Adv

k rf ;– csKyfa[mif;ausmaf Zm twˆKy`wdW
'kw,d ydik ;f
zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;

(16)
&efukefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u bDtdkifatwyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzG@J pnf;ygonf? bDtdkifat wyfr (1) udk Adkvfr–;}uD;aZ,sudk OD;pD;
apIvnf;aumif;/ wyfr (2) udk Adkvfr–;}uD;ae0if;udk OD;pD;apIvnf;aumif;/ wyfr (2) wyfzG@J +yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. A[dkXmecsKyfu OD;pD;+yD;
txufArmjynfodk@ qkwfcGmxGufajy;aeaom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk *syefppfwyfESifh yl;aygif;+yD; vdkufIwdkufrnf? &efukefwGif usaemf.wyfom
csefxm;+yD; atmufArmjynf bDtdkifatwyfzG@J rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfxdef;odrf;&efESifh &efukefwGif usaemfu Adkvfoifwef;wckzGifh+yD; ppfAdkvfavmif;rsm;udk
oifwef;ay;I aemifwyfopfrsm; zG@J &mwGif Adkvfavmif;rsm;&&Sdatmif pkaqmif;xm;&ef wm0efay;ygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh bDtdkifatwyfz@GJ rsm; Adkvfr–;}uD;aZ,sESifh Adkvfr–;}uD;ae0if;wdk@ OD;pD;aomwyfr (2) wyfwdk@ txufArmjynfodk@
t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;aemufodk@ vdkufwdkuf&ef csDwuf=uygonf?
usaemfonf usaemfw h yfukd &efuek òf r@=unfjrifwikd v
f ðkH cHa&;udk umuG,&f ef wyfp&GJ ygonf? atmufArmjynf bDtikd af t±H;k udk &efuek w f iG f
zGifhvSpf+yD; wzufu a*:&mukef;wGif Adkvfoifwef;zGifh+yD; oif=um;&ygonf? xdktcsdef *syefAdkvfrdk;óu; (qlZluD;) wdk@vnf; &efukefwGif &Sdaeygonf?
xdktcsdefu usaemftvkyf tvGefrsm;ygonf? eHeufydkif;wGif ppfAdkvfavmif;oifwef;wGif udk,fwdkifoifwef;ay;+yD; ae@vnfESifh naewGif
atmufArmjynf bDtdkifatwyfrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk bDtdkifat±Hk;zGJ@+yD; vkyfudkif&onf? ntcgwGif aemufae@ Adkvfoifwef;wGifoif&ef
rSwfpkrsm; jyifqif&jcif;ESifh tvkyfaºu;rsm;udk vkyf&jcif;jzifh rtm;rvyfwm0efawG rsm;jym;vSygonf?
xdkumvtwGif;rSm atmufArmjynf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif bDtdkifatwyfrsm;u u&ifrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;qdkwJh udpPjzpfay:
vmcJhygonf? xdkudpP usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf ,ckjyef+yD;a&;om;ygrnf?
'DudpPwGif usaemfAdkvfausmfaZm wm0efruif;cJhyg? jzpfyGm;wJhae&m[m Armjynfawmifydkif; {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: ajrmif;jrc±dkif
twGif;jzpfonf? umvu 1942 ckESpf tv,favmufrSm jzpf+yD; t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;u *syefwyfESifh bDtdkifat wyfwdk@&@J xdk;ppfa=umifh tdEdN,odk@
tjyif;qkwfcGmaecsdef jzpfygonf? ‚wdk@u olwdk@&@J qkwfcGmr_udk taxmuftulðyap&ef 0g'jzef@chw J mu wdk@rwwfomvdk@ qkwfcGm&w,f? (3)
vtwGif; jyefvm=ur,f? 'DtwGif; rif;wdk@*syefudk wwfEdkifoavmuf qef@usifwdkufcdkuf=u[k vH_@aqmfcJh=uonf? vufeufwcsKd@udkvJ
xkwfay;xm;cJhonf[k qdk=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@udk vdkvm;tm;udk;=uaom u&iftrsKd;om; trsm;&Sd&m {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:rSm
u&ifykefuefr_ pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf? olykefacgif;aqmifu u&iftrsKd;om; a&$xGef;=um jzpfygonf?
xdkpOfu a&$xGef;=umwdk@ u&ifolykefwyfzG@J [m vufeufudkif (100) cef@avmufom &Sdao;onf xifygonf? ajrmif;jròr@rSm *syefwyf
r&Syd gb;l ? a'ocHbt D ikd af t wyfuav;om &Syd gonf? olw@kd u&ifoyl ek o f mG ;wdu
k &f m rEdik yf g? Arm&GmwcsK@d vnf; twdu
k cf &H rSm a=umuf&@HG ae=uonf?
aemufydkif; ajrmif;jròr@rSmyif jrefrmtrsm; u&ifvmwdkufrSm ylyefae=uonf? òr@ay:&Sd u&iftenf;pkuvnf; jrefrmawGu olwdk@udkvmwdkufrSm
pdk;=uonf? ajrmif;jr bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efcHawGua&m ppfbufwm0efcHwdk@uyg usaemfhxHtultnD awmif;=uonf?
usaemfhrSmvnf; wyfr[mqdkayr,fh wyf&if; (Battalion) w&if;om &Sdonf? usaemfhwyf tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSmvnf; xdkif;e,fpyfu
zGJ@vmonfh xdkif;&Srf;ESifh xdkif;ArmrsKd;qufawGjzpf+yD; jrefrmpum; tm;vHk;vdkvdk rwwf=u? wyfcGJr–;rsm;om jrefrmpum; wwf=uonf?
wyfulv$wfoifh rv$wfoifh pOf;pm;aepOf xdkumvu usaemfh±Hk;udk r=umc% vmwwf+yD; usaemfhudk tultnDrsm;/ t}uH^m%frsm; ay;ae
wwfonfh ocifAdkvfqdkaom ocifacgif;aqmifESifhawG@pOf xdkudpP wdkifyif=unfhawmh “'DwyfrsKd;awGrv$wfESifh 'DudpP+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;wm
aumif;w,f? &efukefo&ufawm bkef;}uD;ausmif;wdkufrSm u&ifbkef;}uD;OD;y¾0 qdkwm&Sdw,f? ol[m EdkifiHa&;vnf;em;vnf u&if
trsKd;om;vnf;jzpf+yD; u&ifawGtay:vnf; tawmf=oZm&Sdw,f? xdkq&mawmfudk umuG,fzdk@ wyfenf;enf;ay;+yD; xdka'otwGif; vSnfh+yD;
+idrf;csrf;a&; w&m;a[majym em;cs&if +idrf;csrf;Edkifw,f” vdk@ t}uHðyygonf? xdkpOfocifacgif;aqmifrsm; axmifxaJ &mufaeaomfvnf; ocifAdkvf
[m eHrnfodyfr}uD;ao;vdk@ tjyifrSmusef&pf+yD; vkyfp&m&Sdwmvkyfae&mrSm usaemf wm0ef}uD;rSef;odvdk@ r=umc% tultnDawGay;aewm1
jzpfygonf? (usaemf 1990 avmufrmS od&wmu ocifAv kd [ f m 1939/ =o*kwv f rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd acgi;f aqmif
4 / 5 OD;ESifh pwifzG@J pnf;&mrSm yg0ifchJonfh yk*~dKvf jzpfygonf?)
usaemfonf usaemfw h yfrS oifah wmfrnfw h yfpk (vl oH;k q,fcef@) wpkukd qGx J w k +f yD; usaemf. Adv k of ifwef;rS tawmfreG &f nfaysmah ysmif;wJh
wuUodkvfausmif;om;wOD;udk vufzwifeif Adkvf&mxl;ay;+yD; wyfpk. t}uD;tuJcef@um ocifAdkvf tpDtpOftwdkif; q&mawmfOD;y¾0ESifh
xdku&ifa'orsm;odk@ v$wfvdkufygonf? &GmawGvSnfh+yD; w&m;a[m=uonf? 'D=um;xJ olykefacgif;aqmif a&$xGef;=umu wyfr–;ESifh
pum;ajymvdka=umif;ac:I wyfom;ESpfa,muf v$wfvdkuf&m owfypfjcif; cH&ygonf? aemufw}udrf wOD;vnf; 'DvdkyJ towfcH&ygonf?
q&mawmfu pdwfrysufbJ qufa[majymaeonf? xdk@a=umifh tajctae tawmfat;csrf;vmp ðyvmonf?
xdktcsdefrSm Adkvfrdk;óu;wdk@&@J rDemrDuDuefrS*syefawG xdkudpPodoGm;+yD; 'D+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPudk olwdk@vkyfrnfqdkum q&mawmf rygawmhbJ
([dik ef efu|e;f rSm usaemfw@kd q&m r[kwcf w hJ )hJ ppfwyf&mxl; vufzwifeifAv kd Ef iS hf bDtikd af twyf&mxl; (Adv k rf ;– }uD;) ume,fjzpfol (eHrnfaumif;pGm
rrSwfrd) “tD*sDrm;” xifonf? oludk,fwdkifacgif;aqmif+yD; usaemfhwyfpkuav;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;w&m;a[mzdk@ q&mawmfoGm;wJh a'oawGqD
xGufoGm;ygonf?
(1942) arvqef;wnrSm usaemftdyfaysmfaepOf rDemrDuDuefrS Adkvfrdk;óu;u v$wfvdkufonfh *syefESpfa,muf usaemfhtdrfuif;udk
twif;qGv J m+yD; usaemfhudkE_d;+yD; ajymjyonfrSm - ajrmif;jra'orSm vSnfhvnfoGm;aewJh ume,ftD*sDrm; usqHk;oGm;+yD/ e,l;a'vDa&'D,dku
*syefwyfwwyfudk +Adwdo#vdkvm;aom u&ifaysmuf=um;awGu csKHcdkwdkufcdkuf&m *syefume,fwOD; usqHk;oGm;a=umif; toHv$ifhvdk@ wdkusKdu
oufqdkif&muwqifh ume,fqlZluD; (Adkvfrdk;óu;) udk tjref'DudpP ta&;,lcdkif;I reufzef Adkvfrdk;óu; 'Da'ooGm;r,f? cifAsm;yg vdkuf&r,f?
cifAsmwyfawG csufcsif;eufzefxGufEdkifatmif vkyf&r,fqdkvdk@ usaemfhwyfco GJ Hk;cGaJ usmfavmuf wyfjyif+yD; aemufae@Adkvfrdk;óu;eJ@ vdkuf&ygonf?
ajrmif;jroGm;+yD; wdkufyjGJ zpf&mae&mudk oGm;=unfhygonf? usqHk;oGm;aom *syefume,f. tavmif;udk &SmazG&,l+yD; rD;o+*dK[fum
t±dk;tdk;udk ,lygonf? xdkaemuf Adkvfrdk;óu;onf u&ifolykefrsm; tajcpdkuf&ma'o &Gmrsm;udk vufpm;acswdkufcdkuf&ef ESpfywfr# csDwuf
okGm;vmcJhygonf? xdktwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfaeaom usaemfhwyfpkuav;onf tawmftxdem+yD; acgif;aqmif Adkvfuav;vnf; usqHk;oGm;+yD
xifygonf?
Adkvfrdk;óu;u olykef&Sdonf[k ,lq&aom&Gmrsm;udk twif;wufodrf;ydkufcdkif;+yD; ckcH&if tm;vHk;udk wdkufcdkufowfjzwfzdk@ usaemfh
wyfrª;awGudk wdkuf±dkuftrdef@ay;onf? wcgw&H usaemfuwqifh trdef@ay;onf?
'DvdkeJ@wywfavmuf=umatmif wdkufcdkufowfjzwfyGJawG jzpfygawmhonf? usaemfu ckcHwJh&Gmom;awGudkom wdkufcdkufzdk@
rckcH&ifw&m;a[m+yD; vufeufawGtyfcdkif; odrf;cJhzdk@wyfr–;awGudk ajymygonf?
wdkufcdkufowfjzwfr_rsm; odyfrsm;vdrfhrnf[k usaemfrxifcJhyg? aemuf&efukefjyefa&muf+yD; vtcsKd@=umrS &Gmom;rsm; tawmf
aoa=ua=umif; =um;&ygonf?
xdkodk@jzpf&onfrSm Adkvfrdk;óu;trdef@a=umifh jzpf&aomfvnf; xdkpOfu usaemfhwyf tm;vHk;eD;yg; jrefrmpum;rwwf=ubJ tawG@tñuH
tavhtusifhvnf; odyfr&Sdao;vdk@ ydkqdk;&onf[k xifygonf?
xdpk Ofu Advk rf ;kd óu;u wyfr;– }uD;jzpf+yD; usaemfu ol@&@J ppfO;D pD;tjzpfrsK;d aqmif&u G cf &hJ wm jzpfygonf? olonf xdpk Ofu bDtikd af twyf&@J
ppfaoemywdcsKyfvnf; jzpfygonf? usaemfonf xdkESpf (50) ausmfumvu touf (23) ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;rsKd;cspf awmfvSefa&;
ppfom;wOD;r#om jzpfygonf? ppfom;tjzpf trdef@emcHa&;om t"duxm;cJh&ygonf?
odk@aomf usaemfhwm0efruif;cJhyg? xdkpOfu usaemfom EdkifiHa&;tod wpHkw&mom&Sdygu xdkudpPudk tawmfa&SmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
ckcHwhJ&Gmom;awGudk owfjzwfwhJtxdra&mufapbJ Adkvfrdk;óu; auseyfatmif &GmtcsKd@ rD;±_d@jywmvkyfypfv#if +yD;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?
Tum; u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; jrpf0u|e;f ay:wGif owfjzwfc&H onfu h pd P jzpfygonf? usaemfxpkd Ofu wyfrawmfAv kd rf ;– &mxl;ESihf jzpfygonf?
Tae&mwGif xdkumvtjzpftysuf wckudk owd&vmI ajymjycsifygao;onf?
Adv k af Z,su olueG jf rLepfygw0D if rjzpfru D udpw P ckukd ajymjyonfrmS oloabFmESihf wae&mc&D;xGu&f m rsuEf mS csi;f qdik rf S vmaeaom
oabFmwpD;ay:wGif *syefppfAv kd wf OD;udk awG@&mwGif xdpk pfAv kd uf ºkd um;jyonfh taeESihf rdro d abFmay:&Sd t+idrrhf if;orD;udq k +JG yD; cg;udzk ufjyvdu k o f nf?
oabFmcsif;jzwfrdawmhrS ol*syefppfAdkvf[kxifolrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jzpfaeojzifh olacsmufusoGm;a=umif; usaemfhudk ajymjyzl;ygonf?
Advk af Z,srmS uGejf rLepfygwD r0ifcifu Tod@k aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; aexdik v f mcJo h jl zpfonf? aemuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw0D if jzpfvm+yD;aemuf
ol@b0 t}uD;tus,af jymif;vJ aumif;rGeo f mG ;onf? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD acgi;f aqmifwa,muftjzpf ygw. D !ïe=f um;csut f & 1948 ckEpS w f iG f
awmcdk+yD;aemuf tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;ESifh wdkufyjGJ zpf&mwGif 1968 ckESpf {+yDv 16 &ufae@wGif ArmjynfawmwGif;wae&mwGif a=uuGpJ Gm usqHk;
oGm;&aom jynfolwdk@. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk@ 1943 ckESpfavmufu ysOf;rem;òr@wGif aexdkifae=upOf Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;vnf; av,mOfypfpuftajrmuf wyf&if;rª;tjzpf
&Sdae&m wae@wGif AdkvfjrifhatmifxHodk@ ol@rdcif}uD;vmI vnfywfaeonf[k usaemf=um;&onf? Adkvfjrifhatmmifu ,cifu ol@rdcif
ta=umif;vnf; usaemfhtm;ajymxm;I ol@rdcifta=umif; usaemfodae&m xdkom;trdudk usaemfu npmxrif;pm;yGJ au|;vdkojzifh usaemfhudk

2
wav#mufvHk; apmifha&Smufðypk au|;arG;aeaom udkygudk xrif;weyf aumif;pGmau|;&ef !ïef=um;+yD; Adkvfjrifhatmifwdk@ om;trdudk usaemfu
xrif;pm;zdwfum npmau|;arG;ygonf?
xrif;pm;yGw J iG f usaemfu Adv k jf rifah tmifrcd ifukd usaemfEiS hf Adv k jf rifah tmifrmS tvGe&f if;ES;D aom rdwaf qG}uD;awG jzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf?
rdcif}uD;uvnf; olodaea=umif; ajymjyonf? xrif;pm;yGw J Gif tm;vHk;aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;aomuf =uonf? olwdk@om;trd tawmfcspfcif=uyHk
&onf? AdkvfjrifhatmifrdcifrSm aus;vufoljzpfaomfvnf; tom;t&nfjzL+yD; 00òz;òz;ESifh t&yftarmif;vnf; aumif;onf? pum;ajym&m
wGifvnf; rGefrGef&nf&nf&Sdonf?
1945 ckESpfwGif[k ,lq&onf? usaemfwdk@rdwfaqG &Jabmf}uD;AdkvfjrifhatmiftwGuf tvGefa=uuGzJ G,f&mudpP jzpfch&J onf? jzpf&yHkrSm
Adv
k jf rifah tmif}uD;onf oli,fpOfb0u ynma&; rvku d pf m;Edik cf o hJ jzifh wcgw&H odrif ,fpw d 0f if+yD; pdwrf aumif;jzpfy&kH onf? xd@k a=umifh olt&uf
enf;enf;rl;onfhtcg wpHkw&m temtqmawG@&v#if pdwfqdk;+yD; qlqlylylvkyfwwf&m &JabmfawG pdwfnpf&onf? Adkvfva&mif}uD;&Sdv#if
Adkvfva&mif}uD;u Adkvfjrifhatmifudk acsmharmh+yD; ajyjypfap&onf?
wcgwGif Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD; TuJhodk@ pdwfqdk;+yD; qlqlylyl vkyfrdonf? xdkudpP AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
xdkudpPrsdK; Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rS yaysmufoGm;atmif &nf&G,f+yD; Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;tm;ac:um jypfwifqlylavonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
Todk@qlylzl;onf r&SdchzJ l;ojzifh tm;vHk;u0dkif;+yD; xdkudpP od=uonf?
Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf olrsm;pGm=unf!dkav;pm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol@udk yxrqHk;ac:,l+yD; jypfwifqlylonfudk
rsm;pGmem=unf; rsm;pGm&SufoGm;yHk &onf? rsuf&nfawGESifh iHk@cH+yD; AdkvfcsKyftcef;rS xGufvmonf?
r=umrD Adv k jf rifah tmif}uD;tcef;rS aoewfo=H um;&I usaemfw@kd ajy;0ifomG ;aomtcg Adv k jf rifah tmif}uD;rSm OD;acgi;f rS aoG;awGxu
G af e+yD;
tm;v#m;arSmuf aoqHk;aeonfudk usaemfwdk@ 0rf;enf;a=uuGzJ G,f awG@&awmhonf? Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf ol@ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf}uD;jzifh
ol@em;xifawh+yD; ol@udk,fol ypfowfvdkufyHk&onf? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; rsuf&nfawGESifh ,lñuH;r& 0rf;enf;a=uuG&J ygawmhonf?
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;vnf; tvGeaf =uuGpJ mG ESihf tjcm;buf vSnx hf u G o
f mG ;ygonf? xdrk pS +yD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf wOD;wa,mufurkd #
ac:,l+yD; jypfwifajymqdkjcif;rsm; vkyfonf[k r=um;&awmhacs?
xdkpOfu usaemfwdk@&Jabmftm;vHk;rSm Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ pdwfxdcdkuf=u&ayonf? &Jabmftm;vHk;rSm
Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD; wdkufyw GJ Gifr[kwfbJ ,ckvdk rawmfwq usqHk;&jcif;udk rsm;pGmESajrm0rf;enf;=uonf?
usaemfhpdwfwGif Adkvfjrifhatmif.rdcif}uD;u ol@om;uG,fvGef&aomudpPudk b,fvdk&ifqdkifavrvJ[kawG;+yD; pdwfylaerdonf?
ol@rdcif}uD;ESifh usaemfrSm ol@psmye+yD;onfhaemuf aemufxyfwcgr# rawG@&awmhacs? Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;rSm usaemfhZmwd om,m0wD/ oHk;q,fòr@/
qdkif;pk&Gm&Sd usaemfhrdbrsm;tdrfodk@ usaemfwcgac:oGm;I a&mufchJzl;olvnf; jzpfygonf?
1943 ckESpfavmufwGif xifonf? rdrdwdk@ ArmhwyfrawmfwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &if;om &Sdonf? yxrwyf&if;udk Adkvfae0if;u
ysOf;rem;Adkvfudwfausmif;Y udkifygonf? 'kwd,wyf&if;udk Adkvf&efEdkifu ysOf;rem;rSmyif udkifygonf? wwd,wyf&if;udk ysOf;rem; - opfawm
ausmif;wGif AdkvfaZ,su udkifygonf?
xdkESpfwGif aemufxyfajcvsifwyf&if;opf (4)/ (5) ESifh (6) - wyf&if;(3) &if; wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;onf? ajcvsifwyf&if; (4) udk usaemf
Adkvfrª;ausmfaZmudkvnf;aumif;/ ajcvsifwyf&if; (5) udk Adkvfrª;atmifudkvnf;aumif;/ ajcvsifwyf&if; (6) udk Adkvfrª;&efatmifudkvnf;aumif;
wyf&if;rª;rsm; cef@xm;+yD; udkifapygonf? ysOf;rem;wGifyif jzpfygonf?
tm;vHk;yif rdrdwdk@udkif&aom wyf&if;udk wyf&if;aumif;awGjzpfatmif óu;pm;=uygonf?
usaemfuikd &f aom wyf&if;(4) opfukd usaemfu, kd wf ikd f ppfoifwef;rsm; tptqH;k oif=um;ay;ygonf? wyf&if;rSm pkpak ygi;f vl t=uyfEiS hf
t&m&Sdrsm;tyg (800 &Spf&m) ausmfavmuf&Sdrnf xifygonf?
wae@wm ppfynmoif=um;aom tcsdefZ,m;t=urf;rSm eHeufydkif;tcsdefwGif yxr usaemfudk,fwdkifu wyf&if; (4) &Sd t=uyf -
t&mcHAv kd Ef iS hf t&m&SAd vkd af wG pkpak ygi;f &Spq f ,f (80) r#avmufukd wae@oif&rnfh ppfavhusichf ef;rsm;udk usaemfu, kd w
f ikd f pkaqmif;avhvmxm;+yD;
oif=um;avhusifhr_udk jyooif=um;ygonf? ‚rSm oifwef;tm;vHk;. t"duoifwef; jzpfygonf?
‚ae@ eHeufyikd ;f wGiyf if 'kw, d oifwef;wckrmS usaemfyxrwae@u oif=um;xm;aom t=uyft&m&Sw d csKd @u wyf&if;&Sd ppfom;rsm;udk
ppfynmoif=um;ay;ygonf?
‚yxrae@ - ae@vnfESifh naeydkif;wGif ,if;yxrae@ eHeufydkif;wGif usaemf.oif=um;ay;r_udk cH,l&aom wyf&if; (4) t=uyfESifh
t&m&Sdrsm;u wyf&if;&Sd ppfom;rsm;udk csufcsif;yif eHeufydkif;u usaemfoif=um;ay;aom ppfynmudk jyefIoif=um;ay;&ygonf?
‚yxrae@ - ae@vnfydkif;ESifh naeydkif;wGif 'kwd,vkyfief;rSm usaemfudk,fwdkifrS aemufae@eHeuf wyf&if;(4) t=uyf t&m&Sdrsm;udk
oif=um;rnfh ppfynmrsm;udk avhvmjyifqifjcif;ESifh vdktyfcsufwdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ usaemfxyfrHodvkdaom tcsufwdk@udk wyf&if; (4) &Sd *syef
t}uHay;t&m&SdxHrS ar;jref;avhvmjcif; ðyvkyf&ygonf?

