A.P.

PsychologyFinalExamReview

Unit1:Introduction&ResearchMethods
1.NameanddescribeeachoftheSevenPerspectivesofPsychology.
2.Whofoundedthefirstpsychologicallaboratory?
3.WhatisFunctionalismandwhowasthepsychologistassociatedwithit?
4.Whoisthefatherofmodernpsychology?
5.ExplainAppliedandBasicresearch.
6.Theleadingproducerofpaperproductswantstoincreasetheirsalesofpaper
cups.Theysetupatestprograminlocalsupermarkets.Identical8ouncepapercups
werepackagedintwowayshalfofthestockwaspackagedinthepresentplainboxes,
whiletheotherhalfofthestockwaspackagedinbright,cheery,pastelcolored
boxes.Salesvolumesforeachtypeofpackagewererecordedoveraperiodofsix
months.
WhatistheHypothesis,IndependentVariable,DependentVariable,ControlGroup,and
ExperimentalGroup?
7.Definethefollowingandgiveanexamplescenario:NaturalisticObservation,
CaseStudy,andSurvey.
8.ExplainthePlaceboEffect.
9.WhatisaDoubleBlindProcedureandwhyisitidealforexperiments?
10.WhatisHindsightBias?
11.DefineMean,MedianandMode.

Unit2:TheBiologicalSchool
1.ExplainthepathaNeuralImpulsetakesthroughaNeuron.
2.DefinethefollowingtypesofNeurotransmitters:Serotonin,Dopamine,Endorphins.
3.TheNervousSystemisbrokenupintotwosystems;Whataretheycalled?
4.WhatdoestheSomaticNervousSystemdo?
5.TheFightorFlightResponsecomesfromwhere?
6.DescribewhateachofthefollowingpartsoftheBraindoes:MedullaOblongata,
ReticularFormation,Pons,Thalamus,Cerebellum,Amygdale,Hypothalamus,
Hippocampus,FrontalLobe,TemporalLobe,OccipitalLobe,andParietalLobe.
7.WhatisBrainPlasticity?
8.WhywouldapersonhavetheirCorpusCallosumsevered?Whatwoulditdotothem?
9.WhathappenedtoPhineasGage?
10.WhatdoesthePituitaryGlanddo?
11.DefineSensoryandMotorNeurons.

Unit3:DevelopmentalPsychology
1.ExplaintheNaturevs.Nurturedebate.
2.Whatistemperament?
3.DefineGenderRole,GenderIdentity,andGenderTyping.
4.DefineTeratogenandgiveanexample.
5.WhatisSchema,AccommodationandAssimilation?
6.WhatarePiagetsFourCognitiveStagesofDevelopment?
7.DefineObjectPermanence,Conservation,EgocentrismandTheoryofMind.
8.WhatdidHarlowsmonkeyexperimentprove?
9.Describeeachofthefourparentingstyles.
10.WhatareKohlbergsthreeMoralStagesofDevelopment?
Unit4:Sensation&Perception
1.WhatisTransduction?

2.DefinetheCocktailPartyEffect.
3.ExplainthedifferencebetweenTopDownandBottomUpProcessing.
4.DescribethedifferencebetweenAbsoluteThresholdandDifferenceThreshold.
5.DefineSensoryAdaptationandSensoryInteraction.
6.Whatarethefunctionsofeachofthefollowing?Retina,Pupil,Iris,Rods,and
Cones.
7.DefinetheTrichromaticTheoryandtheOpponentProcessingTheory.
8.Whatdothefollowingpartsoftheeardo?Cochlea,SemicircularCanals.
9.WhatistheVestibularSense?
10.ExplainhowtheGateControlTheoryofPainworks.
11.DefineKinestheisis.
12.WhatarethetwoBinocularCues?Explaineach.
13.DefinethefollowingMonocularcues:LinearPerspective,RelativeHeight,
Interposition.
14.WhatisParapsychology?

