny chia lm ba phn:
Phn th nht gii thiu m hnh thit k c s d liu phn tn vi hai
tip cn t trn xung v t di ln.
Phn th hai trnh by s thit k phn mnh ngang, phn mnh dc v
phn mnh hn hp.
Phn th ba trnh by s cp pht cc phn mnh. Vn ny nhm n
s nh x cc phn mnh n cc nh vt l.
3.1. M hnh thit k c s d liu phn tn
Trong chng ny chng ta ch tp trung vo nhng kha cnh ring bit trong c s
d liu phn tn m khng cp k n nhng vn thit k c s d liu tp
trung. Vic thit k c s d liu tp trung nhm n hai vn sau:
- Thit k lc quan nim.
- Thit k c s d liu vt l ngha l nh x lc quan nim n cc vng lu
tr v xc nh cc phng php truy xut thch hp.
Trong c s d liu phn tn hai vn ny tr thnh vn thit k lc ph
qut v thit k cc c s d liu cc b ti mi site. S phn tn c s d liu cng
thm vo cc vn trn hai vn mi:
Thit k s phn tn, ngha l xc nh cc quan h ph qut c phn mnh ngang,
dc hay hn hp nh th no?
Thit k s cp pht cc phn mnh, ngha l xc nh cc phn mnh c nh x
n cc nh vt l nh th no, k c vic xc nh s nhn bn d liu.
Hai vn mi ny c trng y cho s thit k phn tn d liu. S thit k
phn mnh l mt tiu chun lun l trong khi s thit k cp pht nhm n vic sp
t d liu vt l ti cc sites.
Mc du vic thit k cc chng trnh ng dng c xy dng sau khi thit k lc
, s hiu bit v cc yu cu ca cc chng trnh ng dng cng quyt nh n
s thit k lc v cc lc phi h tr cc ng dng mt cch hiu qu. Cc
yu cu ca ng dng nh sau:
Site m ng dng c a ra (cn c gi l site gc ca ng dng)
Tn s hot ng ca ng dng ( ngha l s lng yu cu hot ng trong
mt n v thi gian); trong trng hp tng qut cc ng dng c th c

a ra t nhiu sites, chng ta cn bit tn s hot ng ca mi ng dng ti

mi site.
S lng, kiu v s thng k phn tn ca cc truy xut c to bi cc ng dng
n mi i tng d liu c yu cu.
3.1.1. Cc mc tiu ca vic thit k phn tn d liu
a. S truy xut cc b
Mc tiu ca s phn tn d liu l cc ng dng truy xut d liu cc b
cng nhiu cng tt, gim bt cc truy xut d liu t xa.
Vic thit k s phn tn d liu ti a ho truy xut cc b c th c thc
hin bng cch thm s lng cc tham kho cc b v cc tham kho t xa
tng ng cho mi phn mnh d tuyn v mi cp pht phn mnh, t chn
ra gii php tt nht.
b. Tnh sn sng v kh tn ca cc d liu phn tn
Trong chng 1, chng ta ch ra tnh sn sng v kh tn ( tin cy) nh l
cc im mnh ca c s d liu phn tn so vi c s d liu tp trung. Mc
sn sng cao i vi cc ng dng ch c c thc hin bng cch lu tr
nhiu bn sao ca cng mt thng tin; h thng phi c kh nng chuyn n bn
sao c chn thch hp khi mt bn sao khng c truy xut bnh thng.
kh tn cng c thc hin bng cch lu tr nhiu bn sao, khi n c
kh nng phc hi khi c s ph hu mt s bn sao.
c. S phn b ti
S phn tn b tr trn cc sites l mt tnh cht quan trng ca cc h thng my
tnh phn tn. S phn b ti tn dng sc mnh ca vic s dng cc my
tnh, v cc i ho mc x l song song cc lnh thc thi ca cc ng dng.
V s phn b ti c th nh hng xu n s truy xut cc b nn cn xem xt
cn bng hai mc tiu ny.
d. Chi ph lu tr
S phn tn c s d liu phn nh chi ph ca s lu tr ti cc sites khc nhau.
Tuy nhin chi ph lu tr d liu khng ng k so vi chi ph xut nhp, chi ph
truyn thng ca cc ng dng. Nhng gii hn ca b lu tr phi c xem
xt k.
3.1.2 Cc tip cn t trn - xung v t di - ln thit k s phn tn d liu
C hai cch tip cn cho s thit k c s d liu: tip cn t trn - xung v tip cn
t di - ln.
Trong cch tip cn t trn xung, chng ta bt u 1. thit k lc ph qut;
2. thit k s phn mnh c s d liu v sau cng 3. cp pht cc mnh n cc sites,
to cc nh vt l ca chng.
Cch tip cn ny thch hp nht i vi cc h thng c pht trin t u v n
cho php thit k mt cch hp l. Trong chng ny chng ta khng cp n cch