3
 usaemfhwyf&if;(4) rS *syeft}uHay;ppft&m&SdrSm *syefppfwyfrS vufzwifeifAdkvf jzpfygonf? olonf *syefppfwyf. t+rJwrf;
wyfom;r[kwf/ ppftwGif; ta&;ay:oifwef;qif; ppfAdkvfjzpfaomfvnf; ppfynmudk *±kpdkufyHk&ygonf? usaemfar;or# ar;cGef;rsm;udk ol.
om;a&vG,ftdwfxrJ S *syefppfwyf ppfynmvufppGJ mtkyf 2 tkyf 3 tkyfudkzGifh+yD; zwfjy&Sif;jyygonf?
usaemfwdk@. pum;jyefrSm wyf&if;(4) odk@ a&mufvmol t&m&Sdrsm;wGif Adkvfavmif;t&m&Sd 2 OD; 3 OD; yg0if&m xdkAdkvfavmif; tm;vHk;
wdk@onf *syefpum; tawmfwwfu|rf;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdktxJrS pum;twwfqHk; Adkvfpdk;vd_if[k usaemfrSwfrdaeaomolu pum;jyef
vkyfay;ygonf? xdkAdkvfpdk;vd_ifrSm aemufydkif; usaemfhtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfchJygonf?
xdkodk@ usaemfu ppfynmrsm;udk usaemfudk,fwdkif txyfxyfavhvm+yD;rS wyf&if; (4) rS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfESifh wyfom;rsm;udk zdzdpD;pD;
oif=um;jyoay;ygonf? aemufxdkumvwGif aumif;rGefcsufwckrSm ArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfwyfom;wdkif;wdk@onf ppfynmudk
tm;wufoa&m ol@xufig vdkufpm;avhvmaeaom umvjzpfI usaemfhwyf&if; (4) wwyfvHk;rSm ppfynmavhvm wwfu|rf;r_jzifh pdwftm;
xufoefwufºuaeygawmhonf?
xdkodk@oif=um;aepOf (3) vavmuft=umwGif wyfrawmftxufrS ArmhwyfrawmfAdkvfoifwef; zGifhrnfjzpfI ajcvsifwyf&if;wdkif;rS
oifhawmfaumif;rGefaom t=uyfwyfom; 20 pDr# a&G;jc,f+yD; ay;ydk@cdkif;ygonf?
usaemfonf wyf&if; (4) rS ppfavhusichf ef;wGif xl;c|eaf om wyf=uyfwyfom; (30) ausmaf vmufukd a&G;ap+yD;/ xdt k xJrS Adv
k o
f ifwef;yd@k z@kd
vl 20 udk Adkvfoifwef;a&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwDudk usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;pD;zG@J +yD; a&G;jc,fygonf?
xdka&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwDu xdkAdkvfavmif;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ ynma&;a&csdef/ aemufEdkifiHa&;todESifh rsdK;cspfpdwf/ awmfvSefa&;
pdwf"mwfwdk@udk od&Sd&ef E_wfar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;ppfaq;+yD; usepGma&G;jc,fygonf?
xdktifwmAsL; ar;jref;ppfaq;yGw J Gif usaemf,ckwdkif rSwfrdaeaom udpPwck &Sdygonf?
ppfom;wa,mufudk ar;jref;aepOf aumfrwD0ifwOD;u xdkol. ,Ofaus;r_a&csdefudk odEdkif&ef Armjynf “rlvwef;” rsm;wGif
oif=um;&aom urBmhwdkuf}uD; (5) wdkufta=umif;ar;&ef/ ol@tm; “urBmay:wGif wdkuf}uD; b,fESwdkuf &SdovJ” [kar;&m xdkppfom;rSm
ðAef;ueJ ukvm;xdkifrS rwfwyf&yfvdkuf+yD; pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzifh - “'DysOf;rem;òr@ay:rSmawmif wdkuf}uD; b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdkwm rodEdkifbJ/
urBmay:rSm wdkuf}uD;b,favmuf &Sdw,fqdkwm b,folodEdkifrvJ” vdk@ jyefajymygonf?
a&G;jc,fa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xdkppfom;rSm rlvwef;ynmyif roif=um;cJh&I vlaewdkufrsm;ESihf txifrSm;+yD;/ jyef&efawG@aeonfudk
&dyfrdI ol&SufroGm;ap&ef wjcm;ar;cGef;rsm; qufar;&ygonf? odk@jzifh Adkvfavmif;rsm;a&G;+yD; txufodk@ ydk@vdkufygawmhonf?
aemufr=umcif owif;=um;&ygonf? &efukefwGif wyftoD;oD;u ydk@vdkufaom Adkvfavmif;rsm;udk ppfaq;&m usaemf.wyf&if; (4)
rS Adkvfavmif;rsm;u ppfaq;aombmom&yf (13) ckwGif bmom&yf (11) ckY yxrpG+J yD; bmom&yf (2) ckwGif 'kwd,pGu J m tm;vHk;wGif yxr
pGaJ =umif;ESihf usaemfw h yf&if; (4) .owif; ys@H E@HS ausm=f um;vmygawmhonf? usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k 0rf;om=uygonf? usaemfw@kd óu;pm;csuf aumif;rGef
atmifjrifa=umif; od&ygawmhonf?
TwGif (3) v r#om ppfoifwef;ay;&aom wyf&if;opfu ESpt f csKd @=um+ydjD zpfaom wyf&if;a[mif;rsm;tay:wGif wuf+yD;yxrpGo J jzif/h
*syeft&m&St d csKd @vJ awmfawmftt hH m;oif=h uonf? xd@k a=umifh *syefppft&m&Sw
d OD; usaemfx h v
H m+yD; 'gavmufatmifjrifwm[m usaemfb,fvrkd sm;
ppfynmoif=um;ay;ygovJ[k vm+yD;ar;jref;pHkprf;ygonf?
usaemfu oif=um;rnfhppfynmudk usaemfudk,fwdkif ususeeavhvm+yD;/ usaemfudk,fwdkif tcsdefZ,m;qGJ+yD;/ txufwGif azmfjy
xm;aom tcsdefZ,m;twdkif; usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; oif=um;ay;a=umif; ajymjyonf?
usaemfu usaemfw h yf&if; (4) rS ppfom;rsm;rSm txufArmjynfom;awG jzpf=uonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh txufArmjynfom;rsm;onf
txuftrdef@udk emcHwwf+yD;/ ydkI pnf;urf;vdkufemwwf=uolawG rsm;=uonf[k ajymjyygonf?
t"duta=umif;rSm usaemf. ppfynmoif=um;ay;yHk enf;pepfa=umifhvnf; jzpfyHk&onf[kajym+yD; usaemf. ppfynmoifyHkenf;udk
ol@udk &Sif;jyygonf?
usaemfajymjywmu usaemfawmfvSefa&;ppfom; rjzpfrDu &efukefòr@ “[kdif;,m;*&dwf” ac: txufwef; q&mjzpfoifausmif;
wufch&J onf? TwGif q&mu wynfhrsm;udk ynmoif=um;ay;yHk enf;pepfudk oif=um;cJh&ygonf? ‚rSm tajccH tusqHk; 3 - 4 csufudk
usaemf enf;,lygonff?
‚wdk@rSm yxrtm;jzifh/ ynmoif=um;&mwGif q&mu wynfhrsm;udk oifcef;pm. tajzudk wdkuf±dkufajymrjybJ/ wynfhrsm;udk
olwdk@od+yD;om; ta=umif;t&mrsm;rS wjznf;jznf; olwdk@pdwfwGif rod - rxif&Sm;ao;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; pepfwus
tqifhqifhar;jcif;jzifh azmfxkwfoGm;+yD;/ tajzudk olwdk@[molwdk@ azmfxkwfvmEdkifatmif ar;jref;ajzqdk oGm;apjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
xdkoifcef;pmudk wynfhrsm;udk,fwdkif xkd;xGif;^m%fjzifh odjrifvm+yD;/ ydkrdkI udk,fydkif^m%f yGifhvif;xGef;um;vmapygonf?
‚rSm vlwdkif;onf tajccHtodtjrifynmrsm; &Sdxm;onf? ‚udk pepfwus azmfxkwfwwfzdk@om vdkonfqdkaom *&dynm&Sif
qdkua&;wD;. urBmausmf,lqcsuf jzpfonf? ‚rSm wynfhrsm; od&mu rod&modk@ wjznf;jznf; ar;jref;oGm;apjcif;jzifh azmfxkwf+yD;/ olwdk@
ynm^m%f xGef;um;vmapjcif; jzpfonf?
4
 'kwd,rSm rdrdoif=um;rnfhoifcef;pm. ta=umif;&if;Zmpfjrpfudk azmfjy+yD;/ wwd,rSm ‚wdk@udk wpkwðyHvHk; roif=um;bJ/ t&if;cH
ta=umif;&if;up+yD; wppDwckcsif;pD tqifhcI GJ wjznf;jznf;oif=um;oGm;jcif; ponfwdk@udk ajymjyygonf?
od@k jzifh wynfrh sm;. tod^m%fukd olw@kd O;D aESmufrS qGx J w k , f +l yD;/ wpwp olw@kd tod^m%fxeG ;f um; od&v
dS m apaomenf; jzpfonf[k
ajymjyygonf?
Oyrm - ppfwyfwGif; “owd ” [laom ppfyHkpHudk oif=um;rnfqdkv#if yxr ppfwyfrSm ppfrdef@wckudkvdkuf+yD; wòyifwnf;/ wnDwnf;
vkyfEdkifzdk@ rlvyxrppfyHkpHw&yf &Sdzdk@vdkonf? ,if;yxr yHkpHuae+yD; ppfrdef@bmudkyaJ y;ay; vdkufvkyfEdkif&rnfhyHkpH jzpfzdk@vdkonf?
,if;rlvyHkpHonf aemufxyfbmrdef@ay;ay; vdkufvkyfEdkifaomyHkpH jzpf&rnf? ‚rSm owdyHkpHyJ jzpf&rnf? ‚yHkpHrS aemufxyfppfrdef@
“aemufvSnfh”[kaomfvnf;aumif;/ “ypf&ef0yf” [kaomfvnf;aumif;/ “csDwuf”[kaomfvnf;aumif; b,ftrdef@vmvm tvG,fwul
vkyfEdkif&rnf jzpfonf?
aemufxyf bmppfrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf “owd ” yHkpH[m “xdkif” aeonfhyHk rjzpfEdkif? ajrjyifay:wGif obm0uspGm rwfwyf&yf
aeaomyHkom jzpf&rnf? odk@rSom aemufxyfbmtrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh “owd ” [laomppfyHkpHonf aemufxyf bmtrdef@vmvm vkyfEdkif&rnfh ajray:wGif obm0uspGm rwfwyf&yfaeaomyHkpH
jzpf&rnf? ppfwyfwiG f ppfred @f wpHw k &m ay;zd@k twGuf wòyifeufvu kd +f yD; vkyv f mEdik af tmif óuwif+yD; toift
h aetxm;jzpf&ef ay;aomtrde@f jzpf+yD;/
aemufxyfbmtrdef@rqdk vkyfEdkif&ef ajray:wGif obm0uspGm&yfaezdk@ ay;aomtrdef@ jzpfonf[k &Sif;jy&rnf?
aemufxyf bmtrdef@ay;ay; wnDwnf; vkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf ajray:wGif obm0uspGm &yfaezdk@twGuf owdyHkpHonf vkyf&rnfjzpf&ef
[laom “owd” ppfyHkpH. rlvta=umif;&if;rsm;udk ppfom;rsm;udk &Sif;jy+yD;aemuf -
ppfom;wOD;udk “owd” yHkpHvkyfap+yD;/ ppfom;rsm;a&S@wGif &yfwnfap+yD; jyo&rnf?
aemuf xdk “owd” &yfaeaomppfyHkpHrS “aemufvSnfh”/ “ypf&ef0yf”/ “csDwuf” paom bmppfyHkpHrqdk vkyfEdkifyHkudkvJ &Sif;jy&rnf?
aemuf “owd” yHkpHudk ppfom;rsm; rdrdudk,fwdkifvGwfvyfpGm vdkuf+yD;vkyfap&rnf?
TwGif ppfom;rsm;udk “owd” yHkpHudk wqifhpD wck+yD;wck oif=um;oGm;&rnf?
yxrrSm/ “owd” yHkpHwGif ajcaxmuf 2 bufonf ajray:wGif obm0uspGm wnfhrwfpGm &yfwnfae&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xkdtwGuf
ajcz0g; 2 buf ajray:&yfwnfyHkrSm obm0us&rnf? odyfvJ uGJrae&? aemuf odyfvJyl;rae&? obm0uspGm 40 'D*&Dr# cGJ+yD;&yfaezdk@
ta&;}uD;onfqdk+yD; ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif vdkufvkyfap&rnf?
aemuf ajccGyJ rkH eS /f ajcaxmuf&yfyrkH eS +f yD;aemuf 'kw,
d tqifw h iG f xkad jcaxmuf 2 buftay:wGif vl.cE<mud, k f wnhrf wfajzmifwh ef;pGm
usae&rnfudk ajymjy+yD; vdkufvkyfap&rnf?
aemuf wwd,tqifhwGif vl.udk,fxnf ajzmifhwef;wnhfrwfaezdk@ vl.&ifbwfudkzGifh+yD; aumhaeap&rnf?
aemuf pwkwˆwGif vl.OD;acgif;onf a&S@wnfhwnfhwl±ludk OD;wnf+yD; =unfhae&rnf?
aemuf yOPrwGif vl.Zuf - vnfyif;udkqef@xkwf+yD; a&S@wnfhwnfhwl±ludk =unfhae&rnf?
aemuf qXrwGif vl.ar;aphukd atmufo@kd tenf;i,f qGq J ef@xm;&rnf jzpfonf? aemufvuf 2 bufukd vl.aygiw f aH y:qef@csxm;+yD;
vufz0g;awGu aygifay:zdtyfxm;&rnf?
Todk@jzifh ppfom;&Jabmfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm wOD;pDvkdufI “owd” yHkpHudk rdrdwdk@bmom rdrdwdk@vdkuf+yD; oD;jcm;pDvkyfap&rnf?
‚wdk@ yHkpHusvmrS tm;vHk;wef;pD+yD; owdtrdef@ay;yHkpHudk wnDwnf;vkyfap&rnf?
odk@jzifh &Jabmfrsm; “owd” ppfyHkpHudk wnDwnf;vkyfwwf/ yHkpHusvm+yD;aemuf tjcm;b,fppftrdef@ay;ay; wnDw!Gwfwnf;
vkyfEdkif=urnf jzpfygonf?
Todk@ usaemfu ppfynmoifenf;udk *syeft&m&Sdtm; ajymjy&m *syeft&m&Sdu rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;+yD; auseyfpGmjzifh/ usaemfhtwGuf
olwdk@*syefppfynmtajccHpmtkyf 2 tkyf &Sdonfudk &SmazG+yD; ay;ygrnf[k 0rf;ajrmufpGmajymoGm;onf?
aemuf pmtkyf&Smr& xifonf? usaemfhtm; ray;jzpfay?

(17)

tjzpftysufudpPwcka&;zdk@ arhusef&pfojzifh ,ckxyf+yD;a&;&ygonf? 1942 ckESpfqef;avmufu usaemfhawmfvSefa&;ppfwyf