Unit5:AlteredStatesofConsciousness
1.WhatisyourCircadianRhythm?
2.WhatisR.E.MSleep?WhathappensduringR.E.Mandwhyisitsoimportant?
3.ExplainFreudstheoriesondreams.(Whatarethey,whatdotheymean,etc.)
4.DefinePosthypnoticAmnesiaandPosthypnoticSuggestion.
5.WhatisthedifferencebetweenPhysicalandPsychologicalDependence?
6.Defineeachofthefollowingcategoriesofdrugsandgiveonedrugforeach
category:
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Depressants

Unit6:Learning
1.WhoisIvanPavlov?Explainhisfamousexperiment.
2.DefineGeneralizationasitpertainstoClassicalConditioning.
3.ExplaintheBabyAlbertexperiment.
4.WhatisthedifferencebetweenOperantandClassicalConditioning?
5.WhoisBFSkinner?ExplaintheSkinnerBox.
6.LabelthefollowingasPunishment,PositiveReinforcement,orNegative
Reinforcement:
A.Manbucklesseatbelttostopthecarfrommakinganannoyingbuzzing
sound.
B.TeenagergethiscurfewpushedbackanhourforgettingallAsonhis
reportcard.
C.Childrunshometotheairconditioningtoescapetheheat.
D.Youngchildisputintimeoutforpushinghersister.
7.Defineandgiveanexampleofthefollowingschedulesofreinforcement:
A.FixedRatio
B.FixedInterval
C.VariableRatio
D.VariableInterval
8.ExplaintwoproblemsassociatedwithPunishment.
9.ExplainAlbertBandurasBobotheClownexperiment.Whatdidwelearnfromit?
10.DefineObservationalLearning.

Unit7:Memory,Thinking,&Language

1.WhatisaFlashbulbMemoryandwhydoesithappen?
2.WhatisthedifferencebetweenRecallandRecognitionmemory?
3.DefinethefollowingtypesofMemory:
Sensory
ShortTerm
LongTerm
4.WhatisAutomaticProcessing?Whatissomethingthatisautomaticallyprocessed?
7.WhatareMnemonicDevicesandwhatisanexample?
8.ExplainMoodCongruentMemory
9.WhatisthedifferencebetweenProactiveandRetroactiveinterference?
10.Explainhowtheeventsthattookplaceinthe60minutes:PickingCottonare
anexampleoftheMisinformationEffect.
11.WhatisthedifferencebetweenRepresentativeandAvailabilityheuristics?
12.DefineFunctionalFixednessandgiveanexample.
13.WhatisConfirmationBias?

Unit8:Motivation,Intelligence,andEmotion
1.WhatistheDriveReductionTheory?
2.WhoisAbrahamMaslowandexplainhisHierarchyTheory.
3.WhatisIntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivation?
4.Definethefollowingtheories:
JamesLangeTheoryofEmotion
CannonBardTheoryofEmotion
SchacthersTwoFactorTheoryofEmotion
5.Whatisapolygraphmachineandwhatthreethingsdoesitmeasure?
6.DefineCharlesSpearmansGeneralIntelligenceorGFactor?
7.DefineeachofGardnersMultipleIntelligences:
Linguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
BodyKinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
8.WhatarethethreeintelligencesinRobertSternbergsTriarchicTheory?
9.DefineEmotionalIntelligenceandexplainwhyitmaybeabetterindicatorof
futuresuccessthanIQ.

Unit9:Personality
1.DefinethefollowingPsychoanalyticterms:
Id
Ego
Superego
FreeAssociation
2.Defineandgiveanexampleofeachofthefollowingdefensemechanisms.
Repression
Denial
Displacement
Projection
ReactionFormation
Regression
Rationalization

Sublimation
3.ExplaintheHumanisticPerspectiveofPersonality.(Self
Actualization/UnconditionalPositiveRegard)
4.DefinethefollowingSocialCognitiveterms:
LearnedHelplessness
InternalLocusofControl
ExternalLocusofControl

Unit10:AbnormalPsychology
1.WhatistheDSMIVandhowisitused?
2.WhatisSchizophrenia?Givesomeofthemajorcharacteristics.
3.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMajorDepressionandBiPolarDepression?
4.WhatisAntiSocialPersonalityDisorder?
5.WhatisConversiondisorder?Howcanthishappen?
6.WhatisDissociativeIdentityDisorder?

