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4.02 Explain the elements
and principles of design.
Elements of design
Color
Line
Shape/Silhouette
Texture
Principles of design
Balance
Proportion
Emphasis
Rhythm
Color
Hue: (1) The technical
word for color. (2)
The name given to a
color, such as red or
yellow, that
distinguishes one
color from another.
Value: The
lightness or
darkness of a
color.
Tint: The lighter
hue created when
white is added to
a color.
Shade: The
darker hue
created when
black is added to
a color.
Color
Intensity: The
brightness or
dullness of a
color.
Neutrals: Black,
white, beige, and
gray. Neutrals
can be used
alone or with any
other colors.
Color wheel
A diagram that
illustrates
hues and
their
relationship to
each other.
Primary hues:
Red, yellow, blue.
These colors
cannot be made by
using any other
color. All other
colors are made
from a combination
of these.
Secondary hues:
Orange, green,
violet. These are
created by mixing
equal amounts of
two primary colors.
Intermediate hues:
Blue-violet, bluegreen, yellowgreen, yelloworange, red-orange,
red-violet. Colors
made by combining
equal amounts of
adjoining primary
and secondary
hues.
Cool colors:
Green, blue,
violet.
Think of the
sun and its
warmth.
Think of the
calmness of the
ocean or sky.
Color schemes
Plans that can be used to provide
harmonious color combinations.
Monochromatic
Splitcomplementary
Analogous
Triad
Complementary
Accented
Neutrals
Monochromatic color
Different tints,
shades, and
intensities of a
single color.
Example: light
blue trousers
and jacket with
a navy blue
vest.
Analogous colors
Two to five
colors that are
adjacent on the
color wheel.
Example:
orange, yelloworange and
yellow worn
together
Complementary colors
Two colors
opposite each
other on the
color wheel.
Example:
Orange and
blue
Split-complementary colors
One color plus
the colors on
each side of its
complement.
Example: red
combines with
yellow-green
and blue-green.
Triad colors
Three colors that
are equidistant
from each other
on the color
wheel.
Accented neutral
White, gray,
black, or beige
with a bright
color accent.
Example:
Businesswoman
wearing a gray
dress with a red
scarf.
Psychology of color
Shape
The silhouette or the overall form or
outline of an outfit or clothing style.
Influences the
illusion of size
Indicates
whether or not
apparel is in
fashion at a
given time
Bell-shaped
Back fullness (bustle)
Silhouettes
Are always changing in fashion
Line
A distinct, elongated mark that can
lead the path of eye movement
up and down, side to side, or
around objects.
Give direction, or a feeling of
movement
Provides visual direction
Helps draw attention to good points
and play down the bad ones
Directions of lines
Vertical lines: Lines that
go up and down. Vertical
lines create a taller, more
slender look.
Horizontal lines: Lines
that go across. Horizontal
lines give a shorter, wider
look.
Diagonal lines: Lines
that slant at an angle
rather than being vertical
or horizontal.
Examples of textures
Corduroy
Velvet
Denim
Satin
Cotton
Polyester
Balance
The principle of design that implies
equilibrium or steadiness among the parts
of a design or outfit.
Formal balance
Equilibrium provided by symmetrical
parts. One side resembles the
other.
Informal balance
Equilibrium provided
by asymmetrical
parts. One side is
unequal to the
other.
Proportion
The principle of design dealing with the
relative sizes of all the parts in a
design to each other and to the whole.
Garment details and accessories
should be proportioned for the
wearer.
Proportion is most pleasing when
garment areas are unevenly
divided.
Emphasis
The principle of design that uses
a concentration of interest or
area of focus in a particular part
or area of design.
Emphasis or a focal point can be
used to draw attention or to keep the
eye away.
Emphasis can be provided through
the use of color, texture, structural
lines, decorative lines, or
accessories.
Rhythm
The principle of design concerned with
the pleasing arrangement of the
design elements to produce a feeling
of continuity or easy movement of the
observers eye.
Rhythm is what allows the viewers eye to
move steadily and smoothly through the
lines and spaces of the design.
Rhythm
Repetition:
Gradation:
Rhythm created
Rhythm created
by repeated
by a gradual
lines, shapes,
increase or
colors, or
decrease of
textures in a
similar design
garment.
elements.
Rhythm (cont)
Radiation:
Alternation:
Rhythm created
Rhythm created
by lines
by alternating
emerging from a
elements such
central point like
as light and
rays, resulting in
dark colors or
the parts being
stripes of two
an equal
colors or sizes.
distance from a
given point.
To attract attention
White, yellow,
orange, and red
Bright colors
Busy prints
Shiny or
textured fabric
Clingy fabrics
To avoid attention
Dark, cool, and
dull colors
Plain patterns
Minimal structural
design
Earth tones
No applied
decoration