thit k lc ph qut v lc vt l v n khng ring bit g i vi c s d

liu phn tn m tp trung vo s thit k phn mnh v cp pht cc phn mnh.
Khi c s d liu phn tn c pht trin nh l s t hp cc c s d liu sn
c th n li khng d dng i vi phng php tip cn t trn -xung. Trong
trng hp ny lc ph qut thng c to ra t s tho hip gia cc m t
d liu sn c. T cch tip cn t di-ln c th c s dng thit k s
phn tn d liu. Cch thit k t di ln yu cu:
Chn mt m hnh c s d liu chung m t lc ph qut ca c s d
liu.
Chuyn dch mi lc cc b vo trong m hnh d liu chung.
T hp li lc cc b vo trong lc ph qut chung.
Ba vn ny khng ring bit g i vi c s d liu phn tn m n hin din
ngay trong cc h thng tp trung. Bi th phng php thit k t di ln khng
c cp y. Tuy nhin ba vn ny rt quan trng trong cc h thng c s
d liu phn tn khng ng nht.
3.2. Thit k s phn mnh d liu
Thit k phn mnh l vn u tin phi gii quyt trong phng php thit k
phn tn d liu t trn xung. Mc ch ca vic thit k phn mnh l xc nh cc
phn mnh khng chng cho ln nhau. l cc n v logic ca s cp pht.
Thit k phn mnh l nhm cc b (trong trng hp phn mnh ngang) hoc
nhm cc thuc tnh (theo phn mnh dc) m c nhng tnh cht ging nhau t quan
im cp pht chng. Mi mt nhm cc b hay cc thuc tnh c cng tnh cht s
to nn mt phn mnh.
V d 3.1:
Xt s phn mnh ngang cho quan h ph qut EMP. Gi s rng cc ng dng quan
trng ca c s d liu phn tn ny yu cu thng tin t quan h EMP v cc nhn
vin l thnh vin ca cc d n. Mi phng ban l mt site ca c s d liu phn
tn.
Cc ng dng c th c gi t bt k phng ban no; tuy nhin khi chng c gi
t mt phng ban th n s u tin tm cc b nhn vin trong phng ban trc vi
xc sut cao hn nhng nhn vin ca phng ban khc. Trong trng hp ny cc
nhn vin c phn mnh ngang theo tnh cht lm vic cng mt phng ban.
Mt v d n gin v s phn mnh dc ca quan h EMP nh sau: gi s cc thuc
tnh SAL v TAX ch c s dng bi cc ng dng qun tr th cc thuc tnh ny
s nm trong phn mnh dc thch hp.
3.2.1 S phn mnh nguyn thy
Nhc li s phn mnh nguyn thy c nh ngha bng cch s dng php
chn la trn quan h ton cc. Tnh ng n ca s phn mnh nguyn thy i hi
mi b trong quan h ton cc ch nm trong mt v ch mt phn mnh. V th xc
nh mt phn mnh nguyn thy ca mt quan h ton cc yu cu xc nh mt tp