Unit11:SocialPsychology
1.HowdoestheAttributionTheoryattempttoexplainourviewsonothersbehavior?
2.DescribetheFundamentalAttributionErrorandgiveapossibleexample.
3.Whatareattitudes?Howaretheydevelopedandhowcouldtheypossiblyaffectour
behavior?
4.ExplaintheFootInTheDoorandDoorInTheFacephenomena.
5.HowmighttheCognitiveDissonanceTheoryexplainpeopleschangesinparticular
attitudes?
6.Whatisconformity?Whatarethereasonsthatwechoosetoconform?
7.WhataresomeexamplesofGroupInfluence?Howdotheyaffectpeoplesbehavior?
8.WhataresomeexamplesofSocialRelationsthatindividualshavewithone
another?
ConfusingPairs
Independent Variable (what is tested)
v Independent Variable (what is tested)
Experimental Group (group that is tested)
V Control Group (compared to the experimental, receives the placebo in a drug
experiment.
Left brain (language and logic)
V Right brain (creative and spatial).
Corpus Callosum (divides the brain)
V Cerebral Cortex (covers the brain)
Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or
flight)
Neurotransmitters (in the nervous system)
Lateral Hypothalamus (stimulates hunger)
Brocas Area (makes words)
Identical Twins (same fertilized egg

Parasympathetic (calming parachute)

V
V
V
V

Hormones (in the endocrine system)

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (suppresses hunger)
Wernickes Area (comprehends words)
Fraternal Twins (two separate eggs

Afferent neurons (sensory, body to brain)

Assimilation (all four-legged animals are
doggies)
Concrete operations (logical thinking)
Sensation (bottom-up processing)

V
V

Efferent neurons (motor, brain to body)

Accommodation (doggies are different than kitties)

V
V

Formal operations (philosophical thinking)

Perception (top-down processing)

Rods (night vision)

Classical conditioning (involuntary)
Primacy effect (first items remembered)

V
V
V

Cones (color vision)

operant conditioning (voluntary)
Recency effect (last items remembered)

Proactive interference (loss of the new info)

Implicit memory (non-declarative; skills)
Recall memory (no cues)

V
V
V

retroactive (loss of the old info)

Explicit memory (declarative, facts)
Recognition memory (some hints)

Algorithms (step-by-step)

Heuristics (rule-of-thumb)

Representative heuristics (stereotypes)

Availability heuristics (based on available info)

Phonemes (basic sound units)

Morphemes (basic units of meaning)

Fluid Intelligence (processing speed)

Validity (test measures what it should)
Achievement test (what youve learned)

V
V
V

Crystallized Intelligence (acquired knowledge)

Reliability (same scores on a retest)
Aptitude test (potential)

Intrinsic motivation (for personal satisfaction)

Theory Y (democratic/intrinsic)
Internal locus (you control the environment)

V
V
V

Extrinsic motivation (for rewards)

Theory X (rewards or punishment/extrinsic)
External locus (environment controls you)

Lithium (treats bi-polar)

Librium (treats anxiety)

Unit1:Intro&ResearchMethods
-

CaseStudies,Naturalistic
Observation,Surveys
Correlationresearchmethods
Experimentalresearch
Independentvs.dependentvariable
Experimentalvs.controlgroups
Controls
o Randomsampling
o Randomassignment
o Doubleblind
o Placebo
HindsightBias
Overconfidence
Normaldistribution

Unit2:TheBiologicalSchool
- Axons,dendrites,synapticgap,
myelinsheath
- Endorphins,serotonin,dopamine
- Sympatheticnervoussystem
- Parasympatheticnervoussystem
- Brainstem
o medulla(heartbeatand
breathing)
o reticularformation(arousal
center)
o thalamus(thesensory
switchboard)
- Limbicsystem
o hippocampus(memory)
o hypothalamus(drives(eating
andsex)/pleasurecenter)
o cerebellum(balanceand
coordination)
o amygdala(fearandaggression)