t*Fvyd uf w
kd u
kd zf @kd xdik ;f - jrefrme,fpyfukd jzwfausm+f yD;/ jrefrmjynf0if&mwGif jrefrme,fpyf &Gmw&Gmta&mufwiG f ,if;&Gmol}uD;ESihf &Gmom;rsm;u
usaemfhwyfudk óuqdkvufcH+yD; au|;arG;ðypk=uygonf? aemuf usaemfhppfwyf xkd&GmrSa&S@odk@ xGufcgeD;wGif &Gmol}uD;u usaemfhxHvm+yD;
aemifusaemfw@kd òr@awmf&dS usaemfeh ef;awmfo@kd (ol) xd&k mG ol}uD;wd@k vm+yD;/ 0ifa&mufciG ahf wmif;ygv#if 0ifa&mufciG ðhf yonfh usaemft
h rde@f pmwapmifukd
ol@ (&Gmol}uD;) udk ay;xm;cJh&ef axmufcHpm twif;awmif;qdkygawmhonf? usaemfvnf; xkdaxmufcHpmrsdK; ray;csifojzifh/ usaemfhwGif
5
pma&;&efpm&GufawG ygrvmvdk@ ray;Edkifyg[k awmif;yefygonf? TwGif xdk&Gmol}uD;u ol,lvmaom 2 jym;wef Avm pmtkyft=urf;uav;ESifh
cJwHwdkwacsmif; xkwfay;ygonf?
TwGif usaemfhrSm axmufcHpmra&;bJ raeEdkifaom tajctaeqdkufvmygojzifh usaemfhrSwfpk Avmpm&GufrS pm&Gufw&Guf
qkwfjzwf,l+yD; atmufygoabmygaom axmufcHpmudk a&;ay;vdkufonfudk rSwfrdaeygonf?
“u|EkfyfAdkvfausmfaZm OD;pD;aom t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefaom awmfvSefa&;ppfwyfonf 1942 ckESpfu ArmjynfwGif;&Sd t*Fvdyfwdk@udk
awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef ,dk;',m; - jrefrme,fpyfudk jzwfausmf+yD; ArmjynftwGif; 0ifa&mufcsDwuf&mwGif ArmjynfwGif; e,fpyf (&Gm-trnf)
odk@a&muf&SdpOf (&Gmol}uD; trnf) &Gmol}uD;acgif;aqmif+yD; u|EkfyfESifhwuG u|Ekfyf.ppfwyfudk aumif;pGmau|;arG;ðypk apmifha&SmufcJhonfudk
u|EkfyfESifhwuG jrefrmhawmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfu txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf?”
“odk@jzpfygI ‚ æ æ &Gmol}uD;OD; æ æ onf &efukefòr@odk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; u|Ekfyf.eef;awmfodk@ 0ifa&mufcGifh awmif;cJhygv#if
0ifcGifhay;vdkuf=uyg&ef u|Efkyfu !ïef=um;cGifhðyvdkufygonf?” [laom oabmygonfh u|Ekfyf.axmufcHpmudk rv$JombJ a&;ay;cJh&ygonf?
usaemf vufrSwfxdk;ay;cJhygonf?
xdkodk@ usaemfa&;ay;aom axmufcHpmudk ‚&Gmol}uD;ESifh ol.vlpk &&SdoGm;aomtcg rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf+yD; aus;Zl;
wifa=umif; 0rf;oma=umif;ajymI acgif;!Gwftav;ðy E_wfquf=uygawmhonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf Advk vf usmf wd@k u usaemfw h yf&if; (4) . ppfynm tajctaeaumif;yHu k kd od&v
dS m=u+yD; ArmhwyfrawmfrS wyf&if;
(b,fw,fvD,H) wdkif; wyf&if; (4) vdk ppfynm ppfpnf;urf; tajctaersm; aumif;rGefvm&ef pDpOfygonf?
pDpOfyHkrSm wyfrawmfwGif “pHjy” wyf&if;w&if; wnfaxmif+yD; usaemfhudk udkifapygonf? xdkpHjywyf&if;odk@ wyfrawmf&Sd wyf&if;wdkif;u
aumif;rGefaom t&m&Sdt=uyf (20) avmufr#pD ay;ydk@+yD; ppfynm (6) vr# oif=um;&ef/ +yD;v#if xdkolrsm; rdrdwdk@wyf&if;jyef+yD; rdrdwyf&if;wGif
wyftopfwnfaqmuf=u&ef jzpfygonf?
xdkpOfu ppfynmaumif;pGm wwfajrmufvdkolrsm; pHjywyf&if;odk@ wufa&muf ynmoif=uvdkygonf?
usaemfonf usaemfhvufaxmuf Adkvfatmifrif;udk ac:+yD; usaemfwdk@ (2) a,mufu pHjywyf&if;wGif ppfynmrsm; ydk@csygawmhonf?
xdkpOfu ArmhwyfrawmfrS ume,farmifarmif (aemif-Adkvfr–;csKyf) vJ olppfynmtajccH&atmif pHjywyf&if;wGifvm+yD; ppfoifwef;
wufygonf?
pHjywyf&if;wGif eHeufyikd ;f / naeydik ;f ESihf nydik ;f wGivf nf; noifcef;pm (od@k r[kw)f nwdu k yf JG avhusihf oif=um;jcif; wd@k jzifh usaemfrh mS tvGef
yifyef;EGrf;e,fvSygonf? odk@aomf wyfrawmfwckvHk; aumif;zdk@ta&; jzpfojzifh wwfEdkifor# óu;pm;+yD; oif=um;ygonf?
pHjywyf&if;wGif usaemfppfynm oif=um;ydk@csae&if; wjznf;jznf;odvm&onfrSm wyf&if;toD;oD;u rdrdwdk@wyf&if;udk wyfopf
wnfaqmufz@kd vlaumif;rsm;udk pHjywyf&if;od@k a&G;jc,fay;yd@k &rnft h pm; trsm;rSm rdrw d yf&if;wGif ajym&cuf qd&k cufaom vlq;kd vlnrhH sm;udo k m
vlaumif;jzpfvmap&ef &nf&G,f+yD; ay;ydk@olrsm;vnf; ygvmojzifh usaemf rsm;pGmpdwfxdcdkuf&onf? xdktrsm;tm;jzifh nHhaomolrsm;jzifh
wyfopfzG@J zdk@ avhusifay;&efrSm usaemfhtwGuf tvGefcufcyJ ifyef;aomtvkkyf jzpfaeygonf?
wyf&if;r–;rsm;rSm rdrdwyf&if; aemufwyfopfwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufxuf avmavmq,f rdrdvufatmuf ajym&cuf qdk&cuf
vlrsm;udk vlaumif;awGjzpfvma&; &nf&G,f+yD; ydk@=uygonf? vlaumif;rsm;vnf; ygawmhygygonf? xdktxJwGif ppfynmaumif;pGm roif=um;zl;
ao;aom ynmwwfwcsKd@vnf; ygvmygonf?
usaemfvnf; awG@ñuH&aom tcuftcJa=umifh pdwfysufpdwfnpfaevdk@rjzpf wwfEdkifor# óu;pm;&awmhrnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; rsm;pGm
tyifyef;cHóu;pm;+yD; oif=um;ydk@csygonf? vlqdk;rsm;udkvnf; wyfrawmfxJ0if+yD; vlqdk;vkyfaevdk@ roifha=umif; wyfrawmf[m jynfolxJrSm
pHjyawGjzpfatmif rsK;d cspo f &l aJ umif;awGjzpfatmif vkyjf y=u&rnfjzpfa=umif; ponfw@kd ukd Edik if aH &;w&m;rsm;a[majym+yD; oif=um;&onf? xdo k @kd
usaemfwdk@ óu;pm;ojzifh txdkuftavsmuf tusKd;&Sdvmonf?
pHjywyf&if;wGif rlvvlqdk;rsm;xJrSvnf;aumif;/ rlvppfynmaumif;pGm roif=um;&aom olrsm;xJrSvnf;aumif; pHjywyf&if;wGif
xl;c|efolrsm; ay:xGufvmygonf? xdktxJrS usaemf yk*~dKvfESpfOD;udk rSwfrdaeygonf? wOD;rSm rlvu vlqdk;wOD; jzpfchJaom AdkvfatmifaZ,s
jzpfonf? AdkvfatmifaZ,srSm vlaumif;wOD; jzpfvm+yD; wyfrawmf. wyfr–;aumif;}uD;wa,muf jzpfvmawmhonf?
,Ofaus;r_tajccH aumif;rGefaomfvnf; ppfynmtajccH rwwfajrmufojzifh wyfr–;aumif;jzpfvmzdk@ cufco J lrsm;rSm trsm;rSmvnf;
ppfynmwwf+yD; wyfr;– aumif;awG jzpfvm=uonf? xdt k xJrS usaemfrw S rf o
d w
l OD;rSm Adv
k v
f eG ;f wif jzpfonf? Adv k v
f eG ;f wifonf aemifwyfrawmf
wyfr–;aumif;}uD;wOD; jzpfvmawmhonf?
pHjywyf&if;rS wyfr–;aumif;awG tawmfrsm;rsm; xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; pHjywyf&if;rSm rlv&nfrSef;oavmuf taumiftxnf
razmfEdkifcJhay?
Todk@jzifh pHjyavhusifha&; wyf&if;oifwef;rsm; +yD;qHk;ygawmhonf? +yD;v#if pHjywyf&if;udk zsufodrf;ygawmhrnf?
usaemfhtm;vnf; pHjywyf&if;+yD;v#if r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;tkyftjzpf oGm;&rnf[k owif;xGufvmygonf?

6
 xdktwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@uvnf; aemif*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf Armhwyfrawmfwdk;csJ@&ef pDpOfóu;pm;ae&m aemufxyf
ajcvsifwyf&if;opf (3) &if;zG@J zdk@ *syefrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDr_ &vmygonf? *syefrsm;u wyf&if;opfawGudk vufeufwyfqifay;&rnf jzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyfwdk@u t*Fvdyfwdkufa&;[k *syefrsm;udk t,HkoGif;cJhygonf?
aemufxyf wyf&if;opf (3) &if;udk r*Fvm'HkwGif w&if;/ yJcl;wGif w&if;/ ysOf;rem;wGif w&if;wdk@ jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif &efukefòr@wGif
u&ifwyfcGJtcsKd@&Sd&m ‚udkvnf; u&ifwyf&if;tjynfh w&if;zG@J pnf;&ef pDpOfygonf?
xdkwyf&if;opf (4) &if;udk ppfynmrsm;oif=um;a&;udk tkyfcsKyfuGyfu&J ef usaemfhtm; wm0efay;ygonf? usaemfonf xdkwyf&if;rsm;
&Sd&ma'oodk@oGm;+yD; wyf&if;r–;rsm;ESifh wyfom;rsm;udk ppfynmoif=um;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;pDpOf&ygawmhonf?
usaemfonf xdkwyf&if;rsm;twGuf ppfynmoifwef; tywfpOfoifwef; tcsdefZ,m;rsm;udk tcsdefrD a&;qGJay;jcif;ESifh tcsKd@
ppfynmrsm;udk oifenf;rSwfcsufrsm; a&;ay;jcif; rSwfpkpmwrf;rsm;a&;+yD; ay;ydk@jcif;rsm; ðyvkkyfay;cJhygonf? ‚wyf&if;rsm;udkvnf; r=umc%
oGm;+yD; oif=um;yd@k csjcif;udk aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f jcif;rsm; ppfaq;jcif;rsm;vnf; vky&f ayonf? od@k jzifh wyf&if;opfrsm; ppfynmoif=um;r_ tajctaerSm
tawmfacsmarG@ vmygawmhonf? aemuf oifwef;rsm;vnf; +yD;qHk;cgeD; jzpfvmygawmhonf?
xdktwGif; 1944 ckESpftwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u usaemfhudkac:+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf ocifpdk;ESifh olaqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;
vkyfudkif&ef ocifpdk;udk usaemfu jrpf0u|ef;ay: a';'&Ja'orS yJcl;&Sdusaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:,lvm&efESifh tao;pdwftpDtpOfudk ocifoef;xGef;ESifh
awG@qHkpDpOf&ef !ïef=um;ygonf?
usaemfonf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; eD;uyfvm+yDudk odvm&ojzifh rsm;pGmpdwftm;wufºu vmygonf? 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
ocifoef;xGef;xH oGm;ygonf? ocifoef;xGef;u usaemfhudk ocifpdk;ESifh awG@&efpDpOfay;rnfh a';'&Jòr@rS uGefjrLepfygwD0ifvl}uD; ocifjroGiftdrfodk@
vrf;!ïefvdkufygonf? pmwapmifvJ ay;vdkufygonf?
usaemfonf ocifpdk;ac:,lzdk@ tapmifhta&SmuftwGuf vl 3/ 4 a,mufudk ppfwyfxu J vludkra&G;jc,fbJ ydkIE_wfvHk&ef usaemfwdk@
bDtdkifat wyfzsufpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwdk@ rSm=um;csuftwdkif; vlwcsKd@udk bD'DatwyfxJ qufrxnfhbJ tjyifwGif
*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf v#Kd@0SufcsefcaJh om yJcl;udk}uD;jrifh (‚rSm tif*sifeD,m ausmif;om; jzpf+yD; bDtdkifat umvu ykodrfc±dkifwm0efcH
wyfr–;}uD;jzpfcJh+yD; aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if vl}uD;wOD; jzpfvmol) 2? 'v AdkvfxGef;pdef ¡òr@rausmif;om;a[mif;
bDtdkifattwGif; usaemf.twGif;a&;r–; aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifwOD; (uG,fvGef)¢ 3? udk}uD;jrifh.oli,fcsif; udkaz!Gef@
(tif*sief , D mausmif;om;/ oxHck ±dik f awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifjzpfco hJ )l 4? usaemf emrnfrrSwrf /d ud}k uD;jrifph nf;±H;k xm;ol bDtikd af t wyfr;ª a[mif;
wOD; jzpfchJ[ef&Sdol - aygif; (4) OD; jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk@tzG@J jrpf0u|ef;ay: a';'&Jòr@udkoGm;=u+yD; ocifjroGif. pDpOfr_jzifh ocifpdk;&Sd&m a';'&Jòr@rS a&a=umif;armfawmfjzifh 5 em&Dcef@
oGm;&onfh “*Guav;&Gm” odk@ armfawmfjzifh oGm;=uygonf?
usaemfwdk@ *Guav;&Gm ajrwdkif;pma&;jzpfoltdrfodk@ a&mufygonf? ajrwdkif;pma&;emrnfudk arhawhawh jzpfaeygonf? udkpHwif
[kxifygonf? ZeD;jzpfolrSm a':aiGpH jzpfygonf? tdrfrSmawmifhwif;jcif;r&Sd ESpfxyfoGyfrdk; wvdkif;tdrfuav; jzpfonf?
xdktdrfwGif ocifpdk;u usaemfwdk@tzGJ@udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm óuqdkygonf? usaemfu usaemfhtzGJ@wGifygvmolrsm; Armhwyfrawmf
wyf=uyf,leDazmif;rsm; 0wfxm;aomfvnf; vuf&SdwyfxJu wyf=uyfawGr[kwfbJ bDtdkifatwyf wyfr–;a[mif;rsm;jzpf+yD; wyftjyifwGif
csefxm;um *syefawmfvSefa&; vkyfaeolawGjzpfa=umif; rdwfqufay;ygonf?
TwGif ocifpdk;u ajymjyonfrSm olcsufcsif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH rvdkufEdkifao;a=umif; *Guav;&GmwGif 1 vr# EdkifiHa&;oifwef;
ay;p&mudpaP wG&adS ea=umif; xdu k pd u
P v
kd nf; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;xH ta=umif;=um;+yD;I oabmwlcsu&f +yDjzpfa=umif; usaemfw@kd uv kd nf; tm;vH;k
'DEdkifiHa&;oifwef;rSm wufa&mufapvdka=umif; xdkta=umif;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH ta=umif;=um;+yD;jzpfa=umif; ajymygonf?
usaemfw@kd vnf; ocifp;kd udk bmrSrjiif;awmhbJ ol@xrH S Edik if aH &;oifwef;wufz@kd vky&f ygonf? oifwef;rprD usaemfu &Gmtajctaeudk
ar;+yD; vHkðcHa&;pDrHudef;wckudk a&;qGJygonf? ‚rSm usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf oifwef;twGif; oabFmwpif;pif;vmonfudk ta0;}uD;u
vSrf;jrifEdkifaom usaemfwdk@ tdrfteD;wae&mwGif tapmifhwa,mufxm;+yD; oabFmjrifv#if usaemfwdk@xH tjrefta=umif;=um;&ef xdkpOf
oifwef;wufaeolrsm;u usaemfwdk@udkom xm;&pfcJh+yD; &GmxJodk@ tjrefa&Smifwdrf;oGm;=u&efESifh tu,fI *syefrsm;u tdrfay:wuf+yD;
aemufq;kH usaemfw@kd ukd zrf;qD;zd@k txdjzpfvmaomf usaemf/ ud}k uD;jrif/h udak z!Gew f @kd oH;k a,mufu *syefrsm;udk ckcyH pfcwfwu kd cf u
kd rf nf? useof rl sm;u
tdrfyxrxyf acgifrdk;oGyfjym;ay:rS odyfrjrifhvSaom ajray:ckefcs+yD; xGufajy;=u&ef jzpfonf?
xdkpDrHudef;udk ocifpdk;tm;jyo&m rsm;pGmauseyfojzifh tm;vHk;udkod&Sdxm;&ef jyovdkufygonf?
oifwef;wGif usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf tEkyÉdavmrusrf;/ rmhufpf0g'usrf;i,fudk pwifydk@cs&m 2 &ufr#=umvmaom tcg ocifpdk;rSm
rsm;pGmusr;f a=u+yD; tajymta[m aumif;ojzifh usaemfw@kd r=um;zl;aom pum;rsm;a=umifh rsm;pGmtH=h o+yD; txl;pdwyf gvufyg vdu k ef mrSwof m;I
aeygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@onf oifwef;wGifepfrGrf;+yD; b0opfwckodk@ a&mufaeonf xif&ygonf? usaemfwdk@ ocifpdk;oifwef;wGif
ajrmygoGm;ygawmhonf?

7
 oifwef;wufolrsm;xJwGif usaemfwdk@ tkyfpkrS 4/ 5 a,mufESifh ocifpdk;xH a&mufaeaom vl 5/ 6 a,mufavmuf &Sdrnfxifygonf?
trsKd;orD; 2 OD; yg0ifygonf? wOD;rSm aemifjrefrmjynfwGif tvHeD a':apmjr[k emrnf}uD;ol rapmjrESifh aemufwa,mufrSm tom;cyfjzLjzL
t&yfjrifjh rifEh iS hf ±ky&f nfom;em;+yD; usaemfemrnfarhaeolwOD; jzpfygonf? aemifArmjynf Edik if aH &;wGif xifxif&mS ;&Sm; yg0ifonf[k rod&awmhyg?
wae@wGif oifwef;acwW&yfem;xm;pOf oifwef;om;rsm;vnf; &GmtwGif;xGufoGm;=upOf usaemfwdk@tdrfuav;rSm “'kwf” ueJqdk+yD;
wckcEk iS hf aqmifrh o d vdk wkecf gomG ;ygonf? oabFmpufov H nf; =um;vdu k &f ojzifh oabFmwpif; tdraf b;wGif qdu k u
f yf+yD[k odvukd &f ygawmhonf?
usaemfwdk@ em;pGif@vdkufpOf vloHrsm;=um;&+yD; *syefpum;oHrsm;vnf; =um;vdkuf&ojzifh usaemfwdk@onf toifhaxmifxm;aom aoewfrsm;udk
ajy;qGv J ukd +f yD; avSum;xdyo f @kd cyfazmhazmheif;oGm;um tvsm;arSmuf ae&m,lvu kd =f uonf? (xdt k csed u
f usaemfw@kd trd t f ay: xyfc;kd uav;wGif
&SdaepOf jzpfygonf?) usaemfwdk@ avSum;aygufrS acsmif;=unfhaepOf *syeft&m&Sd jzpf[ef&Sdolwa,mufESifh *syefwyf=uyfwa,muftjyif
jrefrmt&m&Sdxif&olESpfa,muf oabFmay:rS tdrfxo J dk@ 0ifvm=uygonf?
ud}k uD;jrifuh avSum;xdyw f iG f awmfr*D ef;ESihf arSmufvsuv f nf;aumif;/ udak znGe@f u rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f avSum;tdraf y:wGif aqmifah =umifh
xdkif+yD; awmfrD*ef;wvufudk udkifxm;ygonf? usaemfu udk}uD;jrifhaemufem;u umbdkifaoewfjzifh 0yfvsuf&Sdae=uygonf? ocifpdk;rSm
oifwef;ay;onfah e&mwGiyf if xdik af eygonf? usaemfw@kd acsmif;=unfah epOfrmS yJ a':aiGprH mS {nfo h nfrsm;udk ae&mxdik cf if;ay;vsuf {nfch óH uqdjk cif;
ðyaeygonf?
tHh=oauseyfbG,faumif;onfrSm a':aiGpHonf ol@tdrftay:xyfwGif usaemfwdk@ESifh ocifpdk;udk v#Kd@0Sufxdef;odrf;xm;&aomfvnf;
rsufESmxm;wpHkw&m &GH@a=umufpdk;&drfaer_r&Sd yuwdwnf=unfat;csrf;pGmESifh {nfhonfrsm;udk ðypkaejcif;udk awG@&vdk@ jzpfygonf? udkpHwifawmh
b,fvdkaeonf rjrifawG@&yg? usaemfwdk@rSm *syeftdrftay:xyf wufvmrvm; wxdwfxdwf pdwfylyefaeygonf?
*syefw@kd u &Gmom;rsm;udk tac:cdik ;f I udpk w H ifw@kd xu G +f yD; ac:ygonf? &Gmom;rsm;rSm tay:xyfwiG f usaemfw@kd ocifp;kd wd@k &Sad ea=umif;
od=uygonf?
*syefppfAdkvfu &Gmom;rsm;udk pwif+yD; pum;ajymygonf? edyGeftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmf (*syeftpdk;&ESifhwyf) wdk@u taemufEdkifiH
tkypf ;kd olw@kd ukd tm&Swu kd rf S armif;xkwcf o hJ nf? ArmjynfwiG v f nf; tkypf ;kd cJo
h l t*Fvyd rf sm;udk Armjynforl sm;ESihf twlarmif;xkwcf &hJ m t*Fvyd w f @kd
xGufajy;&+yD jzpfa=umif; tm&Swdkufae&mwumwGif edyGefwyfrawmfu atmifEdkifvsuf&SdjyD; at;csrf;aea=umif; ta&S@tm&SomwlnDr#pepfjzifh
*syeftultnDjzifh jrefrmjynf ºu,f0vmrSm jzpfa=umif; ponfwdk@udk ajyma[mygonf?
usaemfwdk@rSm *syeftdrfay: wufvmrvm;om tvGefpdwfylyefpGmjzifh +idrfoufpGm apmifhae=uonf?
xkdpOfu usaemfwdk@tEW&m,fwckESifhvnf; ñuHawG@ch&J onfukd usaemf aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umrS odch&J onf? xdkpOfurodch&J yg?
xdktjzpftysufrSm - usaemfwyfrawmfrS 1956 ckESpfxGuf&+yD; prf;acsmif;&yfuGufu tdrfwGifaexdkifaepOf òr@ay:jyefa&mufvmaom
&JeDausmf0if; usaemfhtdrfudkvma&muf+yD; ola&;om;aeaom aqmif;yg;rS tcsKd@tcsuftvufawGudk usaemfxHvm+yD; ar;jref;ygonf?
ar;jref;+yD;aemuf pum;pjrnfqufajym&m *syefacwf “*Guav;” &Gmta=umif; a&mufoGm;ygonf?
&JeDausmf0if;onf *syefacwfwGif *Guav;&Gm&Sd ocifpdk;xH r=umc%vma&muf vnfywfwwf&m 1944 ckESpf usaemfwdk@udk ocifpdk;u
EdkifiHa&;oifwef;ydk@csaepOf *Guav;&Gmodk@ a&mufvm&m udkpHwifwdk@tdrfvmvnfywfaepOf txufazmfjyyg a':aiGpHtdrf *syefoabFm
qdkufonfhtjzpfESifh ñuHaeygawmhonf? xdkpOfol@rsufpda&S@wGif tdrfay:xyfwufonfh avSum;&if;wGif usaemfpD;aeus jrif;pD;bdeyf&Snf}uD;w&H
c|wfxm;wmudk oljrifawG@+yD; csufcsif;teD;&Sd awmif;wvHk;xJxnhfum tay:uykqdk;wxnfzHk; xdktdrfay:uaexrf;,lcsvm&+yD; &GmxJodk@
a&Smifvm&a=umif; ajymjyygonf? usaemfwdk@udk u,fwifvdkufwm jzpfygonf? xdkbdeyf&Snf}uD;udkom *syefrsm;awG@oGm;ygu ppfAdkvfwa,muf
a&mufaeonfudk odoGm;Edkif+yD; tdrftay:udk wuf=unfhEdkifygonf?
usaemfvnf; 'DawmhrS tEW&m,fwckrS oDoDav;vGwfvm&onfudk od&I &JeDausmf0if;udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym&ygonf?
a':aiGpu H xd*k syeftzG@J ukd ae@vnfpm au|;arG;{nfch yH gonf? onfah emuf ae@vnfwiG f *syefrsm;olw@kd armfawmfjzifh wjcm;udk xGuo f mG ;
ygawmhonf? onfawmhrS usaemfwdk@oufjyif;csEdkif+yD; tEW&m,frS vGwfajrmufygawmhonf?
usaemf 1950 ckESpfausmfp Adkvfr–;csKyftjzpf wyfrawmfajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfr–;jzpfaepOf tvHeDygwDrS zrf;qD;&rdaom pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm;udk zwf±r_ &d m ocifp;kd a&;aom aqmif;yg;wapmifwiG f ocifp;kd u ol@b0touftEW&m,fEiS hf ñuH&aom tjzpftysuf (3) ck &Scd o hJ nf[k
a&;om;xm;&m wckwGif xdk 1944 ckESpf “*Guav;&Gm” wGif usaemfwdk@ESifh twlawG@ñuH&aom tEW&m,fudk wcktjzpfazmfjyxm;onfudk
awG@&ayonf?
ocifp;kd b0rSm *syefacwfuvnf; ajratmufyek ;f v#K;d +yD;ae& aemuf 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;awmhvnf; ajratmufjzpfae&ojzifh
usaemfonf rsm;pGmpdwfraumif; jzpfchJrdygonf?
*syefrsm;xGufoGm;+yD;aemuf ocifpdk;u vuf&SdtdrfwGifquf+yD; uGefjrLepfoifwef;ay;&ef roifhawmfawmh[k ,lq+yD; xdk&GmteD;u
wjcm;&Gmw&GmrS bkef;}uD;ausmif;wausmif;udk ajymif;a&$@+yD; oifwef;qufay;ygonf? oifwef;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'ta=umif;rsm;omru zufqpf
qef@usifa&;0g' oifwef;rsm;yg ay;ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; pdwf0ifwpm;avhvm =uygonf?