cc v t chn y v ri nhau. Tnh cht m chng ta yu cu cho mi phn mnh

phi c tham kho ng nht bi tt c cc ng dng.
Cho R l quan h ton cc m chng ta phn mnh ngang nguyn thy. Chng ta
a ra mt s nh ngha sau:
1. Mt v t n gin l v t c kiu:
Thuc tnh = gi tr
2. Mt v t s cp Y cho mt tp cc v t n gin P l chun hi ca tt c cc v
t xut hin trong P :
y = V ( p*i )
Vi p*i = pi hoc p*i= not pi v y = true
3. Mt phn mnh l mt tp cc b tng ng vi mt v t s cp
4. Mt v t n gin pi l thch hp i vi mt tp cc v t s cp P nu tn ti t
nht hai v t s cp m biu thc ca n ch khc nhau do v t p i (xut hin dng
thng thng v dng ph nh ca n) m cc phn mnh tng ng c tham
kho n bi t nht mt ng dng.
V d 2: Xt s phn mnh ngang v d 1. Gi s c mt s ng dng quan trng
yu cu cc thng tin v cc nhn vin tham gia vo cc d n; li c mt s ng
dng quan trng khc khng ch yu cu thng tin trn m cn cn thng tin v ngh
nghip. Hai v t n gin cho v d ny l DEPT =1 v JOB =P. Cc v t s cp
cho hai v t ny l:
DEPT = 1 AND JOB = P
DEPT = 1 AND JOB P
DEPT 1 AND JOB = P
DEPT 1 AND JOB P
Tt c cc v t n gin trn l thch hp, trong khi, v d, SAL > 50 khng l
mt v t thch hp; Ni chung, nu chng ta phn mnh vi bt k v t s cp no
trn cng vi v t n gin SAL>50 hoc SAL <=50 th mi phn trong hai phn
mnh s c tham kho nh nhau trong cc ng dng.
Cc nh ngha trn khng d xy dng. Tht khng may, php chn la ca cc v
t khng c h tr bi cc lut chnh xc m thng da trn trc quan ca ngi
thit k c s d liu. Tuy nhin chng ta cng c th nh ngha hai tnh cht c
trng cho mt s phn mnh thch hp.
Cho P = {p1, p2, ..., pn } l tp cc v t n gin. P th hin s phn mnh mt
cch ng n v hiu qa. P phi y v cc tiu.
1. Tp cc v t n gin P r c gi l y nu v ch nu xc xut mi ng
dng truy xut n mt b bt k thuc v mt mnh hi s cp no c nh
ngha theo Pr u bng nhau.
2. Tp cc v t n gin P r c gi l cc tiu nu tt c cc v t ca n thch
hp ( ngha l cc phn mnh tng ng c tham kho n bi t nht mt ng
dng)