Authoritative,Authoritarian,
Permissive
MoralDevelopment(Kohlberg)
o Preconventional,
conventional,post
Conventional
o Egocentrism
o Strangeranxiety
o Sensorimotor,preoperational,
concrete,formal
CognitiveDevelopment(Piaget)
o Schema,assimilation,
accommodation
o Objectpermanence
Attachment

Unit4:SensationandPerception
- AbsoluteThreshold
- Vision
o Partsoftheeye:pupil,lens,
retina(rodsandcones),fovea
- Blindspot
- Hearing
o Partsoftheear:eardrum,
bonesofthemiddleear,
cochlea,haircells
- Kinesthesis
- Selectiveattention
- Perceptualset
- Visualcapture
- Binocularcues(retinaldisparity,
convergence)
- Monocularcues(relativesize,
relativeheight,texturegradient,
interposition,linearperspective,
relativeclarity)

CerebralCortex
o OccipitalLobe(Vision)
o ParietalLobe(SensoryCortex)
o TemporalLobe(Hearing)
o Frontal(Personality/Judgment/
MotorCortex)
o Righthemisphere:Spatialand
Emotions
o Left:LanguageandLogic
AlzheimersDisease(decreased
acetylcholine)
ParkinsonsDisease(decreased
dopamine)

Unit3:DevelopmentalPsychology
- Identicaltwins(fromsame
fertilizedegg)
- Fraternaltwins(fromtwoseparate
eggs)
Unit6:Learning
- Classicalconditioning(Pavlov)
o CS,UCS,CR,andUCR
- Acquisition,extinction,
spontaneousrecovery,
discrimination,generalization
- OperantConditioning(Skinner)
o PositiveandNegative
reinforcers
-

ObservationalLearning(Banduraand
Bobodollexperiment

Unit7:MemoryandThinking
- Contexteffect
- Encoding,Storage,Retrieval
- Mnemonicdevices
- SpacingEffect
- Serialpositioneffect
- Proactiveinterference
- Retroactiveinterference
- Forgetting
- Algorithms
- Heuristics
o Representativeness
o Availability
- FunctionalFixedness
Unit8:Intelligence,Motivationand
Emotion
-

Achievementtests(APexams)
Aptitudetests(SATs,IQtests)
Reliability
Validity

Unit5:StatesofConsciousness
SleepandDreams:
-

Alphawaves,deltawaves,circadian
rhythm,manifest/latentdream
content
SleepCycle
REMSleep(paradoxical)
Sleepdisorders(Nightterrors,
Narcolepsy,Insomnia,SleepApnea)
Hypnosis
Drugs(depressants,stimulants,and
hallucinogens)

Unit9:Personality
PsychoanalyticTheory
-

FreeAssociation
Freud
Dreaminterpretation
Id,Ego,Superego
Defensemechanisms(repression,
reactionformation,projection,
displacement,sublimation)
Projectivetests(TAT,Rorschach)
Archetypes

Unit10:AbnormalPsychology
- DSMIV
- AnxietyDisorders
o GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder
o PanicDisorder
o Phobias(agoraphobia)
o ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder
- PersonalityDisorders
o Antisocial
o Dependent
o Histrionic
o Narcissistic
- SomatoformDisorders
o ConversionDisorder
o Hypochondriasis
- DissociativeDisorders(Amnesia,
Fugue,DID)
- MoodDisorders

FactorAnalysis
GFactor(Spearman)
GardinersMultipleintelligences
EmotionalIntelligence
Intrinsicandextrinsicmotivation
Instinctvs.Drivereductionvs.
OptimumArousal
- TheoriesofEmotion
- Polygraph
- Stress
o Burnout
TypeA,BPersonalities

o MajorDepressiveDisorder
o Dysthymicdisorder
o BipolarDisorder
Schizophrenia
Therapies/Treatment