8
 Edifk if aH &;oifwef;&uf wvausmaf usmrf # &Sv d mawmhrS Edik if aH &;oifwef; +yD;qH;k ygawmhonf? usaemfw@kd vnf; vl@b0topfukd a&mufvm
&ovdk cHpm;&+yD; rsm;pGm0rf;omwufºu &$ifvef;aeygawmhonf?
vlwdk@. b0rSm w&dp>mefb0rS qif;oufvmcJh&m ,cktcg vl@b0 (3) qifhodk@ a&mufch+J yD;jzpf? yxrtqifh vl@b0rSm “aus;u|efpepf”
b0jzpfonf? xdkb0wGifvlrsm;pkjzpfaom vlom;aus;u|efwdk@rSm vlenf;pk aus;ydkifu|efydkif&Sifwdk@u oufOD;qHydkif aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f tkyfcsKyf
pdk;rdk;xm;jcif;udk cHchJ&+yD; tvGefqif;&Jaom acwfjzpfayonf?
aemufvo l m;wd@k onf b0qd;k oGr;f vSaom aus;u|epf epfukd awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd =f u&m 'kw, d tqifjh zpfaom “bk&ifacwf” “ya'o&mZf
ajr&Sifacwf” odk@ a&mufvmayonf?
ya'o&mZf ajr&Siaf cwfrmS aus;u|epf epfxufoufom aumif;rGeaf omfvnf; qd;k oGr;f aom igrh if;igch si;f tm%m&Sipf epfyJ jzpfaeao;I
vlom;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@b0 aumif;rGefa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyG0J if=u&m ,ckaemufqHk; “'Drdkua&pDt&if;&Sifpepf” acwfodk@ urBmhwdkif;jynf
trsm;pk}uD; a&muf&Sdvm+yD jzpfonf?
,cka&muf&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pDt&if;&SifpepfrSm yxr aus;u|efpepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepfwdk@ESifh pmv#ifrsm;pGm aumif;rGefwdk;wuf
vmaomfvnf; ‚pepfrSmvnf; vlom;tcsif;csif; wOD;vnfyif;wOD;eif;+yD; &ufpufpGmaoG;pkyf+yD; tusKd;tjrwf&Sm}uH&jcif;/ vltcsif;csif;
qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[r_}uD;rm;+yD; urBm}uD;qif;&Jaeao;jcif; wd@k a=umifh xdt k &if;&Si0f g'rSmvnf; vlom;wd@k .,Ofaus;r_EiS hf rudu k n
f [D k ,lqvm=u
ayonf?
xdktwGif; 19 &mpkwGif *smrefvlrsKd; umvf;rmhufpfqdkolay:vm+yD; xdkyk*~dKvfu vlom;tcsif;csif; aoG;pkyfr_uif;aom omwlnDr#
csrf;omºu,f0vmEdkifaom uGefjrLepf0g' vl@avmupepfudk wDxGifzefwD;a&;om;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmojzifh Tvl@urBmwGif uGefjrLepf0g'pepf[k
ay:aygufvmcJh&ayonf?
xdk@a=umifh Oa&mywGif qif;&JaomqdkAD,uf±k&Sm;EdkifiHawmf}uD;onf 1917 ckESpfwGif atmufwdkbm uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;}uD;w&yf
qifEaJ$ tmifjrif+yD; qif;&JvaS om ±k&mS ;Edik if b H 0rS tESpf (70) twGi;f qd&k , S v
f pf qdAk ,D uf,el , D H Edik if aH wmfopftjzpf tawmfacwfrºD u,f0aom
uGejf rLepfEikd if H wEdik if u
H kd xlaxmifc=hJ uayonf? od@k &mwGif ±k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD twGi;f jy\emtrsm;tjym; ay:aygu+f yD;aemuf qdAk , D uf,el ,D }H uD;
òyuGo J Gm;um ±k&Sm;EdkifiHrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH b0rS omreft&if;&SifEdkifiHb0odk@ jyefav#musoGm;avonf?
od@k aomf 1945 ckEpS f 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;t+yD;wGif urBmvh Ol ;D a&trsm;qH;k urBmv h Ol ;D a&. ig;yHw k yH&k +dS yD; vlO;D a&oef; waxmifo;kH &mausmf
&Sdaom w±kwfjynf}uD;wGif w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tm%m&vm+yD;aemuf aoG;pkyfr_uif;aom/ omwlnDr# csrf;omºu,f0aom qdk&S,fvpf
w±kwfjynf}uD; jzpfvm&ef w±kwfjynfopfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhavonf? ,ck tESpf (50) twGif; tvGefqif;&J+yD; acwfaemufusaom
w±kwfjynf}uD;rSm tawmftoifh om,m0ajymvm+yD; r=umao;cifuyif vlygaom “tmumo,mOf” ukdyif atmifjrifpGm v$wfwifEdkifchJ+yD;
ody`HynmwGif urBmhwwd,EdkifiH}uD; jzpfvmayonf?
w±kwfjynf}uD;onf aemifr=umrDESpfrsm; twGif;rSmyif urBmwGiftcsrf;omqHk; 'Drdkua&pDt&SdqHk;ESifh tat;csrf;qHk; EdkifiHawmfopf}uD;
jzpfvmawmhrnfrSm rvGaJ cs?
Todkjzifh aemifurBm}uD;rSm vlom;w@dkonf w±kwfjynfu vrf;!ïefchJaom omwlnDr#csrf;omºu,f0+yD; 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aom/
+idrf;csrf;aom/ qdk&S,fvpfpepf0g' EdkifiHawmfrsm;tjzpfodk@ wjznf;jznf; ul;ajymif;vdkufem=ujcif;jzifh urBm}uD;onf qdk&S,fvpf - uGefjrLepf
urBmopf}uD; jzpfvmEdkifa&;udk OD;wnfaeayonf?
usaemfwdk@. vl@urBm}uD;rSm tvGefqif;&JiwfjywfvSaom aus;u|efacwf/ aemufya'o&mZfajr&Sifacwf/ aemuft&if;&Sifacwfwdk@udk
ausmfjzwf+yD; +idrf;csrf;aom/ 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom/ qdk&S,fvpf - uGefjrLepfacwf}uD;udk a&mufvmEdkif=uayrnf?
odk@aomf urBmht&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;uvnf; urBm}uD; qdk&S,fvpf uGefjrLepf urBmjzpfrvmatmif tpGrf;ukef ckcHwdkufcdkuf=uOD;rnfjzpf&m
TyÉdyuQonf urBmhyÉdyuQ}uD;tjzpf usaemfwdk@ &ifqdkifoGm;=u&rnf jzpfayonf?
odk@&mwGif urBmhawmfvSefa&; vrf;a=umif;rSefudk rnfonfhtiftm;ur# a&&SnfwmqD;rxm;EdkifbJ awmfvSefa&;. ed,mrw&m;t&
aemufqHk; uGefjrLepfwdk@u atmifycJG H=u&rnf jzpfayonf?
Tonfwdk@rSm usaemfwdk@ ocifpdk;. 1944 ckESpf uGefjrLepfoifwef; +yD;qHk;+yD;aemuf uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhywfoufI usaemfwdk@. vl@b0
tem*wfudk vSrf;Iar#mfjrif±_jrifcsufESifh ,ae@awG@jrif&csufrsm; jzpfygonf?
TEdkifiHa&;oifwef;. t"dutcsufrSm usaemfwdk@. vl@b0tjrifudk t}uD;tus,f ajymif;vJoGm;apjcif; jzpfygonf?
Twef;wlaom/ csrf;om0ajymaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusaom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ uGefjrLepfb0omv#if urBmhvlom;wdk@. awmfvSefaom
,Ofaus;r_ESifh udkufnDayonf? Tonfom ,Ofaus;aom vlom;wdk@. b0jzpfayonf[k usaemfwdk@ uGefjrLepfb0udk em;vnfvm=uygonf?
xdk@a=umifh TurBm}uD;udk uGefjrLepfurBm}uD; jzpfatmif awmfvSefajymif;vJa&;twGuf óu;pm;&mwGif usaemfwdk@ yg0if=urnf?
usaemfw@kd onf jrefrmjynfom;rsm;jzpfI yxrqH;k uGejf rLepfArmjynfjzpfatmif awmfveS af &;vky&f mwGif rdrw d @kd yg0ifvyk af qmif=urnf? vl@b0wGif
uGefjrLepfjzpf&jcif;onf trGefjrwfqHk;aom b0}uD;jzpfayonf[k ,lqvm=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
Todk@jzifh usaemfwdk@onf “ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if” rsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf?
9
 (18)

usaemfwdk@onf ocifpdk;. EdkifiHa&;oifwef; +yD;onfhaemuf ocifpdk;tm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG@qHk&ef yJcl;òr@ usaemfhtdrfokd@

ac:aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOf=uonf?
ocifpdk;rSm Armhwyfrawmf wyf=uyfrsm;vdk 0wfqifxm;aom udk}uD;jrifhwdk@ESifhtwl Armhwyfrawmft&mcHAdkvf t0wftpm;
0wfqifap+yD; usaemfhaemufvdkuftzG@J tjzpf vdkufygaponf? usaemfrSm xdktcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf Adkvfr–; jzpfaeonf?
ocifpdk;rSm cyfxGm;xGm;óuif;óuif; jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf t&mcHAdkvfrsm;rSm cyfxGm;xGm;óuif;óuif;rsm; jzpf=uojzifh
ocifpdk;. ±kyfzsufr_rSm tH0ifcGifus jzpfaeayonf?
usaemfwdk@ vrf;c&D;wGif tpdk;&drf&qHk;ae&mrSm “wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;” *dwf0 jzpfygonf? &efukefòr@}uD;rS Armjynf {&m0wD jrpf0u|ef;ay:
a'ood@k t0iftxGurf mS ‚*dw0f rS jzwfoef;&ojzifh *syefppfwyfu xdak e&mrSm *dw0f xm;+yD; *syefuif;apmifh csxm;I t0iftxGuf vltm;vH;k udk
ppfaq;=unfh±_onf? rouFmv#if zrf;qD;xm;ygonf?
xdk*dwf0a&mufaomtcg usaemfuxGuf+yD; *dwfapmifh*syefppfwyf wyf=uyfudk ig[m yJcl;òr@u Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;r–; Adkvfr–;
jzpfa=umif; ajymjy&m ‚wdk@onf av;pm;or_jzifh usaemfwdk@udk jzwfoef;cGifh ðyonf?
usaemfwdk@ &efukefa&mufaomtcg ocifpdk;wdk@udk wae&mrSmxm;+yD; usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tdrfodk@oGm;+yD; ocifpdk;wdk@a&muf+yD
usaemf'Dae@yJ bwfpfum;jzifh yJcl;òr@ usaemfhtdrfudk ac:oGm;rnf[k ajymygonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u 0rf;ajrmufpmG jzifh yJc;l òr@ usaemfth rd o
f @kd ac:oGm;yg? ol (1) &uf (2) &uftwGi;f yJc;l òr@ukd vmtem;,l vnfywf&ef
pDpOf+yD; xdkwnf;tdrfrS usaemfhtdrfudk ae@pOfwaeukef vm+yD; aqG;aEG;rnf[k ajymygonf?
usaemfESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ yJcl;òr@usaemfhtdrfodk@ a&muf+yD; (1) &uf (2) &uf=um+yD;aemuf yxrtpDtpOftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ZeD;a':cif=unfESifhtwl yJcl;òr@&Sdolwdk@ todrdwfaqG tdrfwtdrfodk@ tvnftywf tem;,lonfhtaejzifh a&mufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wOD;wnf; ol@um;jzifh ae@wdkif;usaemfhtdrfodk@ ocifpdk;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef eHeuf (8) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dxd vma&mufaqG;aEG;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf npmxrif;udk usaemfhtdrfrSm pm;oGm;ovm; olwnf;cdktdrf jyefpm;ovm; usaemfrrSwfrdacs?
olwdk@aqG;aEG;yGt J a=umif; ocifpdk;ajymjyIod&onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf aqG;aEG;yGw J Gif wwfwwfºuºu &Sda=umif;/ olwdk@onf
zufqpfawmfvSefzdk@ESifh xdkawmfvSefa&;twGuf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ (z³w³y³v aemif z q y v tzGJ@) udk
zGJ@pnf;=u+yD;jzpfa=umif; tm;&0rf;ompGm ajymjyygonf?
xdak qG;aEG;yGt
J wGi;f wnwGif ocifp;kd u usaemfu h kd cifAsm;'Dvykd J vlysK}d uD;vkyaf eawmhrmS vm;/ tdraf xmif rðyawmhb;l vm;[k ar;ygonf?
usaemfu usaemfhi,f&nf;pm; usaemfhZmwd oHk;q,fòr@wGif &Sdygonf? usaemfwkd@ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS vufxuf=uzdk@ ajymxm;ygonf?
usaemfwdk@ *syefawmfvSefa&;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfoGm;vdkI jzpfygonf[k ajymygonf?
'Dawmh ocifpdk;u [m cifAsm;[m vufxyfzdk@ pOf;pm;wm omrefvlawGvdk pOf;pm;wmyJ/ omrefvlawGu vufxyfzdk@ pOf;pm;wJhtcg
olwdk@wnfwnf+idrf+idrf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifEdkifr,fh tcsdefudk a&G;jc,fapmifhqdkif; wwf=uw,f? usaemfwdk@ cifAsm;wdk@[m omrefvlawG
r[kwfbl; awmfvSefa&;orm;awG jzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&;orm;awGqdkwm[m olwdk@rSm wnfwnf+idrf+idrf at;at;csrf;csrf; aexdkifEdkifwJh
umv&,fvdk@ r&SdEdkifbl;? t+rJwrf; awmfvSefa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;ae&wm jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;orm;awG[m vufxyfzdk@
oifhwJht&G,frSm tawmftwefoifhawmfwJh tajctae&Sd&if vufxyf=u&wmyJ[k ajymygonf? TwGif usaemfhpdwfukd awmfawmfv_yf&Sm;
oGm;apygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wcgu ajymzl;onfudkvnf; rSwfrdaeygonf? AdkvfcsKyfajymwmu tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aemufrS awmfvSefa&;wdk@
bmwd@k jzpfvm&ifvnf; rdrZd eD;udk awmfveS af &;e,fxJ ac:oGm;&rSmyJ[k ajymzl;xm;onf? xdpk Ofuawmh usaemfph w d w f iG f Adv
k cf sKyfu oltrd af xmif
ðy+yD;aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;wdk@ EdkifiHa&;wdk@rSm rysufuGufap&ygbl;[k usaemfwdk@od&ef ajymonf[k xifjrifchyJ gonf?
xdkudpPrSm usaemfhpdwfudk rsm;pGmv_yf&Sm;vmygawmhonf? usaemfhvufxyfa&;udk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS[k tcsdeft&Snf}uD; rqGaJ wmhbJ
,ckumvrSmyif usaemfvufxyfcsifv#if vufxyfEdkif+yD[k ,lqvmygawmhonf?
usaemfhycJ l;òr@ tdrfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aer_udk usaemfwdk@udk xrif;csufðywf au|;arG;aeaom usaemfh
ud, k &f H &Jabmfuykd g[al om ukvm;ujym;uav;om odayonf? xdk udyk grmS tvGeyf g;eyf vdrrf m+yD; usaemft h ay: tvGeo f pPm&Sad om &Jabmfuav;
jzpfonf? udkygrSm ocifpdk;udkawmh b,folrSef; rodacs?
ocifpdk;u udkygtay: tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aeonf[k ,lq&I udkygta=umif; ocifpdk;udk enf;enf;ajymjy&onf?
usaemfajymjyonfrSm Armhwyfrawmfudk 1942 ckESpf Zlvdkif 27 &ufae@wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtdkifat) rS
ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) tjzpf ajymif;zG@J aomtcg ,cifu &efukefwGif usaemf. q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;
jzpf+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@. ajratmufawmfvSefa&; tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmol ukvm;ujym; udkatmif}uD;qdkolu ,ckukvm;ujym;uav; udkygudk
usaemfhxHac:vm+yD; tyfygonf? udkygrSm usaemhxuf (7) ESpfcef@r# i,frnfxifygonf?

10
 udkatmif}uD;u tyfIajymonfrSm udkyg. rdbESpfyg;pvHk; uG,fvGef=u+yD ol@udkcifAsm;teD;wGif udk,f&Htjzpfxm;v#if tvGefopPm&SdpGm
apmifha&SmufðykpkoGm;ygvdrfhrnf[lI jzpfygonf?
udkygudk usaemfhtdrfwGif xm;ygonf? olu xrif;[if;csufwwfojzifh usaemfhudk xrif;[if;csuf+yD; au|;arG; ðypkygonf? aemuf
udkygonf udkatmif}uD;ajymovdk tdrf&Sifraumif;wa,mufvdk usaemhfudk *±kpdkufðypk+yD; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomol jzpfvmygonf?
usaemfhvcrsm;udkvnf; wcgw&H ‚udkygudkyif xkwfcdkif;&+yD; usaemfhaiGa=u;tm;vHk;udkvnf; ‚udkyJ tyfxm;+yD; usaemfol@xHu
awmif;oHk;ygonf?
wjznf;jznf;ESifh ‚udkygudk usaemfhwyfrS wyfr–;/ wyfom;rsm;u usaemfhudk ðypkapmifha&Smufaeaom usaemf. ,Hk=unf&aom udk,f&H
&Jabmfuav;jzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm=u+yD; tm;vHk;uvnf; 0dkif;+yD;ol@udk av;pm;cspfcifvm=uygonf? olvnf; 'DvdkESifh usaemfwdk@ESifh aysmf&$ifpGm
ðypkaexdkifygonf? usaemfvnf; ol@ynma&;udk *±krðyEdkifyg? olpmwwfojzifh rif; ighpmtkyfpifu EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfawGxu J óuuf&mpmtkyfawGudk
,l+yD;tm;csed rf mS zwfyg? rodwm igv h mar;[kom ajymxm;&ygonf? olvnf;tm;csed rf mS pmzwfaewm awG@&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ntcsed rf sm;wGif
jzpfonf? ol'DvdkESifh aysmf&$ifpGmaexdkifaea=umif;/ pm&dwWvnf; aumif;rGefa=umif;wdk@udk ocifpdk;tm; usaemfajymjyygonf? olESifhywfoufI
tjzpftysuf wckudkvnf; ajymjyygao;onf? wcgu usaemfhwGif ypPnf;wckvdkI &SmazGae&m aemufqHk; udkyghtcef;a&mufoGm;+yD; &SmazG&m
ol@acgif;tHk;atmufwGif ol@'dkif,m&D pmtkyfuav; awG@&Sdvdk@ olbmawGrsm;a&;xm;ovJ odvdkI vSefavSm=unfh&m ,ae@ Adkvfr–;b,folESifh
awG@onf ponfjzifh usaemf@ta=umif;awGom a&;xm;onf? wae&mwGif ,ae@Adkvfr–;yef;uef0ufavmuf pm;onf? =uufom;wzJh ukefonf?
wae&mwGif ig;waumifukefonf[k a&;xm;onf? usaemfrusef;rmpOfu a&;om;yHk&onfh ta=umif;vJ ajymjy&onf? ocifpdk;vJ
auseyfoabmusyHk &ygonf?
usaemft h rd w
f iG f ocifp;kd ESihf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k aqG;aEG;aepOf wae@rmS usaemfeh mrnfatmfac:+yD; Adv k &f efatmif}uD; a&mufvmygonf?
usaemfajy;xGuf+yD; E_wfqufygonf? bmvkyf&rSef;rod jzpfaeygonf? Adkvf&efatmifu usaemfESifhawG@&ef olusaemfh±Hk;odk@ oGm;&m±Hk;u
vlawGu usaemfenf;enf;aeraumif;vdk@ tdrfwGifcwWem;aeonfqdkvdk@ rusef;rmbl;xif+yD; vmar;wmyg[k qdkonf?
usaemfu Adv k cf sKyfw@kd ocifp;kd wd@k awG@qakH ea=umif;udk Adv
k &f efatmif}uD;udk zH;k uG,x
f m;I roifah wmf[k csucf si;f ,lq+yD; ol@uv kd ufjy+yD;
wae&mac:oGm;um AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ zwfqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf v#Kd@0SufaqG;aEG;aea=umif;udk ajymjy&ygonf? 'DawmhrS
Adkvf&efatmifem;vnf+yD; usaemfESifh pum;tenf;i,f ajymqdk+yD; jyefoGm;ygonf?
ae@vnf xrif;pm;awmhrS AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@udk apmapmu Adkvf&efatmifvmwJhta=umif;ESifh usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ ocifpdk;wdk@
aqG;aEG;aewJh ta=umif;ajymawmh olacwWae+yD; jyefoGm;a=umif; ajym&ygonf? ocifpdk;u Adkvf&efatmifudk awG@csifaeyHk &ygonf? odk@aomf
ocifpdk;ta=umif; txl;v#Kd@0Suf&ojzifh Adkvf&efatmifESifhawG@&ef pDpOfray; Edkifawmhyg?
bDtikd af t umv tjzpftysurf sm;wGif wckarhuse&f pfojzifh xyfa&;&ygO;D rnf? ‚tjzpftysurf mS - bDtikd af t umvu òr@wòr@wiG f
usaemfu h kd t+idryhf wJG yGu
J zdwaf c:ojzifh 0if=unf&h ygonf? t+idrrhf if;orD;u y&dowfuakd usmay;+yD; xdik af epOf vl&i$ af wmfwOD;u t+idrrhf if;orD;.
ausmudk bDtdkifat (BIA) [k a&;xm;aom pm&Gufw&Guf vmuyfvdkufygonf? t+idrfhrif;orD;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonfhoabm jzpfygonf?
(xdkacwf xdkumvu “ypPnf;” rsm;udk odrf;ydkufonfhtcg bDtdkifat uyfonf[laom a0g[m&awmif &SdchJygonf?) yG=J unfhy&dowfxw J Gif
bDtdkifatwyfrS &mxl;t}uD;qHk;olrSm usaemfyif jzpf[ef&Sdonf? usaemfhteD;rS vltrsm; usaemfhudkrsm;pGm tm;emoGm;yHk&onf? usaemfvnf;
tvGefxlyloGm;ygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@ jynfolawGrSm olwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk Todk@yif azmfjywwfayonf?
usaemfhyJcl;tdrfteD;wGif tdrfESpfvHk; &Sdygonf? wvHk;rSm pHjywyf&if;±Hk;tkyf Adkvf}uD;AdkvfvSarmif.tdrfESifh wvHk;rSm pHjywyf&if;
jrefrmpmjyq&mOD;wifarmifwdk@ tdrfjzpfygonf? tm;vHk; tvkyfrsm;=uolawGjzpfvdk@ wtdrfESifhwtdrf ta=umif; r&SdbJ 0ifxGufvnfywfjcif;
odyfr&Sd=uyg? usaemfhtdrfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. um;0ifxGufjcif; vkyfaeonfudk od=u aomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; ar;jref;ajymqdkjcif; r&Sd=uyg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSm oHk;&ufr#=umonf xifygonf? xdktwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ygvmaom
ZeD;a':cif=unfrSmvnf; Edk@pm;EGm;rwaumif0,f&ef pDpOfaea=umif; =um;od&ygonf?
aqG;aEG;yGJ oH;k &ufr#=um+yD; +yD;oGm;yg+yD? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k vnf; aemufae@ &efuek u f kd jyef=uyg+yD? usaemfrmS ocifp;kd udk a';'&Jòr@o@kd
jyefydk@&ef 0wW&m; &Sdaeygonf?
ocifpdk;u usaemfhudkajymonfrSm ol'DrSmvkyfp&m&SdwmawG &uftcsKd@vkyf&tHk;rnf? xdkudpPawG+yD;rS a';'&Jjyefrnf[k ajymygonf?
ocifpdk;rSm usaemfwdk@ESifh ae&pOftwGif; ol@vHkðcHa&;twGuf rsm;pGmpdwfcsrf;omyHk &ygonf?
xdktwGif; usaemfhXmecsKyf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;u owif;ay;ydk@onfrSm wae@nu t*Fvdyfav,mOfysH yJcl;òr@teD; vmoGm;onfrSm
tdENd,odk@ a&mufaeaom wufbkef;}uD;ocifodef;az avxD;eJ@qif;ae&pfonf? ,ae@up+yD; yJcl;òr@0if òr@xGuf*dwfawG *syefppfwyfcs&yf+yD;
vl0ifvlxGuf apmifh=unfhrnf? yJcl;òr@wGif;&Sd tdrfwdkif;udkvnf; ocifodef;azudk &SmazGawmhrnf[lI jzpfygonf?
usaemfvnf; xdkowif;udk csufcsif; ocifpdk;udk ajymjyonf? ocifpdk;udk òr@0ifòr@xGuf *dwfawGrSm *syefuif;apmifh rcsrD jyefydk@&eftwGuf
&efukefbuf jyefydk@Edkifzdk@ ta&;}uD;a=umif; tm;vHk;oabmayguf=u+yD; ocifpdk;udk csufcsif;yif jyefydk@&ef pDpOf=uygonf?