V d 3:
Hai v d 1, 2 c th c s dng lm r cc nh ngha ny.
P1 = { DEPT =1 } khng y , v cc ng dng tham kho cc b ca cc lp
trnh vin vi xc sut ln hn nhng phn mnh khc dn t P1.
P2 ={ DEPT = 1, JOB = P } l y v cc tiu.
P3 = {DEPT = 1, JOB = P, SAL >50 }l y nhng khng cc tiu v SAL >
50 khng thch hp.
S phn mnh c th thc hin nh sau:
Nguyn tc: Xt mt v t p1 phn chia cc b ca R vo hai phn m chng c
tham kho khc nhau bi t nht mt ng dng. Cho P = p1.
Phng php: Xt mt v t n gin mi p i phn chia t nht mt phn mnh ca P
thnh hai phn m c tham kho khc nhau bi t nht bi mt ng dng. t P = P
U pi. Xo cc v t khng thch hp khi P. Lp li bc ny cho n khi tp ca cc
phn mnh c s l y .
V d 4:
Ly li cc v d lm v d minh ha cho phng php trn. Xt v t u tin
SAL > 50; gi s lng trung bnh ca cc lp trnh vin ln hn 50, v t ny xc
nh hai tp nhn vin m c tham kho mt cch khc nhau bi cc ng dng. Ta
c P1 = { SAL > 50}
Chng ta xt DEPT =1; v t ny l thch hp v c thm vo tp P 1, ta c P2 =
{SAL > 50, DEPT = 1}
Cui cng, xt JOB = P. V t ny cng thch hp v thm n vo P 2, ta c P3 =
{ SAL>50, DEPT = 1, JOB =P}. Chng ta khm ph ra SAL>50 khng thch hp
trong P3. V th chng ta nhn c tp cui cng l P 4 = { DEPT =1 , JOB = P}
y v cc tiu.
Xt mt v d tng qut :
V d ny da trn c s d liu chng 2 gm c cc quan h EMP, DEPT,
SUPPLIER, SUPPLY. Gi s c s d liu phn tn ca cng ty California c ba
sites ti San Francisco ( site 1), Fresno (site 2), v Los Angeles (site 3); Fresno nm
gia San Francisco v Los Angeles. C tt c 30 phng ban c nhm li nh sau:
10 phng ban u tin gn San Francisco, cc phng ban t 11 n 20 gn Fresno
v cc phng ban trn 20 th gn Los Angeles. Tt c cc nh cung cp San
Francisco hoc Los Angeles. Ngoi ra cng ty cng c chia theo khi nim min:
San Francisco min Bc, Los Angeles min nam cn Fresno nm gia hai min
nn mt s phng ban nm gn Fresno s ri vo min bc hoc min nam.
Chng ta thit k s phn mnh ca SUPPLIER v DEPT vi s phn mnh
ngang nguyn thy.
Cc nh cung cp trong quan h SUPPLIER(SNUM, NAME, CITTY) c gi tr
ca thuc tnh CITY l SF hoc l LA. Gi s c mt ng dng quan trng yu

cu cho bit tn nh cung cp (NAME) khi nhp m s nh cung cp (SNUM). Cu

lnh SQL cho ng dng nh sau:
Select NAME
from SUPPLIER
where SNUM = $X
ng dng c gi ti bt k site no; nu n c gi ti site 1, n s tham kho
n SUPPLIERS c CITY = SF vi xc sut 80%; nu c gi t site 2, n s
tham kho n SUPPLIERS ca SF v LA vi xc sut bng nhau; nu n c
gi t site 3, n s tham kho n SUPPLIERS ca LA vi xc sut 80%. iu
ny dn n l cc phng ban s lin h n cc nh cung cp gn .
Chng ta a cc v t sau:
p1 : CITY = SF
P2: CITY = LA
Tp {p1, p2} l y v cc tiu.
Mc du n gin, v d ny minh ha hai tnh cht quan trng sau:
- Cc v t thch hp m t cho phn mnh ny khng th c suy ra bng cch
phn tch m lnh ca ng dng.
- Quan h mt thit gia cc v t gim i s lng phn mnh. Trong trng hp
ny chng ta nn xem xt nhng v t tng ng vi cc v t s cp sau:
y1: (CITY = SF) AND (CITY = LA)
y2: (CITY = SF) AND NOT(CITY = LA)
y3: NOT(CITY = SF) AND (CITY = LA)
y4: NOT(CITY = SF) AND NOT(CITY = LA)
Nhng chng ta bit rng:
(CITY = LA) NOT (CITY = SF)
v

(CITY = SF) NOT (CITY = LA)

v v th chng ta suy ra y1 v y4 mu thun ln nhau v y2 v y3 s n gin thnh hai

v t p1 v p2.
By gi chng ta hy xt quan h ph qut sau:
DEPT(DEPTNUM, NAME, AREA, MGRNUM)
Chng ta s tp trung vo cc ng dng quan trng sau:
Cc ng dng qun tr ch c gi t site 1 v site 3; cc ng dng qun tr v cc
phng ban min bc c gi ti site 1 v cc ng dng qun tr v cc phng ban
min nam c gi ti site 3.
Cc ng dng v cng vic c qun l ti mi phng ban; chng c th c gi t
bt k phng ban no nhng chng phi tham kho cc b ca phng ban gn site ca
n nht vi xc xut cao hn cc b nhng lu nhng ni khc.