11
 usaemfhtdrfwGif ocifpdk;a&mufuwnf;u ta&;ay:oHk;&ef vlpD;um;wpD; "mwfqDtjynfhESifh t&efoifhxm;ygonf? udk}uD;jrifhESifh
udkxGef;pdefwdk@ ESpfa,mufudkvnf; olwdk@tdrfwGif t+rJtoifhapmifhae&ef rSm=um;xm;&m udk}uD;jrifhESifh udkxGef;pdefwdk@udk tjrefvlv$wfac:cdkif;+yD;
usaemfygoHk;a,mufESifh ocifpdk;udkvdkufydk@&ef xdkum;jzifh usaemfwdk@ &efukefbufudk csufcsif;xGuf=uygonf?
ocifpdk;wdk@tm;vHk;rSm vmwkef;utwdkif; Armhwyfrawmft0wftpm; 0wfqifxm;=uygonf? um;rxGufrD vHkðcHa&;tpDtpOfudk
usaemfu csufcsif;awG;ac:+yD; tm;vHk;udk ajymjy&onf? vrf;c&D;rSm um;udk&yf+yD; *syefu ppfaq;+yD; ocifpdk;udk zrf;qD;zdk@txd jzpfvmv#if
usaemfwa,mufom rdrdudkifaqmifxm;aom"m;jzifh *syefrsm;udk xdk;ckwfae&pfrnf? udk}uD;jrifh/ udkxGef;pdefwdk@u ocifpdk;udk xdkum;ESifhyif
qufac:oGm;=u&ef vrf;wGifvSnf;ul;òr@a&mufv#if um;.yHko¿mef ajymif;vJ&ef um;wpD; tjreftopfv+J yD; &efukefbuf qufxGuf&efwdk@udk
rSm=um;ygonf?
usaemfwdk@um;ay: a&mufaomtcg usaemfvnf; tarmajy+yD; acwWidkufceJjzpfoGm;&m usaemfhab;wGif xdkifaeaom udk}uD;jrifhu
wawmifqpfEiS hf wd@k awmhrS rsuv f ;kH zGi=hf unfrh &d m yJc;l òr@jyif yJc;l jrpfwzufurf; òr@t0ifuif;*dww f iG f *syefuif;apmifah &mufae+yD; c&D;oGm;vltcsK@d ukd
ppfar;aeyHu k kd vSr;f +yD;jrif&ygonf? usaemfvnf; 'dwcf eJjzpfomG ;ygonf? aemufcsucf si;f owd&+yD; pDpOfxm;wJh vHðk cHa&;tpDtpOftwdik ;f vkyk =f u[k
cyfwdk;wdk; ajymvdkufygonf?
r=umrD usaemfwdk@um; yJcl;jrpfwHwm;udkausmf+yD; òr@t0if *syefuif;*dwfa&S@udk a&mufygonf? *syefwyf=uyfu um;udk&yfcdkif;ojzifh
um;&yf+yD; usaemfum;ay:uqif;um usaemfonf yJcl;òr@&Sd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;r–; jzpfonf? &efukefppf±Hk;udk oGm;&efvmjcif; jzpfonf[k
*syefpum; rjynfhrpHkESifh ajymjyvdkufygonf? *syefu um;ay:uvlawGudk qif;ap+yD; um;xJudk iHk@+yD;=unfhygonf? usaemfwdk@ &ifwxdwfxdwf
jzpfae=uygonf? tm;vHk;ppfom;csnf; jzpfaeI xifygonf? *syefu auseyf+yD; oGm;cGifhðyvdkufygonf?
usaemfwdk@ &efukefa&mufaomtcg rlvutpDtpOf &Sdonfhtwdkif; &efukefta&S@ydkif; Adkvfva&mif}uD;tdrfwGif wnf;cdkygonf?
Adkvfva&mif}uD; r&Sdyg? Adkvfva&mif}uD;. udk,f&H&aJ bmfrsm;u usaemfwdk@udk csufðywf au|;arG;ygonf?
aemufae@wGif rlvtpDtpOf&Sdonfhtwdkif; ocifpdk;udk ocifEktdrfodk@ ocifEkESifh awG@qHk&efvdkufydk@&ygonf? aemufae@ ocifpdk;udk
ocifEktdrfrS usaemfjyefac: cJh&ygonf?
usaemfwdk@ &efukefwnf;cdktdrf a&mufaomtcg ocifpdk;u rausreyfESifh usaemfhudk ajymjyonfrSm ocifEku ol@udk avSum;tdrfxw J Gif
xnfhxm;a=umif;/ aemufocifEkrSm ol@bk&m;&Sdcdk;csdefESifh ol@{nfhonfrsm;vmcsdefwdk@a=umifh olESifh aumif;aumif;pum;ajymcsdef odyfr&cJha=umif;
ajymjyygonf?
aemufae@ usaemf/ ud}k uD;jrifEh iS hf udx k eG ;f pdew
f @kd oH;k a,muf ocifp;kd udk &efuek rf S a';'&Jòr@ ocifjroGiw f @kd xo H @kd acsmarmpGm jyefy@kd Eikd cf yhJ gonf?
usaemfwdk@ jyefcgeD; E_wfquf=u&m &uftcsKd@twlaexdkifch&J ojzifh usaemfwdk@ pdwfv_yf&Sm;rd=uygonf?
usaemfhpdwfwGif ArmhawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; usaemfwdk@ESifhocifpdk; r=uc%awG@qHk=uvdrfhOD;rnf[k xifjrifchyJ gonf?
odk@&mwGif usaemfESifh ocifpdk;awG@qHkjcif;onf Tt}udrf (1944 ckESpf) onf aemufqHk;t}udrf jzpfygawmhonf? aemifwcgrS
rawG@qHkawmhyg? ocifpdk;rSm uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpf+yD; usaemfrSmvnf; 1990 ckESpfrSpI w±kwfjynfodk@ a&mufaeygawmhonf?
usaemfw@kd a';'&JwiG f ocifp;kd udyk @kd +yD; &efuek jf yefaomtcg “wGaH w;awm}uD;wef;”a'oudk 0ifvnfywf+yD;rS jyef=uygonf? ajryHak y:wGif
wGHaw;awm}uD;wef; a'oonf awm awmfawmfxlxyfojzifh usaemfwdk@ &efukefwGif *syefwdk@ESifh tqifrajyv#if acwWawmcdkykef;atmif;&ef
oifhawmfonfhae&mjzpfrnf xifygonf? ,if;udk=unfh±_avhvm&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh awm}uD;wef;a'oudk0ifjcif; jzpfygonf? ocifjroGifxHrS
awm}uD;wef;&Sd tdrfwtdrfodk@ rdwfqufpmwapmif ,lvm+yD; usaemfwdk@ wnwnf;cdkum awm}uD;wef; tajctaeudk avhvmygonf?
“awm}uD;wef;” rSm wGHaw;awmwef;wGif òr@uav;wòr@ jzpfaeonf? &efukefòr@rS av,mOfAHk;'%f/ ppfab;'%f a=umufolrsm;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vm+yD; ppfab;'%f a&Smifae=uI jzpfygonf? xdk@aemuf usaemfwdk@ &efukefodk@ jyefchJ=uonf? xdkumvrSm 1944 ckESpf ukefcgeD;
umvjzpfonf?
usaemf &efukefodk@jyefa&mufaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqif;xHoGm;I ocifpdk;udk a';'&Jodk@ ydk@ay;cJh+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;ydk@ygonf?
Adv k cf sKyfu rsuEf mS raumif;pGmjzifh yJc;l &Su d saemft h rd rf S udyk gukd *syefrsm; ,ckwavmwGif zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? usaemfvnf;
rsm;pGmpdk;&drfoGm;ygonf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfrsufESm raumif;jzpfaeI usaemfu pdwfylyefr_ oufomatmif AdkvfcsKyfbmrS 'Davmufrylyge@J udkyg[m
usaemft h rd rf mS awmfveS af &;orm;uav;jzpfae+yD ol[m Adv k cf sKyfw@kd usaemfw h @kd EiS hf awmfveS af &;udk xdcu kd af tmifvyk rf mS r[kwyf g? a&SmifvrJ$ mS om
jzpfw,f[k ajymygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfhudkvJ zrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ yJcl;udk jyefroGm;bJ &efukefppf0ef}uD;±Hk;wGif avhusifha&;Xmer–;tjzpfae&ef olpDpOfxm;+yD
jzpfa=umif; ajymygonf?
Adv k cf sKyfrmS rdrt
d wGuf tm;vH;k pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfaeI usaemf yJc;l jyefroGm;bJ ppf0ef}uD;±H;k rSmyif aeygonf? axmufyahH &;Xmeu usaemfu h kd
OD;0dpm&vrf;&Sd 0if;+cHESifh wxyfwdkufuav;&Sdaomtdrfudk ay;ygonf? +cHxJwGif tapcHwef;vsm; wdkufcef;aumif;av;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
xdwk xyfwu kd u f av;rSmvnf; tawmfaumif;rGeyf gonf? xdt k apcHwu kd cf ef;rsm;wGif usaemfu h , kd &f &H aJ bmf udx k eG ;f &ifqakd om&Jabmfukd xm;ygonf?

12
 usaemfppf0ef}uD;±Hk;wGif ±Hk;wufae&aomfvnf; udkyghudpPudk ylyefaerdygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rpdk;&drf&ef ajymcJhaomfvnf;
usaemfuawmh pdk;&drfaeygonf? odyf!‡if;yef;ESdyfpufv#if udkygu zGifhajymvdkufrSm pdk;&drfaeygonf?
odk@aomf r=umcifrSmyif udkygvGwfvm+yDqdkaom owif;udk =um;&ygonf? *syefrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - AdkvfausmfaZmtdrfwGif
b,folESifhawG@ovJ[k ar;onf? udkygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m usaemfhAdkvfrª;tcef;xJwGif Adkvfrª;ESifhom ESpfa,mufom; pum;ajym=uonf[k
wav#mufv;kH worwfwnf; ajymonf? tenf;i,f !‡i;f yef;+yD; xyfppfaq;vnf; ,ciftwdik ;f yif ajymaeojzifh v$wv f u kd af =umif; od&ygonf?
udyk grmS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf usaemfw@kd uo
kd m u,fwifvu kd ±f rkH u zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;udyk g vH;k 0rxdcu kd af tmif u,fwifvu kd &f m
usojzifh udkygudk usaemfwdk@ tvGefaus;Zl;wif&ygawmhonf? udkygudk usaemfwdk@omru wdkif;jynfuyg aus;Zl;wifoifhayonf?
udyk grmS axmifuvGw+f yD;aomtcg usaemfx h H jyefrvmawmhbJ olvt J awmfE;kd =um;ae+yDjzpfI tjyifxu G +f yD; Edik if aH &;vkyyf gawmhonf?
udkygrSm jynfol@&aJ bmftzG@J 0if+yD; EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Guf&m/ r=umrDyif AdkvfeEN[laomtrnfjzifh xif&Sm;aom jynfol@&aJ bmfacgif;aqmif
vl}uD;wOD; jzpfvmygawmhonf? olonf pm&dwWvnf; aumif;rGefoljzpfojzifh acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
udkygonf usaemfwyfrawmfu xGuf&+yD; prf;acsmif;tdrfuav;wGif aexdkifaepOfu usaemfhtdrfodk@ 1 }udrf 2 }udrf vma&muf
vnfywfcJhygao;onf? ol@udk usaemfu vl}uD;wa,muftjzpf aumif;pGm{nfhcHcJhygonf? 1976 ckESpf usaemfwdk@ rdom;pk Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&modk@ awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf olESifhtqufjywfoGm;ygawmhonf? ,cktcg oluG,fvGefoGm;cJh+yD jzpfa=umif; od&ygonf? olonf
wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifaumif;wa,muf jzpfcJhygonf?

19

usaemfonf ocifpdk;udk 1944 ckESpf ukefcgeD; a';'&Judk vdkufydk@+yD;onfhaemuf usaemfhvlr_a&;b0vnf; tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef

pdwful;vmygawmhonf? usaemf ,cifu usaemfhtdrfaxmifa&;udpPudk ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS tdrfaxmifðyvufxyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;&m
ocifpdk;ESifhusaemf tdrfaxmifa&;aqG;aEG;&mrS xdkr#txd raocsmra&&m apmifhqdkif;raebJ/ ,ck*syefacwf - bD'Dat wyfrawmfumvwGifyif
vufxyfvdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? usaemfh toufvnf; 25 - 26 &Sdaeay+yD jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh usaemfyxrqHk; usaemfhawmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom udk}uD;jrifhESifhudkxGef;pdefwdk@tm; ajymjyygonf? oHk;q,fòr@wGif
usaemfih ,f&;D pm; &Sod nfqI kd olw@kd u tH=h o=uygonf? usaemfZh eD;avmif;rSm om,m0wDta&;ydik f ±H;k tkypf ma&;}uD;. wOD;wnf;aom orD;tjzpf
csrf;csrf;omom aexdkifvmcJh&mrS uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;orm;wOD;. ZeD;tjzpf aemiftcg qif;qif;&J&JaexdkifEdkifyghrvm;[kvnf; olwdk@
pdwfyl=uyHk&onf? xdk@jyif usaemfhZeD;rSm ynmwwfwOD; r[kwfI EdkifiHa&;wGif usaemfhtwGuf tultnD&yghrvm;[kvnf; pdwfyl=uyHk&ygonf?
udkxGef;pdefrSm vlysdKjzpf+yD; udk}uD;jrifhom tdrfaxmif&Sdonf? udk}uD;jrifhZeD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;acsmifvnfaomfvnf; ynmwwftrsdK;orD; r[kwfay?
odk@aomf olwdk@ ZeD;armifESHrSm i,f&D;pm;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; wOD;ESifhwOD; tawmfcspfcifjrwfEdk;=uonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;rSmvnf; usaemfESifh
i,f&;D pm;rsm; jzpfaeonfuakd wmh olw@kd u oabmus=uonf/ ud}k uD;jrifu h ,
kd w
f ikd vf nf; usaemfZh eD;avmif; aexdik &f m oH;k q,fòr@o@kd oGm;a&muf+yD;
avhvm=unfh±_ay;ygonf?
usaemfwdk@ vufxyf&efudpP usaemfhZeD;avmif;. rdzrsm;udk awmif;&rf;aphpyfa&;udk pOf;pm;ygonf? usaemfh ZeD;avmif;. rdcifjzpfol
a':wifrmS pdwo f abmxm; El;nHah umif;rGeaf omtrsKd ;orD;}uD; jzpfonf? usaemft h az. ta':awmfpyf+yD; tazhtay:vnf; av;pm;cspcf ifonf?
usaemfuv kd nf; cifrify&kH onf? usaemfEiS hf ol@orD;udk oabmwlEikd yf kH &onf? zcifjzpfoOl ;D btH;k rSm usaemfw@kd EiS hf a':wifavmuf ru|r;f aomfvnf;
orD;udk tvGefcspfoljzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;/ usaemfhwGif bmtjypfrSr&SdIvnf;aumif; orD;qENtwdkif; oabmwlrnf xif&ygonf?
xdk@a=umifh usaemfhvufxyfa&;twdkif; awmif;qdkem;azmufay;rnfholudk pOf;pm;&m usaemfhtaz.nDt&if; OD;av;cef@udk a&G;jc,f
vdkufygonf?
OD;av;cef@rSm usaemfhudk i,fpOfuwnf;up+yD; tvGefcspfcifygonf? rdk;&moDwGif; ol@v,f,mvkyfief;+yD;aomtcg nae
xrif;pm;+yD;csdefrsm;Y OD;av;onf usaemfwdk@tdrfodk@vm+yD; usaemfhudk oHk;q,fòr@odk@ac:oGm;um w±kwfpdef0if;&SyfqdkifwGif rHk@ESifhaumfzDrsm;
wdkufau|;+yD; ±kyf&Sifjywwfygonf? ±kyf&Sifjy+yD;aemuf “&Gmr” &Sd ol@tdrfwGif usaemfhudk wnodyf+yD;rS eHeufpm au|;arG;um 5 zmvHkcef@a0;aom
usaemfhtdrfudk jyefv$wfwwfonf? aemuf OD;av;cef@rSm usaemfhZeD;avmif; tdrfodk@vnf; oGm;vm0ifxGufaeolvnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@jyif
OD;av;cef@rSm usaemfwdk@ESpfOD; arwWm&Sdaeonfudkvnf;od+yD; rsm;pGm vdkvm;olvnf; jzpfygonf/
xdk@a=umifh OD;av;cef@udk usaemfhZeD;avmif;. rdzrsm;xHodk@ orD;udk awmif;&rf;aphpyfay;&ef yef=um;zdk@ apv$wf &ygonf?
OD;av;cef@uvnf; olwdk@awG rif;ESifhoabmwl=urSmygy?J tqifajyygvdrfhr,f[k ajymygonf?
xd@k aemuf OD;av;cef@onf usaemfZh eD;avmif;. rdbrsm;xHomG ;I/ uav;csi;f arwW&adS e+yDjzpf&m uav;awGukd vufxyfxrd ;f jref;cGiðhf y&ef
awmif;&rf;em;azmufygawmhonf?
,if;wGif rxifrSwfaomudpP ñuH&ygawmhonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;.zcif OD;btkH;u jyefajymonfrSm “olwdk@vufxyfa&;udkawmh
wd@k uoabmwlygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dppf}uD;+yD;rS vufxyfapcsiw f ,f? ppf+yD;wJah emuf armifa&$ (usaemfih ,femrnf) b,fb0yJjzpfjzpf oabmwlrmS yJ?
13
igu qD;+yD;ykqdk;qifay;& ay;&yJ? vufxyfay;rSmyJ? ppf}uD;twGif;awmh oabmrwlEdkifbl;? ighorD;av; b,fawmhrkqdk;r jzpfrvJqdkwm ae@wdkif;
ylyefae&wJhb0awmh igra&mufcsifbl;” vdk@ qdkygawmhonf?
OD;}uD;OD;btHk;rSm orD;udktvGefcspfol jzpfonf? orD;udk ppftwGif; ppfom;wa,mufESifh vufxyfay;+yD; xdkppfom;aemuf
xnfhvdkuf&rSmudk ylyefjcif;jzpf[ef &Sdaeayonf?
OD;av;cef@vnf; pdwfysuf+yD; jyefvmum tusdK;ta=umif;awG ajymjyygonf? usaemfvnf; pdwfysuf+yD; bmqufvkyf &rnfrod/
tcsdef&Snfvsm;pGm apmifh&rnfhoabm jzpfaeygawmhonf?