Chng ta a ra cc v t sau:
p1: DEPTNUM <= 10
p2: 10 < DEPTNUM <= 20
p3: DEPTNUM > 20
p4: AREA = North
p5: AREA = South
C mt s quan h gia cc v t trn nh AREA= North ko theo DEPTNUM >
20 l sai; v th s phn mnh gim cn 4 phn mnh:
y1: DEPTNUM <=10
y2: (10 < DEPTNUM <= 20) AND (AREA = North)
y3: (10 < DEPTNUM <= 20) AND (AREA = South)
y4: DEPTNUM > 20
p4: AREA = North

p5: AREA = South

p1: DEPTNUM <= 10

y1

FALSE

p2: 10 < DEPTNUM <= 20

y2

y3

p3: DEPTNUM > 20

FALSE

y4

Hnh 4.2 S phn mnh ca quan h DEPT

Mt nhn xt cui cng l s cp pht phn mnh cng d dng thy qua s phn
mnh ny. Cc phn mnh tng ng vi v t y 1 v y4 c lu tr ti site 1 v site
3; cc phn mnh ng vi cc v t y 2 hoc y3 th hin cc ng dng qun tr th c
phn b ti site 1 hoc 3 v cc phn mnh ng v cng vic ca phng ban c th
c lu tr ti site 2.
3.2.2 S phn mnh dn xut ngang
S phn mnh dn xut ngang ca mt quan h ton cc R khng da trn cc
thuc tnh ca n m c dn ra t s phn mnh ngang ca mt quan h khc. S
phn mnh dn xut ngang c s dng thun li cho vic kt ni cc mnh.
Mt kt ni phn tn l mt kt ni gia cc quan h phn mnh ngang. Khi mt
ng dng yu cu mt kt ni gia hai quan h ton cc R v S, tt c cc b ca R
v S cn c so snh; v th, cn phi so snh tt c cc phn mnh R i ca R vi cc
phn mnh Sj ca S. Tuy nhin, i khi chng ta c th gim mt s kt ni cc b
rng gia cc phn mnh. iu ny xy ra khi cc gi tr ca thuc tnh kt ni trong
Ri v Sj ri nhau.
Kt ni phn tn c biu din mt cch hiu qu bng cch dng th kt ni.
th kt ni G ca kt ni phn tn R v S l mt th (N,E) vi cc nt N th
hin cc phn mnh ca R v S v cc cnh v hng E biu din cc kt ni khng
rng gia cc phn mnh. n gin, chng ta khng cha trong cc phn mnh
no ca R v S m c kt ni rng. th kt ni c minh ha hnh I.10.

R1

R1
S1

R2

S2

R3

S3

R4

S1

R2
R3
S2

R1

S1

R2

S2

R3

S3

R4

S4

R4
S3
R5

Hnh I.10 Cc th kt ni
Chng ta ni mt th kt ni l hon ton khi n cha tt c cc cnh c th c
gia cc phn mnh ca R v S. N c rt gn khi mt mt s cnh. C hai kiu
th rt gn:
1. th kt ni c phn hoch nu th gm hai hay nhiu th con ri nhau.
2. th kt ni n gin nu n c phn hoch v mi th con c mt cnh.
Xc nh mt kt ni ca mt th kt ni n gin l rt quan trng trong thit
k c s d liu. Mt cp phn mnh m c kt ni bi mt cnh trong mt th
n gin th c mt tp gi tr chung ng ca thuc tnh kt ni. V th, nu c th
xc nh s phn mnh v s nh v ca hai quan h R v S sao cho th kt ni l
n gin v cc cp phn mnh tng ng c lu tr ti mt a im th kt ni
ny c th c biu din phn tn bng cch kt ni cc b cc cp phn mnh v
sau suy ra cc kt qu ca nhng kt ni qua cc a im.
Ti y c th a ra mt nh ngha hnh thc ca s phn mnh dn xut ngang.
Cho mt quan h ton cc R, cc phn mnh R i ca n c dn xut t s phn
mnh R v S qua php na kt ni SJ:
Ri = R SJf St
Kt ni R SJf St l n gin nu cc iu kin tch bit v y ca s phn
mnh c tha.
V d tng qut (tip theo)
Xt quan h SUPPLY (SNUM, PNUM, DETPNUM, QUAN). Gi s cc ng
dng m s dng quan h ny lun lun lin h n quan h khc nh quan h
SUPPLIER, DEPT nh sau:
- Mt s ng dng yu cu thng tin v cc giao dch cung cp t cc nh cung
cp cho trc; v th phi kt ni SUPPLY vi SUPPLIER trn thuc tnh SNUM.
Cc ng dng khc yu cu thng tin v cc giao dch cung cp t cc phng ban
cho trc. v th phi kt ni SUPPLY vi DEPT trn thuc tnh DEPTNUM.
Gi s quan h ph qut DEPT c phn mnh ngang theo DEPTNUM v quan
h SUPPLIER phn mnh ngang theo DEPTNUM. C hai phn mnh ngang dn xut

cho quan h SUPPLY bng php na kt vi cc phn mnh SUPPLIER v vi cc

phn mnh DEPT.
3.2.3 S phn mnh dc
Xc nh s phn mnh dc ca mt quan h ton cc i hi nhm li cc thuc
tnh m c tham kho cng kiu bi cc ng dng.
iu kin ng n ca s phn mnh dc yu cu mi thuc tnh ca R ph
thuc vo t nht mt tp thuc tnh v mi tp thuc tnh phi cha thuc tnh kho
ca R.
Mc ch ca s phn mnh dc l xc nh cc mnh R i no m nhiu ng
dng c th thc thi trn mt mnh. Xt mt quan h ton cc R c phn hoch
dc thnh R1 v R2. Mt ng dng s c li qua vic phn hoch ny nu n c th
c thc thi bng cch ch s dng R 1 hoc R2. Tuy nhin nu ng dng yu cu c
hai phn mnh th vic phn hoch ny khng c li v phi thc hin php kt ni
xy dng li R.
Vic xc nh mt phn mnh dc cho mt quan h ton cc khng d dng khi s
lng t hp cc thuc tnh ln. V th cch tip cn heuristic c u th hn. Chng
ta s m t vn tt hai cch tip cn ny:
1. Tip cn phn r: Mt quan h ton cc s c ln lt phn r vo thnh cc
phn mnh.
2. Tip cn gom nhm: Cc thuc tnh c gom nhm ln lt to thnh cc
phn mnh.
C hai tip cn ny ging nhau im: Chng tip din bng cch to ra mt
chn la tt nht ti mi vng lp. Trong c hai trng hp, cc cng thc chn la
c dng xc nh kh nng tt nht cho vic phn r hay gom nhm. Mt s
dng quay lui (backtracking) c th c to ra chuyn mt s thuc tnh t tp
ny n tp khc cho n khi t dc phn mnh cui cng.
Vic phn mnh dc ni ln s nhn bn trong cc phn mnh. S nhn bn c
nh hng khc nhau trong cc ng dng cp nht hay ng dng ch c. S nhn
bn c li cho cc ng dng ch c v n c tham kho cc b. Nhng i vi cc
ng dng cp nht th n li khng ph hp v chng ta phi cp nht tt c cc bn
sao bo m tnh nht qun.
V d tng qut (tip theo)
Xt quan h ph qut:
EMP(EMPNUM, NAME, SAL, TAX, MGRNUM, DEPTNUM)
Gi s cc ng dng s dng quan h EMP nh sau:
Cc ng dng qun tr tp trung site 3 yu cu thng tin NAME, SAL, TAX ca
cc nhn vin.
Cc ng dng v cng vic c qun l ti cc phng ban yu cu thng tin v
NAME, MGRNUM v DEPTNUM ca cc nhn vin; cc ng dng ny c th c