20

usaemfonf &efukefòr@ OD;0dpm&vrf;wGif eHeufwdkif; apmapmx+yD; 2 rdkifausmfr# vrf;av#mufaeusjzpf&m/ ,ckwavm

vrf ; rav#muf j zpf w m wywf a usmf a vmuf & S d o G m ;+yD ; / ,ae@rS xvrf ; av#muf r d y gonf ? vrf ; av#muf r S t jyef td r f a &muf c geD ; wG i f
OD;av;cef@wa,muf vrf;twdkif;rdrdqD av#mufvmwmawG@&I bmrsm;jzpfjyef+yDv[ J k pdwfyloGm;rdygonf? awGqHkrdawmhOD;av;u ajymonfrSm
usaemfhZeD;avmif;pdefpdef ol@tdrfrSxGufvm+yD; ightdrfa&mufvmum rif;qDudkvkdufydk@ay;zdk@ajymvdk@ igac:vm+yD? tckrif;a':av;apmtdrfwGif
xm;cJhonf? rif;udkajymjyzdk@ igvmwmyJ[k qdkygonf?
usaemfu OD;av;cef@ukd jyefEiS yhf g? usaemft0wftpm;vJ+yD; csucf si;f um;ESihf vmcJyh gr,f? usaemfw@kd rmS olrudak pmifah &Smuf&r,f0h wW&m;
&Sdygw,f? usaemf0wW&m;twdkif; vkyfrSmyg[kajym+yD; OD;av;udk jyefv$wfvdkufygonf?
usaemftdrftjrefjyef t0wftpm;vJ+yD;um;jzifh usaemfhta':tdrfudkvdkufoGm;um olreSifhawG@qHkygonf? usaemfhZeD;avmif;pdefpdefu
ajymjyonfrSm usr[marmifvufxyfEdkifr,fh&ufudk t=um}uD;apmifhaecJh&yg+yD? tckarmifuvufxyfEdkif+yD ajymjyefawmhvJ tazuraorcsm
ra&r&meJ@ ppf+yD;rS vufxyfay;r,fvdk@ajymjyefw,f? tckawmhusru armifac:wJhtwdkif;armifaemuf vdkufchJ+yDvdk@rsuf&nfrsm;ESifh usaemfhudk
ajymjyygonf?
usaemfu - rif;bmrSryleJ@/ rif;udkigapmifha&SmufrSmyg? wdk@r=umcif'D&efukefrSmyJ vufxyf=uwmaygh? tckawmh a':av;tdrfrSmyJ
acwWaecJhyg[k ajymcJh+yD; a':av; - OD;av;wdk@ESifh acwWawG@qHktyfESHum usaemfhtdrfudkjyefchyJ gonf?
usaemfwdk@vufxyfzdk@twGuf usaemfaiG&Smzdk@vdkygonf? usaemfhwGif ,cifbDtdkifatacwfuwnf;u usaemfpD;aeaom armfawmfqdkif
u,fwpD; tawmftoifah umif;rGepf mG &Syd gonf? ,ckusaemfppf0ef}uD;±H;k avhusiahf &;XmecsKyfr;ª }uD;jzpfvmI ppf0ef}uD;±H;k uusaemfp;D zd@k ud, k yf ikd u
f m;
wpD;/ '±dkifbm&JabmfESifhwuGay;xm;ojzifh xdkarmfawmfqdkifu,fudk usaemfwae&mwGif odrf;xm;ygonf?
xdkarmfawmfqdkifu,fudk ppf0ef}uD;±Hk; axmufyHha&;Xmeodk@ usaemfa&mif;cs&efpDpOfygonf? ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;axmufyHha&;rª;Adkvfrª;Adkvf0if;xH
oGm;awG@+yD; usaemfvufxyfzdk@aiGvdkojzifh usaemfharmfawmfqdkifu,fudk a&mif;vdka=umif;ajymjy&m oabmwl=u+yD; usaemfharmfawmfqdkiu f ,fzdk;
jrefrmaiGusyif g;aomif; Adv k rf ;ª 0if;uay;ygonf? xdpk OfujrefrmaiGwefz;kd vnf; toift h wif&h adS eI vufxyfpm;&dwt f wGuf aumif;pGmvHak vmuf
Edkifygonf?
usaemfcsucf si;f yif xkad iGig;aomif;ud, k +l yD; usaemfw@kd uv kd ufxyfay;zd@k OD;av; - a':av;wd@k uakd jym+yD; xkad iGrsm;udk tyfay;vdu k yf gonf?
aemuf usaemfonfAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfvufsmxHoGm;+yD; usaemfhZeD;avmif;vdkufvmaomtajctaeudk ajymjyum r=umcif
&efukefwGifyif vufxyfawmhrnfhta=umif; ajymjyygonf?
aemuf AdkvfvufsmESifh vufxyfrnfhtpDtpOfrsm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyif=uygonf? AdkvfvufsmrSmaumif;pGmrusef;rmI &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;wGif
wufa&muf ukoaeaomumv jzpfygonf?
1945 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv 15 &ufae@wGif usaemfwdk@vufxyf=uygonf? vufxyfyu JG dkAdkvfvufsmpDpOfay;onfhtwdkif; acgif;aqmif}uD;
om,m0wDocifjrtdrfwGif ðyvkyfygonf? vufxyfay;olrsm;rSm xdktcsdefuEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpf[ef&Sdaom ocifEkwdk@ jzpfygonf? q&m}uD;
ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;u r*Fvm=obmpum; ajym=um;csD;jr‡ifhygonf?
vufxyfyrJG mS cyfusO;f usO;f jzpfaomfvnf; odu k o
f u
kd òf rufòruf jzpfygonf? usaemfw@kd .acgi;f aqmifv}l uD;rsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;
wufa&muf=uygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfZeD;armifESHvnf; wufa&mufvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufxH vm+yD;vufqGJ
E_wfqufum AdkvfcsKyfuaemufajymifpum;rsm; qdkygonf? bmrSef;usaemfrrSwfrdawmhyg? vufxyfyGJodk@ aq;±Hkwufaeaom AdkvfvufsmwOD;
wnf;om rvmjzpfyg? usaemfhZmwdoHk;q,frS usaemfhrdbrsm;ESifh aqGrsdK;tcsdK@vnf;vm=uygonf? pdefpdef.ta': a':=unfvnf; oHk;q,fòr@r
Svm+yD;wufa&mufygonf? r*FvmyGJrSmtm;vHk;acsmacsmarmarmESifh +yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf?
usaemfv h yl sKd &Jabmf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k &f x J ËG /f Adv
k jf rifah tmifw@kd rmS vnf; rsm;pGmaysm&f i$ =f u+yD; usaemfu
h 0kd ikd ;f umpaemuf
ajymifaeygawmhonf?
14
 vufxyfyGJ+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;waysmfwyg;}uD; usaemf.OD;0dZm&vrf;tdrfodk@ jyefvm=uygonf? tvGefaysmf&$ifaeaom
Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;u wdk@odyfaysmfw,f/ 'Dn'DrSmyJ=uufom;[if; csufpm;=ur,f[kajymqdkum pDpOf=uyg awmhonf? (xdkpOfu Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;
ruG,fvGefao;yg)
usaemfw@kd u =uuf0,f&efppD Of&m Adv k jf rifah tmif}uD;u 'Dvn kd [if;qdw k m0,fw=hJ uufe@J csupf m;wmr[kwb f ;l / ck;d &wJ=h uufe@J csupf m;rS
t&om&SdwmAs[k oli,fpOfb0utwdkif; aysmf&$ifpGmajymvmygonf?
nrdk;enf;enf;csKyfvmaomtcg Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;u =uufoGm;cdk;&efusaemfhudkac:+yD; ajreDukef;&Sdukvm;&yfuGufodk@ oGm;um+cHw+cHudk
ausmf0ifygawmhonf?
usaemfhrSmTodk@cdk;0Suf&onfh tvkyfudkwcgr# vkyfzl;olr[kwfojzifh xdwfvef@+yD; a=umuf'l;wkef &ifckefaeonfudk ,ckwdkif rSwfrdae
ygonf?
Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf &J&Jwif;wif;yif =uufwef;&Sd&mae&modk@ oGufvufpGmav#mufoGm;ygonf? usaemfvnf;ol@aemufu
a=umufa=umuf&GH@&G@HESifh jznf;jznf;vdkufoGm;ygonf?
Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;onf =uufwef;odk@a&mufaomtcg =uufwef;ay:&Sd=uufwaumifteD; ol@vufwzufudk wifvdkufygonf?
=uufwaumifu ajymif;&if;a&$@&if; Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;vufay:odk@ =uufajcaxmufrsm; a&mufvmaomtcg Adkvfjrifhatmif}uD;u wjcm;vuf
wzufjzifh xdk=uuf.vnfyif;udk jzpfudkifvdkuf+yD;ratmfEdkifatmif !‡pfowfvdkuf+yD; +cHtjyifudk jyefxGufvmygonf?
usaemfhtdrf jyefa&mufrS usaemf&ifwkefajyygonf?
Adv
k jf rifah tmif}uD;u =uufom;[if;csuaf epOf usaemfu h akd jymonfrmS olAv kd &f efatmif}uD;udk ac:xm;+yD;jzpfonf/ usaemfuAdv k &f x J ËG uf kd
xrif;pm;&efvSrf;ac:yg[k cdkif;ygawmhonf?
xdkpOfuAdkvf&x J GËfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. twGif;a&;rª;jzpf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfwGif aeygonf? AdkvfcsKyftdrfudk zkef;qufv#if
a,bk,stm;jzifh twGi;f a&;rª;uom yxrzke;f udik w f wf&m usaemfzek ;f qufv#if yxrAdv k &f x
J ËG Ef iS o
hf m awG@&rnf[k ,lq+yD;zke;f qufvu kd yf gonf?
odk@aomfyxrzkef;vmudkifolrSm Adkvf&x J GËfr[kwfbJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif jzpfaeygawmhonf?
usaemfvnf;yxrawmh pdwfv_yf&Sm;oGm;+yD;aemufrS pdwfxJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; ajymvdkufrdygawmhonf? usaemfhtdrfwGifAdkvfjrifhatmif/
Adv
k &f efatmifw@kd n[if;=uufom;[if; csupf m;ae=ua=umif;/ Adv k &f xJ ËG u
f n kd [if;pm;zd@k ac:csiaf =umif;ajymvdu k &f m Adv k cf sKyfuAdv k &f x J ËG u f akd c:+yD;
zkef;udkay;vdkufygonf? usaemfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudktm;empGmjzifh Adkvf&JxGËfudkxrif;pm;zdwf&ygawmhonf?
Adkvf&JxGËfr=umrDyif usaemfhtdrfodk@olum;av;jzifh a&mufcsvmygonf?
xdknusaemfhtdrfwGif Adkvfjrifhatmif/ Adkvf&efatmif/ Adkvf&x J GËf/ usaemfESifhusaemfhZeD;yg waysmfwyg;}uD; n[if;pm;=uygonf?
usaemfhZeD;rSm usaemfwdk@&aJ bmf}uD;rsm;ESifh aemufydkif;wGifwjznf;jznf; &if;ESD;cifrifvm+yD; tm;vHk;udkcspfcifav;pm; vmygonf?
odk@aomfAdkvf&efatmif}uD;tay:wGif usaemfhZeD;uwzufu cspfcifav;pm;aomfvnf; wzufutapmydkif;wGif a=umuf&GH@pdwf
&Sad eygonf? xdu k o
hJ @kd a=umuf&@HG pw
d &f adS e&onfh ta=umif;rSmAdv k &f efatmif}uD;rSm usaemfw@kd ujkd rifawG@vu kd &f onfEiS hf wòyifeufwnf; tvGet f m;&
&$ifvef;pGmatmf}uD;[pfus,fESifh aemufajymifE_wfqufwwfI jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;usrSwjznf;jznf; &if;ESD;vmygonf?
aemuf&ufodyfr=umrD usaemfwdk@tdrfodk@Adkvfrª;Axl;vmI vnfywfygonf? Adkvfr–;Axl;rSme,fwGifwm0ef usaeoljzpfI usaemfh
vufxyfyGrJ wufEdkifchJyg? ,ckrS&efukefudkwm0ef0wW&m;ESifh a&muf&SdvmpOf vmvnfywfjcif; jzpfygonf?
usaemfZh eD;rSmAdv k Af xl;.trnfukd apmpGmuyif=u;od+yD;jzpfI tdrf af &mufvmonft h cg csucf si;f yifav;av;pm;pm; {nf0h wfðyygonf?
usaemfwdk@tawmf=um &if;&if;ESD;ESD;pum;ajym=u+yD;aemuf Adkvfr–;Axl;jyefoGm;ygonf?
jyefcgeD;Adkvfr–;Axl;onf usaemfhZeD;xHcsOf;uyf+yD; olta&;ta=umif;&Sdu oHk;pGzJ dk@aqmifxm;[ef&Sdaom a&$vufaumufav; 2 uGif;
3 uGif; (wuGif; yHkpHwrsKd;pD&Sd) udkvufz@JG vufaqmiftjzpf twif;xdk;ay;oGm;ygonf?
usaemfrmS Tta=umif;t&mawGukd a&;aepOfu, G vf eG =f u+yDjzpfaom &Jabmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k jf rifah tmif/
Advk Af xl; polw@kd ukd owd&+yD; vGr;f qGwaf =uuGaJ erdygonf? olw@kd onfwikd ;f jynfwm0ef aus¹yefc=hJ uolrsm; jzpfygonf? xd@k twl uG,v f eG u f ek =f u+yD
jzpfaomusaemfh rdzESpfyg;/ ZeD;onfESifhom;i,fxGef;at;ausmfaZm wdk@udkvnf;owd&vGrf;qGwfrdygonf?
usaemfudk,fwdkifvnf; Tpma&;aeonfh 2003 ckESpfwGif usaemfhtouf (84) ESpfjynfh&ef &ufydkif;avmufom vdkawmhonfjzpfI
uG,fvGefukef=u+yDjzpfaom &Jabmf}uD;rsm;aemufodk@ r=umcifvdkuf&awmhrnf jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;t&jrefrmjynfolwdk@ csrf;om0ajymap&efvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um; vGwfajrmuf
ap&efvnf;aumif; tm;xkwfvHk;yef;cJh&m ,ckxdratmifjrifEdkifao;ojzifh 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif; jzpf&ayonf? ,cktxdppftm%m&Sif tpdk;&udk
quf+yD;wdu k yf q
JG ifae&wke;f jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfow l @kd onf qif;&Jjcif;rSvw G af jrmuf+yD; csr;f om0ajymvma&;ESihf zdEydS cf sKyfjc,frr_ S vGwaf jrmufvm
a&;onf a&S@wGifjzpfvmrnf[k usaemfwdk@vHk;0,Hk=unfygonf?

15
 (21)
zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (1)

zufqpf0g'udk *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefwdk@ (3) EdkifiHaygif;xlaxmifchJ=u+yD; 1941 ckESpfwGif *smr%Dzufqpfwdk@u Oa&mytaemufydkif;
wydkif;vHk; jyifopfjynf}uD;tyg odrf;ydkufch=J uonf? +Adwdefu|ef;om yifv,fjcm;aeI rodrf;ydkufEdkifbJ ava=umif;uom t}uD;tus,f wdkufcdkuf
cJhonf? ‚*smr%Dzufqpfwdk@[m qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;jynf}uD;udkquf+yD; 1941 ck/ ZGefvup0ifwdkuf&mwGif oHk;ESpftwGif;qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;rS pwmvif
acgif;aqmif+yD; ckcHvdk@ *smrefawG tawmftxdemonf? 1943 ckESpfwGiftjyif;qHk; jzpfonf? qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;awGuwjznf;jznf;cHppfrS xdk;ppfodk@
pwifajymif;+yD;wduk &f m *smrefzufqpfawGukd ±k&mS ;rSarmif;xkwv f u
kd Ef ikd +f yD; Oa&mytwGi;f ydik ;f txd aemufuxyfcsyv
f u
kd u
f m wdu
k o
f nf? xdt
k csed f
wGif tar&dueft*Fvdyfr[mrdwfwyfz@GJ }uD;u 1944 ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufwGif jyifopf aemfref'Durf;ajcodk@wuf+yD; *smrefwdk@udkwdkufy}JG uD; qifEy$J g
awmhonf? odk@jzifh±k&Sm;ygaygif;um zufqpfwdkudkwdkuf&m Oa&mywGif*smrefzufqpfESifh tDwvDzufqpfwdk@ ta&;edrfh+yD;vufeufcs&awmhonf?
aemuftm&SwdkufwGifvnf; *syefzufqpfwdk@ujrefrmtyg wdkif;jynftrsm;udkwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufxm;&m r[mrdwfawGu jyefwdkuf
vmonf? qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;uvnf; wdkufyGJ+yD;oGm;aom Oa&myu ol@wyfawGudktm&Swdkufbufodk@ a&$@,lvm+yD; *syefzufqpfwdk@udkOD;wnf+yD;
wdkufcdkuf&m aemufqHk;*syefjynfray:urf;wuf+yD; wdkufawmhrnfhtajctaeodk@ qdkufaeayonf? xdktwGif;tar&duefu *syefjynf[D±dk&SD;rm;ESifh
em*gpuD;òr@awGudk 1945 ck =o*kwfv 6 &ufESifh 9 &ufae@rSm tEkjrLAHk;rsm;udkyxrqHk;csvdkufonf? *syefwdk@vnf; 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv 15
&ufwGif vufeufcsvdkufojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&mufavonf?

(22)
zufqpfqef@usifa&; tydkif; (2)

“Armjynfzufqpfqef@usifa&;” udk pwiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;rSm 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfv 4 &ufrS 7 &uft=um yJcl;òr@ usaemf
Adv
k af usmaf Zmtdrwf iG f 1942 ckEpS u f wnf;u zufqpfawmfveS af &;udpk nf;±H;k vkyu f ikd af eol ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S ocifp;kd ESihf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
wd@k . oH;k &uf=umv#K@d 0u
S af qG;aEG;yGrJ S pwif=ujcif; jzpfayonf? ‚wGizf ufqpfwu kd zf suaf &; jynfo@l vw G v
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf (zwyv aemif zqyv)
udkpwifzG@pJ nf;=uonf? xdkpOfzufqpfqef@usifa&; pcgpwGiftzG@J (4) zG@J yg0ifygonf? ‚wdk@rSmArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ Armhwyfrawmf/ jynfol@
ta&;awmfyykH gwD (qd&k , S vf pfygw)D / tm&Svil ,ftzG@J w@dk jzpfygonf? xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG Af v
kd cf sKyfatmifqef;rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD t S y uset f zG@J
wdk@.udk,fpm;vS,f jzpfygonf?
Armjynfzufqpfqef@usifa&;pwifolwdk@rSm &cdkifwdkif;ujzpf+yD; 1944 ckESpfukefavmufrSpwifch&J matmifjrifr_&cJh=uygonf? 1945 ckESpf
ZEM0g&yD xrywfrpS I &cdik w f ikd ;f wGiOf ;D ynmoD[/ OD;pdEmN ESihf ud! k xkd eG ;f / Adv
k =f umvSatmifw@kd O;D aqmifI r[mrdwpf pfwyfrsm;ESihf wGzJ ufum zufqpf
*syefwdk@tm; vufeufudkifI awmfvSefwdkufcdkufch=J uonf?
wjynfvHk;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzG@J csKyf (aemif zqyv) acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1945 ckESpf rwfv (1)
&ufae@rS (3) &ufae@txd (3) &ufwikd w f ikd f &efuek òf r@ywfvrf; (,ck ewfarmufvrf;) &Sd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; tdrw
f iG f zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf
pka0;wdkifyif=uavonf?
xdktpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&mufolrsm;rSm - (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ (2) Adkvfr–;}uD;vusfm/ (3) Adkvfr–;}uD;ae0if;/ (4) Adkvfr–;}uD;aZ,s/
(5) Adkvfr–;apm=um'dk;/ (6) Adkvfr–;ausmfaZm/ (7) Adkvfr–;Axl;/ (8) Adkvfr–;&efatmif/ (9) Adkvfr–;&JxGËf/ (10) Adkvfr–; zdk;uGef;/ (11) Adfkvfatmif}uD;/
(12) Advk af rmifarmif/ (13) Advk pf ed rf eS /f (14) Adv k cf ifarmifuav;/ (15) ocifp;kd / (16) ocifoef;xGe;f / (17) OD;AaqG/ (18) ocifcsp/f (19) OD;ausm+f idr;f /
(20) OD;vSarmif/ (21) ocifwifjrwdk@ jzpfonf? (ocifwifjr. wdkif;}uD; 10 wdkif; ESm (37) )
xkdtpnf;ta0;rS ta&;}uD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm -
zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzG@J csKyfonf zufqpf*syefwdk@tm; Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif wòyifwnf;awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf
=urnf?
r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfESifh oabmwlcsuf&onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzG@J csKyfonf zufqpf
*syefwdk@tm; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; wjynfvHk;pwifðyvkkyf&ef ponfwdk@udkqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzG@J csKyftaejzifh atmifjrif+yD;qHk;onftxd OD;aqmifoGm;&ef
twGuf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf. OD;pD;tzGJ@udkjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? jyifqifzGJ@pnf;vdkufaom zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;
jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzG@J csKyf. OD;pD;tzG@J rSm -
(u) wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/ (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(2) Adkvfr–;}uD;vusfm
(3) Adkvfr–;}uD;ae0if;
16
 (c) jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD (qdk&S,fvpfygwD) udk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/
(4) OD;AaqG
(5) OD;ausmf+idrf;
(6) ocifcspf (rSwfcsuf? ? ocifcspfrSm aemifuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ajymif;onf?)
(*) uGefjrLepfygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/
(7) ocifp;kd
(8) ocifoef;xGef;
(9) ocifwifjr? aygif; (9) OD; jzpfygonf?
xdkOD;pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;xJrS tm%mydkifacgif;aqmif (3) OD; xyf+yD;a&G;=uygonf?
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ ocifpdk;
ppfa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;acgif;aqmif æ æ ocifoef;xGef;
rSwfcsuf (1) ocifoef;xGef;onf uGefjrLepfygwD.twGif;a&;r–;csKyfvnf; jzpfonf?
(2) xdktpnf;ta0;wGif rlvtrnfjzpfaom “zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzG@J csKyf” udk “zufqpf wdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwf
vyfa&; tzG@J csKyf” [k jyifqifonf?
ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) udk zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkkyfief;ESifh qDavsmfap&ef “rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf” (yDbDtufzf)
twdkaumuf tm;jzifh “Armhwyfrawmf” [k trnfajymif;vJ&ef oabmwl=uygonf?
xdtk pnf;ta0;wGif zufqpf*syefrsm;udk vufeufuikd I f pwifwu kd cf u
kd &f eftwGuf Armjynfw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd wyfrawmfwyfz@JG rsm;ESihf zwyv
tzG@JcGJrsm;odk@ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;!ïef=um;csufrsm; xkwfjyef&efaqG;aEG;twnfðy=uonf?
rSwcf su?f ? zufqpf*syefawmfveS w f u
kd cf u
kd af &;wGif vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;taejzifh toGif (2) rsK;d &So
d nf? wckrmS Armhwyfrawmfu OD;aqmifaom
wyfzG@J rsm; jzpf+yD;aemuf tenf;pkvufeufudkif wyfz@JG wrsKd;rSm t"du ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDponfwdk@u zG@J pnf;xm;aom vlxkvufeufudkif
ajymufusm;wyfrsm; jzpfonf? xdkvlxkajymufusm;wyfrsm;rSm toGiftjyiftm;jzifh arS;rSdefaomfvnf; olwdk@.wdkufpGrf;&nfrSm }uD;rm;onf?
axmufvSrf;a&;owif; tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&&SdojzifhtusKd;ðyr_}uD;onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdef@cGef;wckwGifygaom &efol*syefwyfr
(54) . ppfXmecsKyfudk0ifwdkuf&onfh wdkufyGJwGif*syefppfAdkvfcsKyf (3) OD;ESifh *syefppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk okwfoifwwfjzwfEdkfifcJhaom wdkufyGJrSm
xkdvlxkajymufusm;wyfwwyfu wdkufcdkufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? xdkvlxkajymufusm;wyfrsm;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkudk,fwdkifu ±kwfw&ufrdrdbmom
wyfi,fav;rsm; ,m,Dz@GJ IuG+J yJvmaom *syefwyfuav;rsm;udk vdkufwdkufcdkufacsr_ef;aom wdkufyrJG sm;vnf; yg0ifonf?