gi ti tt c cc sites v tham kho cc b nhn vin trong cng mt nhm ca cc

phng ban vi xc sut 80%.
V th s phn mnh dc ca EMP thnh hai mnh vi cc thuc tnh qun tr
v cc thuc tnh m t cng vic l kh t nhin. T chng ta c c hai phn
mnh dc nh sau:
EMP1(EMPNUM, NAME, TAX, SAL)
EMP2(EMPNUM, NAME, MGRNUM,DEPT)
Trong hai phn mnh ny chng ta quyt nh thuc tnh NAME c hai phn
mnh nhm tng hiu sut chng trnh (khi php thc hin php kt) v hn na l
tn ca cc nhn vin th thng l khng thay i.
3.2.4 S phn mnh hn hp
Cui cng chng ta xt s phn mnh hn hp. Cch thc d nht thc hin s
phn mnh hn hp l:
1. p dng s phn mnh ngang i vi cc phn mnh dc.
2. p dng s phn mnh dc i vi cc phn mnh ngang.
Mc du cc php ton trn c th lp li mt cch qui, nhng trn thc tin s
phn mnh khng nn qu hai cp.
Hnh 4.4 th hin th t ca s phn mnh nh sau:
S phn mnh ngang c p dng ngay trn mt phn mnh dc.
S phn mnh dc c p dng ngay trn mt phn mnh ngang.
A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

S phn mnh dc ri sau phn mnh ngang

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

S phn mnh ngang sau phn mnh dc

Hnh 4.4 S phn mnh hn hp ca quan h R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5)
V d tng qut
Xt li quan h ph qut EMP c phn mnh dc thnh EMP1 v EMP2. Gi s cc
ng dng v cng vic c iu hnh ti cc phng ban m s dng phn mnh
EMP2 tham kho n xc sut 80% cc b ca cc phng ban ln cn vi site m cc

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ng dng c gi. V th EMP2 c th c phn mnh ngang tip tc theo

nhm cc phng ban.
3.3. S cp pht cc phn mnh
Bi ton cp pht cc phn mnh khng ging nh bi ton cp pht h thng file v :
- Cc phn mnh khng c xem nh l cc files.
- C nhiu phn mnh hn cc quan h cc b.
- M hnh ho hot ng ng dng ca h thng file n gin hn ng dng trong
c s d liu phn tn.
Tiu chun chung cho s cp pht phn mnh: Trong vic xc nh s cp pht cc
phn mnh, iu quan trng l phi xc nh chng ta ang thit k s cp pht khng
d tha hay s cp pht d tha (tc l c s nhn bn d liu khng)
S nhn bn d liu sinh ra nhiu phc tp hn trong thit k, v:
- Mc nhn bn ca mi phn mnh l mt bin ca bi ton.
- M hnh ho cc ng dng ch c s phc tp hn bi cc ng dng phi chn
ra site no truy xut d liu.
xc nh vic nhn bn d liu, c hai phng php sau:
- Xc nh mt tp ca tt c cc site m li ch ca vic cp pht mt bn sao
nhiu hn chi ph b ra.
- u tin tin hnh khng nhn bn d liu sau bt u nhn bn d liu n
cc site m c li ch cao nht.

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