(23)

txufygtpnf;ta0;. aemufqHk;ae@wGifArmjynfzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf atmufygtwdkif;ppfwdkif;rsm;zGJ@&ef qHk;jzwf

=uonf?
wdkif; (1) jynf/ om,m0wD/ tif;pdefESifh [oFmw ta&S@c±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (2) [Hom0wD/ zsmyHkESifh rtlyifc±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (3) ykodrf/ [oFmw (taemuf) ESifh ajrmif;jrc±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (4) yJcl;/ a&$usif/ oxHkESifh awmifilawmifydkif;c±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (5) armfvòrif/ xm;0,fESifh +rdwfc±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (6) rdwDˆvm/ ysOf;rem;/ awmifilESifh awmifydkif; &Srf;jynfc±dkifrsm;
wdkif; (7) o&uf/ tmvH/ rauG;/ rif;bl;c±dkifrsm;
xdkppfwdkif; (7) wdkif;tjyif aemufxyf ppfwdkif; (3) wdkif; xyfzG@J onf?
(1) &cdkifwdkif;/
(2) txufArmjynfwdkif;/
(3) &efukefwdkif; (&efolodrf;ydkufxm;&ma'o) [lI xyfrHcjGJ cm;owfrSwfygonf? (ocifwifjr. wdkif;}uD; 10 wdkif;/ ESm/ 43)
xdkzufqpfawmfvSefa&;ppfwdkif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifoGm;=urnfhEdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tpnf;ta0;u wm0efcGJay;
vdkufonf?
wdkif; ppfa&;acgif;aqmif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ocifA[def;
17
 (2) Adkvfr–;}uD;ae0if; ocifpdk;
(3) Adkvfr–;}uD;apm=um'dk; r&Sd
(4) Adkvfr–;ausmfaZm ocifcspf
(5) Adkvf}uD;wifxGef; ocifAodef;wif
(6) Adkvfr–;&JxGËf OD;ausmf+idrf;
(7) Adkvfr–;atmif ocifwifjr
Adkvfr–;}uD;vusfmu wdkif; (2) ESifh wdkif; (3) udk qufoG,fa&;wm0ef,l&ef txl;a'orsm;jzpfaomwdkif; (3) wdkif; wGifvnf; atmufyg
EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wm0efay;cJhygonf?
wdkif; ppfa&;acgif;aqmif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
&cdkifwdkif; OD;!dkxGef; OD;!dkxGef;
txufArmjynf Adkvfr–;Axl; udkpH!Gef@
&efukefwdkif; Adkvfr–;cif!dk udkausmf+idrf; (tmtD;wD)
(udkAaqGu &efukefwm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef)?
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHjzpfaom ocifoef;xGef;uwdkif; (6) a'otwGif;&Sd jzL;òr@e,fodk@oGm;a&mufI r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfrS
ydk@ay;rnfhwyfzG@J 136 qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHar*smu±l;ESifh yl;aygif;Iaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfygonf?
rSwcf suf (1) ocifA[de;f udw k ikd ;f (1) Edik if aH &;r–;tjzpf &mxm;cJah omfvnf;wdik ;f (1) ppfa&;acgi;f aqmiftjzpf Adv k rf ;– armifarmif (ume,f
armifarmif - aemif Adv k rf ;– csKyf) udk wm0efay;vdu k af omtcg ocifA[de;f udw k ikd ;f (1) od@k rac:,lawmhbaJ wmifiel ,fwiG yf if wm0efay;vdu k o f nf?
(2) wdkif; (6) wm0efusaomOD;ausmf+idrf;udkwdkif; (6) odk@rydk@awmhb&J efukefwGifudk AaqGESifhwb JG ufwm0efay;onf? wdkif; (6) EdkifiHa&;
r–;tjzpf ocifwifxGef; (aemif - awmcdk uGefjrLepfygwDrS) udk wm0efay;onf?
(ocifwifjr. wdkif;}uD; 10 wkdif; - ESm - 44 )
(3) qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf;rSmzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif b,fppfwdkif;b,fae&mudkrS wm0efr,lcJh/ yxrwdkif;
(4) EdkifiHa&;rª;wm0ef&mxm;&mudkvnf;roGm;/ aemuf wdkif; 6 EdkifiHa&;rª;wm0efudkvnf;oGm;r,lb/J wae&mvHkðcH&mwGif rdrdbmomykef;ckdae+yD;
&efukefrS *syefwyfrsm;qkwfcGm+yD;awmhrS &efukefwdkif;udkAaqGxHoGm;I yl;aygif;aecJhol jzpfonf?
(4) 1952 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif0ef}uD;tjzpf OD;ausmf+idrf;onftaemufEdkifiHtcsdK@odk@ vSnhfvnfavhvm=unfh±_a&;tzG@J
acgif;aqmiftjzpf oGm;a&muf&mwGifusaemfvnf; xdktzGJ@wGifyg0ifvdkufygoGm;&m t*Fvefvef'efòr@wGifusaemfwdk@vlcsif;vnf; &if;ESD;aeI/
usaemfu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGifusaemfOD;pD;aom wdkif; (4) wGifcifAsm;yxrEdkifiHa&;rª;wm0efus&modk@ rvmbJbma=umifh ocifcspfudk v$wf&
ovJ[ak r;&m OD;ausm+f idr;f ucyfajymifajymifyif cifAsm;}uD;udak =umufv@kd rvmwm[kajymonf? t"dym` ,frmS usaemfw@kd u *syefuzkd w d ukd &f if *syefu
usaemfw@kd ukd jyefwu kd rf nf? xd'k %fukd olrcHEikd v f @kd rvmonfo h abm zpfonf? OD;ausm+f idr;f rSmtemrcHvakd om Edik if aH &;tacsmiform;}uD; jzpfonfukd
odEdkifayonf?

Armjynfzufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef &ufowfrSwfjcif;

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk &ufowfrSwf&ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk wm0efay;xm;&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u

t&yf&yftajctaersm;udk avhvmaxmufxm;+yD;yxrawmfvSef&ef &ufudk 1945 ckESpf rwfv (25) &uf/ n (6) em&D[k owfrSwfvdkufonf?
rdrwd @kd wyfrsm; xd&k uftwGi;f awmfveS &f eftoifjh zpfae&ef jzpfonf? od@k &mwGiAf v kd cf sKyfonf xdtk wGi;f *syefbufrS tajctaeajymif;vJrw _ cka=umifh
awmfvSef&ef&ufudk 1945 ckESpf {+yDv 2 &ufae@ n (7) em&DwGif pwifawmfvSef&ef &ufudka&$@vdkufonf?
xdt
k wGi;f Armhwyfrawmf wyfr;– trsm;u *syefawmfveS af wmhrnf jzpfojzifh rdrt d rd af xmifom;orD;ZeD;wd@k ukd &efuek òf r@o@kd yd@k =uwmawG
&Sdvmonf?
xdtk a=umif; trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh &efuek òf r@EiS hf yJc;l òr@vx
l t
k wGi;f Armhwyfrawmfu *syefw@kd ukd awmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd af wmhrnfh owif;tpte
rsm; ysH@ESH@vmonf? xdkowif;wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDuod&Sdvmaomtcg wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDrsm;jzpf=uaom usaemf/ ocifcspf/ Adkvfodef;wef/
AdkvfAwif/ Adkvfatmif&$ (,ck NLD) wdk@ csufcsif;tpnf;ta0;xdkifI b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ wdkifyif=uonf?
tpnf;ta0;wGif tm;vHk;uawmfvSefrnfh&uf {+yDv (2) &ufae@rwdkifrD *syefudkawmfvSefrnfhowif;ayguf=um; Edkifonf[k,lqvm
=uonf?
owif;aygufv#if *syefuvufOD;r_,l+yD; Armhwyfrawmfppfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk csufcsif;zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh ArmhwyfrawmftcsKd@udk0dkif;+yD;
vufeufðzwfjcif;rsm; vkyfEdkifonf? *syefzufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk rsm;pGmxdcdkufoGm;Edkifonf? z±dkz&J jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
18
 *syef.aoe*FAsL[mt&efwyfz@JG rmS &efuek t f eD; “tif;wdik ”f ponfwiG f csxm;&m &efuek f yJc;l a'ow0du
k rf S Armhwyfrawmfrsm; t&ifq;kH
zrf;qD;jcif;/ vufeufðzwfjcif;cH&rnf jzpfonf? *syefuvufOD;r_&v#if awmfvSefa&;}uD;xdcdkufEdkifonf[k ,lq=uonf?
xdk@a=umifhawmfvSef&ufudk {+yDv 2 &ufxufapm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHESifh wyfzG@J toD;oD;odk@ owif;tapmqHk; ta&mufydk@Edkifrnfh
&ufwGif pwifawmfvSef&ef,lqvm=uygonf?
xdktapmqHk;jzpfEdkifrnfh&ufrSm 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &ufjzpfEdkifI xdkrwfv (27) &ufae@ n (7) em&DwGif pwifawmfvSef&efqHk;
jzwfonf?
usaemfrSmaemifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tjypfwifcH&rnfudkpdk;&G@HaeI tifwifwifjzpfae&m aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; wufoltm;vHk;ESifh
oabmwlvdkuf&ygonf?
usaemfonfcsufcsif;yif xdkodk@&ufa&$@onfhudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfESifhwyfzGJ@toD;oD;odk@ ta=umif;=um;&ef qufom;rsm;ESifh usaemfhpmudk
ydk@ay;&ef pDpOf&awmhonf?
odk@jzifhjrefrmjynfolwdk@. ordkif;wGifaomzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &uf n (7) em&DwGif wjynfvHk;
rdrdwdk@u vufOD;r_&SdpGmatmifjrifpGm pwifEdkif=uawmh.?

(24)

usaemfonf xdkrwfv (27) &uf nOD; (7) em&DwGif yJcl;a'o&Sd ppfa&;jyuGif;wGif wyftm;vHk;wyfxGuf&ef toifhwef;pDpka0;ap+yD;
,cktcsed u f pI Armjynforl sm;ESihf Armhwyfrawmfw&yfv;kH u zufqpf*syefw@kd upkd wifawmfveS f wdu k cf u
kd =f u+yD[k a=unm+yD;Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;.
*syefwyftay: ppfa=unmpmwrf;udzk wfjyum pum;tenf;i,fajym+yD; wyftoD;oD;uawmfveS &f efóuwif pDpOfxm;aom ae&ma'o toD;oD;
odk@ vlpkcGJIcsDwufoGm;=uygawmhonf?
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;pawmhrnfqakd omtcg zufqpfawmfveS af &;Edik if aH &;oabm w&m;rsm;udk txl;ojzifh
Armhwyfrawmf wyfr–;/ wyf=uyfrsm; em;vnfod&Sdvmap&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrSau'grsm;udk wyfrawmfwyftoD;oD;odk@ 0ifap+yD;EdkifiHa&;
oifwef;rsm; ay;apcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhwyfrawmfESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@qufqHa&;vnf; rsm;pGmwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonf? xdk@tjyifbDtdkifat
umvwGif pnf;urf;avsm&h J emrnfysupf ðyaeaom Armhwyfrawmfvnf;pnf;urf;ao0yf+yD; cdik rf mawmifw h if;vmygawmhonf? xd@k a=umifh zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;}uD; pwifvmaomtcgArmhwyfrawmfonf &J&ifhajymifajrmufpGma&S@wef;rS wdkufcdkuf=uayonf?
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf*syefawmfveS cf ge;D wGif olu, kd w f ikd zf ufqpfawmfveS af &; oabmw&m;trde@f pmwrf;rsm;vnf; xkwjf yef
cJhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf*syefwdk@udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhwyfrawmfwyftoD;oD;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufrnfh ppfwdkif;
toD;oD;odk@ óuwifwyfjzef@&mwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;0ifvmv#if ArmhwyfrawmfrSckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef[k *syefrsm;udkvSnfhjzm;ajymqdk wdkifyif+yD;
wyftoD;oD;udk t*Fvyd w f ukd rf nf[ h efEiS hf wyfjzef@&onf? *syefrsm;u,H=k unf+yD; rsm;pGmauseyf=uonf? Adv k cf sKyfonfxw kd yfjzef@trde@f wrk sm;vnf;
xkwfjyefcJh&onf?
usaemfonfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGif; usaemfhZeD;udkOD;av;cef@xH tyfESHxm;&mOD;av;cef@u olrudkoHk;q,fòr@teD;&Gmw&Gm&Sdol@
oli,fcsif;tdrfwGifoGm;I 0Sufxm;avonf?
usaemfonf 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv 27 &ufae@nOD; yJcl;a'o&Sd rdrdwyfzGJ@toD;oD;pka0;ap+yD;rdrdwdk@onf ,ae@rSpIzufqpf*syefudk
wwdkif;jynfvHk;wGif qef@usifwdkufcdkuf=u+yD[laom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. *syefppfa=unmcsufudk zwfjyajymqdk+yD;aemuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
twGif; yxr wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyf tajcpdkufrnfh yJcl;c±dkif ta&S@ajrmuf&Sd “jrpfusKd;” a'oodk@rdrdwdk@wyfrsm;ESifhtwl csufcsif;yifxGufcGmcsDwuf
ygawmhonf?
rdrw d @kd wyfz@JG rsm; rdrw d @kd awmfveS af &;wm0efus&m a'otoD;oD;od@k csw D uf=uyg+yD? usaemfrmS xdn k udw k efc;l vjynfn h [k aumif;pGmrSwrf d
aeygonf? va&mifatmufwGifjrif;ay:wGifxdkifvdkufoGm;&if; pdwfwGifrsm;pGmayghyg;&$ifjrL;aysmf&$ifaeygonf? usaemfwdk@onf,ckwavm zufqpf
*syef wdu k cf u
kd rf nfh owif;aygu=f um;+yD; *syefbufóuwifvufO;D r_&,lum ta&;,laqmif&u G v
f ukd vf #if zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}uD; xdcu kd uf m
z±kzd &JjzpfomG ;rSmudk tvGepf ;kd &dryf yl efa=umif=h uae=u&mrS ,ckusaemfw@kd uvH;k 0vufO;D r_&+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}uD;udk tpDpOf&pdS mG ususee
aqmif&GufEdkif=u+yDjzpfI ESpftcsKd@óuwifpDpOfcJh&aom ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGuf rsm;pGm=unfEl;0rf;om&awmhonf?
eHeufr;kd vif;aomtcg usaemfw@kd wikd ;f (4) XmecsKyfwyfz@JG rmS yJc;l c±dik af 0gòr@uav;od@k a&mufygonf? apmifóh uaeaom a0ga'o ajratmuf
wm0efcH &Jabmfwif&D (xdkpOfu yJcl; ae0if;) udk awG@&ygonf?
&Jabmfwif&rD mS aemiftcgArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD aygvpfjAL±dk vl}uD;wOD;jzpfvm+yD; ,cktcgwiG w f ±kwjf ynf ppfc|rjf ynfe,f csiw f ;l òr@wiG f
tem;,laexdkifvsuf &Sdygonf?

19
 udkwif&D.ajymjycsuft&a0gòr@ ol}uD;tdrfwGif *syef (2) a,muf a&mufaea=umif;ESifha0gblwm±kHwGif *syef (3) a,muf a&muf&Sd
aea=umif; a0gwGif*syefxdkr#om&Sda=umif; ajymjyygonf? xdk*syefrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOf&ygawmhonf?
wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyf±Hk;tzG@J wGif vl (20) ausmfr# vdkufygvm&mxdkrSwdkufcdkufa&;ESifh oifhawmfrnfh&aJ bmftcsKd@udka&G;jc,f+yD; ol}uD;tdrf
rS*syef (2) a,mufudk oGm;a&mufowfjzwfwdkufcdkuf&ef &Jabmf (3) a,mufudk a&G;+yD;v$wfvdkufygonf? aemufxyf&aJ bmf (4) a,mufudka&G;+yD;
usaemfudk,fwdkifOD;aqmifum blwm±Hk&Sd*syef (3) a,mufudk owfjzwf&efoGm;ygawmhonf?
a0gòr@bw l m±Htk em;a&mufaomtcg rar#mv f ifb
h *J syefppfom; 4 - 5 a,mufu blwm±Hyk vufazmif;ay:wGif ypPn;f awG csvu kd pf vD u
kd f
vkyfaewm awG@&ygonf? usaemfonfwkdufyq JG ufwdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD; usaemfESifhygvmol&aJ bmf (4) a,mufrS acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf
xm;aomoludk tem;odk@ac:vdkuf+yD;usaemfu yvufazmif;ay:u 4/ 5 a,mufudk iguuyf+yD;ypPwdkeJ@ypf+yD; "m;eJ@vJckwfowfr,frif;wdk@u
blwm±Hku *syef (3) a,mufudkoGm;owf=u[k trdef@ay;vdkufygonf?
odk@aomf csufcsif;vdkyif xkd&aJ bmfusaemfhbufjyefvSnfhvmum usaemfhudkwae&modk@ar;xdk;jyygonf? usaemfoljy&modk@=unfhvdkuf&m
bwfpu f m; (3) pD;avmuf blwm±Ht k em;&yfxm;&m xdb k wfpu f m;ay:wGi*f syefwyfcw
JG cGpJ mavmuf xdik af eonfuakd wG@&onf? xdt k wGi;f ol}uD;tdrf
bufrS aoewfoHawGay:xGufvmonf? usaemfwdk@&aJ bmfawGol}uD;tdrfu *syef (2) a,mufudkowfjzwfae[ef&Sdygonf?
xdktwGif;*syeft&m&SdwOD;onf xdkifaeaomum;ay:rS qif;vmumt&m&Sdt0wftpm;ESifhyif &Sdaeao;aomusaemfhxH tjrefcsOf;
uyfvm+yD; aoewfoH=um;&mae&modk@ vuf!_d;!ïef+yD;bmjzpfwmvJ[kar;ygonf? usaemfu±kwfw&ufyif “óu,if” (ppfavhusifhaewm[k
t"dy`m,f&onfh *syefpum;) [k ajymvdkufawmhrS jyefwufoGm;onf?
usaemfonf*syefursm;aeI a0gòr@vkyf}uHr_udkqufvkyf&efroifh tjrefqkwfcGmrSjzpfrnf[k pOf;pm;rdonf? *syefwyfcw JG cGv
J GefchJwhJnu
a0gudka&mufaewm udkwif&DrodIjzpfrnf[k,lq+yD; rlvwyfpk&m ae&modk@ tjrefjyefqkwf+yD;usaemf. wdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyfudk rlv&nf&G,faom
jrpfusKd;a'oodk@ tjrefqkwfcGmvm&ygawmhonf? usaemfonfzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; yGOJ D;xGufwGifwdkif; (4) ppfXmecsKyfu wdkufyGu J av;wyGJ
azmf&ef&nf&G,fcsufrSm txrajrmufchJay?
Tonfwdk@rSm 1945 ckepf rwfv 27 &ufae@ ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&; pwif&mwGif ppfwdkif; (4) . tjzpftysuftcsKd@yifwnf;?
1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae@wGif pwifaomArmjynfzufqpf*syefqef@usifawmfvSefaom ta&;awmfyHkwGifppfwdkif; (4) rS awmfvSef
wdkufcdkufcJhyHkrsm;udk a&;om;&ygawmhrnf?

(25)

1945 ckEpS f =o*kwv

f (19) &ufae@wiG Af rmhvw G v f yfa&;ordik ;f . rSwwf ikd w
f wdik jf zpfaom &efuek òf r@ aeol&ed jf ynfo@l tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif
rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfwdkif; (4) wdkif;r–;usaemfAdkvfr–;ausmfaZmu wwdkif;jynfvHk;vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyG}J uD;twGufEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ yk*~dKvfrsm; nD!Gwf
pnf;vHk;=u&ef tqdkudkwifoGif;cJhygonf?
‚usaemfh.tqdkrdef@cGef;wGif 1945 ckESpf usaemfwdkArmjynfolrsm;. zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGif; usaemfwdk@OD;pD;aom
ppfwdkif; (4) rS zufqpf*syefwdk@udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhyHkrsm;udk tawmftwefjynfhpHkpGm zmfjyxm;ygonf? xdktqdkrdef@cGef;aumfyDusaemfxHwGif
&Sdae&mxdktxJrS tusOf;xkwfEkwf+yD;ppfwdkif; (4) twGif; 1945 ckESpfu zufqpf*syefudkwdkufcdkufchyJ HktcsKd@udk azmfjyygrnf?
“1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufae@ &efukefòr@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;usif;yygw,f? 'DaumifpDu
usaemfhudkwdkif; (4) udk wm0efay;ygw,f? yJcl;a'o&Sd wyfawGudkpk±Hk;zG@J pnf;+yD; yJcl;c±dkif/ oxHkc±dkif/ zmyGefc±dkif/ awmifilawmifydkif;e,f a'oawGrSm
zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufzdk@&ufcsdef;ESifhwuG trdef@ay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DaumifpDuyJatmufArmjynftwGuf awmfvSef&efwdkif; (7)
wdkif; cGaJ y;ygw,f?”
“wdik ;f (1) u om,m0wDEiS hf jynf? wdik ;f (2) u jrpf0u|e;f ay:a&S@yikd ;f ? wdik ;f (3) jrpf0u|e;f ay:taemufyikd ;f ? wdik ;f (5) u weomF&w D ikd ;f ?
wdkif; (6) u ysOf;rem;/ rdwDˆvmESifh &Srf;jynfe,f? wdkif; (7) u tmvH/ o&uf/ a&eHajr jzpfw,f?”
“aemuf txufArmjynfwdkif;udkawmh Adkvfrª;Axl;udkwm0efay;ygw,f?”
“wdkif; (4) u txufazmfjyygtwdkif;jzpf+yD; usaemfESifhtwlEdkifiHa&;r–;ESifh vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf ocifcspfudkwGJzufwm0ef
ay;vdkufygw,f?”
xdpk Ofuocifcsprf mS OD;AaqG - OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k . aemifq&kd ,
S v f pfygwjD zpfvmrnfh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwrD S jzpfygonf? ocifcspo f nf
aemifArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ajymif;+yD;aemufygwD. twGif;a&;r–;tjzpfxrf;aqmif&if; tpdk;&ESifhwdkufyGw J yGw
J Gif 1975 ckESpf yJcl;±dk;rY usqHk;
oGm;&aom xif&Sm;aomawmfvSefa&;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfygonf?
“usaemfESifhocifcspfwdk@ (2) a,muf trdef@&&csif; yJcl;udkajy;+yD;usaemfuppfwyfawGudk wdkufzdk@jyifqifocifcspfuzufqpfwdkufzsufa&;
tzGJ@acgif;aqmifawGESifh awmfvSefa&;rSmwyfrawmfESifh b,fvdkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fqdkwmudk &Sif;jypdkif;jyif;=uw,f?”

20
 usaemfwdk@wdkufyw JG Gif txl;*±kpdkufonfhtcsufwckrSm usaemfwdk@wyfrawmfonf zufqpf&efoludkwdkufv#ifjynfolrsm;. &GmxJrSae+yD;
b,fawmhrS rwdkuf&jzpfonf? xdkodk@wdkufrdv#ifaemif*syefzufqpfwdk@u &Gmudk0if+yD;zsufqD;um jynfolawGudkowfjzwfEdkifonf? usaemfwdk@onf
vlxkudk umuG,f&rnfjzpfonf?
wdkif;(4) wGif Armhwyfrawmfu wyf&if; (9) &if; &Sdae&m ‚udk wyf&if;opf/ emrnfopfrsm;ay;+yD; a'o (9) ck cGu J m awmfvSef&ef
pDpOfonf?
rdrdwdk@wyf&if;w&if;wGif tiftm; 500 rS 1000 t=um;&Sdygonf? ‚xJwGif &yf&Gma'orSajymufusm;wyfrsm; rygyg?
wdkif; (4) e,fwGif wyf&if; (9) ck wyfjzef@xm;yHkrSm -
(1) 101 - wyf&if; - anmifav;yif/ 'dkufOD;/ a&$usif
(2) 102 - wyf&if; - yJcl;acsmif;zsm;/ oey`if/ a0gESifh ppfawmif;
(3) 103 - wyf&if; - yJcl; u0e,fESifh [Hom0wDta&S@
(4) 104 - wyf&if; - oxHkc±dkif
(5) 105 - wyf&if; - ppfawmif;jrpf ta&S@bufurf;
(6) 106 - wyf&if; - yJcl;òr@udkpD;eif;wdkufcdkuf&ef yJcl;taemufawmifajcrSm jzef@xm;ygonf?
(7) 107 - wyf&if; - (8) 109 wyf&if; 2 &if;udk armfvòrife,fESifh weoFm&Dc±dkifwdk@rSm wdkufyG0J ifzdk@óuwif+yD;apv$wf&m cufcufccJ jJ zifh
ukef;vrf;a&vrf;c&D;rsm;jzifh oGm;=u&ygonf? wcsKd@xdke,frsm;odk@ra&mufbJvrf;wGif tzrf;tqD;cH&onf[k=um;&ygonf?
(9) 108 - wyf&if; - bD;vif;ESifh zmyGefvrf;rSm wdkufcdkufzdk@ jzef@xm;ygonf?
“tJ'DwyfawGoufqdkif&m e,fa'oawGa&mufzdk@twGuf *syefawG&J@rsufpdatmufrSm b,fvdkoGm;&w,fqdkwmajym&&if tvGef
a=umufruf pdk;&drfp&maumif;wJhtcsufawG trsm;}uD;yg? ajymvdk@rqHk;ygbl;? wcsKd@yifv,fxrJ Smv_dif;avvGifh+yD; wyfuGo J Gm;wmawGv&J Sdw,f?
wcsKd@&nfrSef;csufae&mra&mufrD &efoluzrf;rd+yD;owfjzwfvdkufwmawGvJ&Sdw,f? vrf;c&D;rSm 'kuQtzHkzHkudkjzwfausmfcJh&wmyg?”
“wcsKd@zsm;emvdk@yJcl;a'orSm 0Sufxm;cJhvdk@usef&pfcJhwJh&JabmfawGeJ@ cGifh&ufaphvdk@yJcl;jyefvmwJh&JabmfawG pkpkaygif; (50) avmufudk
*syefuifayuajc&mcHvdkufzrf;+yD; yxrxrif;tiwfxm;/ trsKd;rsKd;ESdyfpuf/ aemufqHk;urf;yg;xdyfrSm óu;wkyf+yD;vSHpGyfxdk;owf/ a&xJypfcschJw,f?
wcsKd@raor&Sife@J aoG;awG,dkpD;+yDacsmif;xJusum r±_Edkfif/ r±_dufEdkif/ rcsdrqef@e@J r±_rvStaoqdk;eJ@ aocJh=u&w,f?”
“usaemfwkd@zufqpf*syefudk pwifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufr,fh&uf[m 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) ae@ jzpfw,f? *syefwyfuvJ usaemfwdk@
v_yf&Sm;r_udkapmifh=unfhae=uw,f? rwfv (23) &ufup+yD;usaemfwdk@wyfrª;awG[mb,folrS nrtdyf&bl;? rdrdwdk@&@J awmfvSefa&;&ufra&mufrD
*syefvufOD;rSmpdk;vdk@ t+rJtoifhjyifxm;&w,f? 'Dwkef;uomwOD;wa,mufuopPmazmufvdkufv#if b,favmufqdk;0g;oGm;r,fqdkwm pOf;pm;
=unfhEdkifygw,f?”
“usaemfw@kd [m t*Fvyd u f wkd u
kd zf @kd wyfxu
G af wmhr,f[h efaqmif+yD; wyfxrJ mS awmfveS af &;&ufe;D vmawmh yGw J +cdr+hf cdrnhf pOfcaH e&w,f?
aemuf rwfv (28) &ufae@rmS wyfxu G Ef w_ q f ufxrif;pm;yG}J uD;wck usi;f y&ef[efjypDpOfc&hJ ao;w,f?” (ppf}uD;+yD;+yD; usaemfppfwyftjyifa&mufrS
xdkpOfu xrif;pm;yG}J uD;twGuf[efjypDpOfchJ&mrSm ukefuscHchJ&wJh&aJ bmf}uD;wa,mufu usaemfhxHvm+yD;aºu;awmif;vdk@ usaemfuawmif;yef+yD;
aiGtenf;i,f pdkufxkwfay;cJh&onfudk usaemfrSwfrdaeygonf?)
usaemfw@kd *syefuT kd od@k y&d,m,frsm;qif+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}uD;udk 1945 ckEpS f rwfv (27) &ufae@wiG f wjynfv;kH atmifjrifpmG
qifE$JcJh=uygw,f?
“usaemfwdk@[mArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf raorcsif;wdkufckdufygrnf[k usrf;opPmwòyifwnf;qdk=uygw,f? aemufwef;ðzwf+yD;
wyfzG@J toD;oD;[m wm0efus&m e,fajrudk csDwuf=uw,f? tJ'Dae@[mwefcl;vjynfhae@jzpf+yD; v[mxdefaewmyJ? vomxJrSm v,fjyifawG
jzwf+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhusaemfwdk@wyfawG jrif;awGudk wG@jrifch&J wm[m woufarhEdkifr,fr[kwfawmhyg?”
“tJ'v D ckd sw
D ufomG ;wJw h yfawGe@J óuwifvw $ xf m;wJw
h yfawGaygi;f +yD; pwifawmfveS wf hJ rwfv (27) &ufnup+yD; tES@H tjym; wdu k cf u
kd cf hJ
=uygw,f? ysrf;r#jcif;tm;jzifh=unfhr,fqdk&if 24 em&D - w&uftwGif;{&d,m 10 pwk&ef;rdkiftwGif;rSm wdkufyw JG yGt
J enf;qHk;jzpfvsuf&Sdw,f?
tJ'DwdkufyGJawG[m rsm;jym;vGef;vSygw,f? usaemfwdk@&J@wyfpdwf/ wyfpkuav;awG[m ae&mtESH@tjym;utcsdefra&G;wdkufcdkufvsuf&Sdw,f?”
“Oyrmajym&&if pwifawmfvSefwhJ rwfv (27) &uf nwnxJrSmyJ -
(1) 'dkufOD;òr@udk (101) (u) wyfu 0ifpD;w,f?
(2) 101 (i) wyf[m azmifawmfoDe@J yk&Guf&Gmukd0ifpD;w,f? *syef (8) a,muf usw,f? (2) a,muf '%f&m &w,f?
(3) trSwf 100 ESifh 108 (u) wyf[m jrpfusdK;tkwfzdkudk0ifpD;w,f?
(4) 108 (*) wyf[m a&$usifudk0ifpD;w,f? 'Dwyf[m 10 &uf vHk;vHk;a&$usifudk odrf;xm;EdkifchJw,f?
(5) 103 wyf&if;[m 'DnrSmyJ tHk;ESeJ @J u0udk0ifpD;w,f? aemuf 'g;ydefw,fvDzkef;±Hk;udk0ifa&mufpD;eif; rD;±d_@vdkufw,f?”
“aemuf 'Djyifwyf&if;awGvJ wnxJrSmyJ 'Dvdkqdkif&mqdkif&me,fawGrSm0ifpD;=uw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm atmufArmjynfwjynfvHk; 'DvdkyJ
wdkufae=uwmyJ? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD;aemuf 12 &ufavmuftxd &efol[mtidkufrdwkef;? usaemfwdk@wyfawG[m w±Hk;±Hk;wdkufppfqifaew,f?”
21
 “oxHke,frSmqdk&ifvJ usdKufxdk/ taygifpwJh òr@}uD;awGudk 0ifpD;=uw,f? usdKufxdkrSmusaemfwdk@&@J t}uD;qHk;atmifyw GJ cku 104 (c)
wyfu rD;&xm;vrf;udzk sux f m;w,f? &efo*l syeftjynfyh gvmwJh rD;&xm;udv k ufypfA;kH eJ@ awmifay:uaeqD;ypfw,f? pufaoewfawGe@J vyJ pfv@kd
*syefawG twHk;t±Hk;aoausukefw,f? 'Dowif;[m tJ'Dwkef;u tawmfyyJ sH@ESH@chJw,f?”
“tJ'D&uftwGif;yJcl;ESifh yJEG,fukef;t=um; ppfawmif;ESifh rkwWrt=um; rD;&xm;vrf;ESifharmfawmfum;vrf;udk t"duxm;+yD;
wdkufcdkufchJw,f? rdkif 20 twGif; usaemfwdk@wyfawG[mrD;&xm;vrf;ESifh w,fvDzkef;óu;awGudkzsuf/ armfawmfum;udkacsmif;ypf/ tJ'D (3) rsdK;pvHk;
wae@w}udrfrSefrSefvkyf=uw,f? aemuftJ'Dum;vrf;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk roHk;&JatmifjzpfoGm;awmhw,f?”
“aemuf{+yDvv,fupvdk@ *syefawGy&rf;ywmeJ@qkwfcGmwJhtxd usaemfwdk@wdkufyGJawG[mtvGefcufcJvmygw,f? txlojzifh yJcl;
e,f[m *syefawGaemufqHk;qkwfcGmr,fhvrf;uswJhae&mjzpfvdk@ usaemfwdk@wyfawGutvHk;t&if;ESifh xdka'orSmzd+yD;wdkuf&ygw,f? yJcl;/
ppfawmif;e,f[m ykvif;vnfyif;eJ@wal eygw,f? wjynfv;kH u*syefawGqw k cf mG &mrSm xdak 'oudk tm;vH;k jzwfoef;qkwcf mG &ygw,f? 'D=um;xJu
usaemfwdk@wyfawG[m wae@rS wdkufyrJG jywfchJygbl;? usaemfwdk@wyfawG[m yJcl; - rEWav;ESifh yJcl; - armfvòrifrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;awGudk
*syefawGroHk;Edkifatmif zsufqD;ypf=uw,f?”
“*syefawGy&rf;ywmqkwfcGmonfhtcsdefrSm usaemfwdk@atmifyGaJ wGqifchJygw,f? usaemfwdk@u yJcl; - rEWav;vrf;/ yJcl; - ppfawmif;
vrf;udjk zwfawmufvu kd af wmh usaemfw@kd xifwt hJ wdik ;f *syefawG[m vrf;±d;k ±d;k urqkwEf ikd af wmhbJ a&mufwahJ e&muppfawmif;jrpfujkd zwf/ aemuf
armfvòrifukd qkw&f vdrrhf ,fv@kd &nf&, G wf ,f? olw@kd qw k v f rf;[m yJc;l - rkwrW vrf;/ zmyGef - bD;vif;vrf;/ aemufppfawmif;jrpf±;kd wav#uw f vrf;
qkwf=uw,f? usaemfwdk@u 'Dtcsufudkóuwifjrifvdk@ oxHke,furdrdwyfawGudk'Dvrf; (3) vrf;rSmtoifhcsxm;w,f? r[mrdwfawG yJcl;odrf;+yD;
avmufwt hJ csed rf mS *syefawG 'Dvrf; (3) vrf;uusaemfw@kd xifwt hJ wdik ;f y&rf;ywmqkwcf mG wJt h csed yf ?J 'Dtcsed rf mS apmifah ewJh usaemfw@kd wyfawGu
ae@nrpJ 'vpyfwkdufcdkuf=uawmhwmyJ? wdkufyGaJ wG[mrsm;vSygw,f? ajymrqHk;yg? 'DtxJuwdkufyGo J ¿mef om"u wckudkajymyghr,f?”
“bD;vif; zmyGefvrf; qnfawmf&GmteD;wdkufyrJG Sm &efol*syef (150) r# vSnf; 3 pD;/ jrif; 6 aumifESifh pufaoewf}uD;awGe@J qkwfvm=u
ygw,f? awmpyfEpS b f ufawmifapmif;ay:u toifah pmifaewJu h saemfw@kd wyfawGuypfuiG ;f owfuiG ;f xJ 0ifvmwmeJ@wòyifeuf vufypfA;kH / ±dik zf ,f/
pufaoewfuav;/ aemufawmfrD*ef;pwJh &Sdor#vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmufawGudk pkðyH+yD;wcJeufypfoGif;vdkufwmyJ? tifrwefuHaumif;wJh &efol
(10) avmufyJ vGwfoGm;w,f? tm;vHk;twHk;t±Hk;pkyHkaousef&pfwmyJ?”
tJ'w D u
kd yf aJG wGrmS usaemfw@kd wyfwu kd yf ckH u
kd yf akH wGukd vdu k =f unf±h o
_ nfrh [mrdwf 136 avxD;qif;wyfrS r[mrdww f yfr;ª rsm;onf usaemf
wdk@wyfwdkufcdkuf=uyHkudk csD;usL;ygawmhonf? (Tonfrsm;udk awGjrifod&Sdch=J uonfh +Adwdo#wdk@onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGu J dk ppfyjGJ zifh qufI
rzdawmhbJ aqG;aEG;+yD; ay;cJh&wm jzpfygonf?)
“tJ'Dvrf; 3 vrf;rSm *syefe@J jzpfwhJwdkufyGaJ wG[m we*FaEG 2 ywftwGif;&efol*syef (800 - &Spf&m) avmufudkowfjzwfEdkifchJw,f?
271 a,mufudk '%f&mt}uD;tus,f &apw,f? 'DtxJrSm*syefbk&if&J@ ol&Jaumif;wHqdyf&wJhAdkvfrª;}uD; (ume,f) wa,muf yg0ifw,f?
armfawmfum;awGvJ trsm;tjym;zsufEdkifcJhw,f?”
“tJ'Dvdk usaemfwdk@uxdk;ppfqif+yD;aemufrSm *syefwdk@ujyef+yD;wdkufppfqifvmw,f? *syefwdk@xifjrifcsuf[m r[mrdwfwyfawG
&efuek o f rd ;f +yD;wJah emuf r[mrdww f yfawGtaeeJ@ oxH/k armfvòrifw@kd ukd quf+yD;xd;k vmr,fxif+yD; *syef[marmfvòrifukd awmufav#mufqw k cf mG
cJhw,f?”
“'gayrJhqufrvdkufvmrSef; od&wmuwa=umif;/ yJcl;±dk;rrSmusefaewJh *syefESpfaomif;cefudkppfawmif;jrpfudk jzwful;Edkif&ef
twGufwa=umif;/ ppfawmif;jrpfurf;w0dkufu &SdaewJhusaemfwdk@wyfrawmfudk acsr_ef;ypfzdk@ppfawmif;jrpfta&S@bufurf;a&mufaewJh olwdk&J@
(18) eHygww f yfreJ@ (53) eHygww f yfr - 'D0ZD w
H yfr}uD; 2 wyfukd armfvòrifujyefvw $ +f yD; yxrqH;k ppfawmif;jrpfurf;&Sd usaemfw@kd wyfukd acsre_ ;f awmh
wmyJ? tJ'Dwkef;uusaemfwdk@tiftm;[m ppfawmif;jrpfurf;ay:rSm pkpkaygif; (500) avmufom&Sd+yD;&efol@tiftm;[m wpfaomif;avmuf
&Sdvdrfhr,f? usaemfwdk@wyfawG[m 'Davmuftiftm;}uD;rm;wJh &efol@tiftm;tv,frSm ydwfqdk@wmcHae&ygw,f?”
“wae&mrSmawmh ppfawmif;jrpfurf;ESifh bD;vif; - zmyGefvrf;t=um;&Sd awmeuf}uD;xJrSm (10) &ufausmfausmf tiwftjywfcH+yD;
&efo&l @J yw
d q f @kd jcif;udk cHae&ygw,f? 'Dwek ;f u &JabmfawGr;kd &Gm}uD;xJrmS rd;k umr&Sd qefenf;enf;eJ@awmxJrmS &Sw d hJ opf&u G tf csKd @a&mðywfpm;cJ&h w,f?
'DawmeufxrJ Sm ar#mhjcifwdk@&@J ab;/ iSufzsm;a&m*gxlxyfwhJab;awGudkvJ cHchJ&w,f?”
“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ trdef@t&ppfawmif;jrpftaemufbufurf;udk azmufxGif;qkwfcGmzdk@ waomif;aom&efolawGt=um;u cJcJ
,Of;,Of; azmufxGufvmcJh&w,f? wcsdK@&aJ bmfawGzsm;em+yD; 'DawmxJrSmyJydk;pdk;yufpuf aoaususef&pfchJwmvJ&Sdygw,f?”
“'DwdkufyGJawGrSm aemufcHwyftjzpfusef&pfcJhwJh oxHke,f'kwd,ppfacgif;aqmif AdkvfatmifaZ,s[mwdkufyGJrSm rcsdrqef@'%f&meJ@
&efol@vuf ygoGm;&&Smygw,f?”
“wjcm;wae&mjzpfwhJ usKd ufxEkd iS rhf w k rW t=um;rSm&Sw d hJ usaemfw@kd wyfom; (200) ausm[ f m 'Dv&kd efoal wGt=um;utck usaemfpum;
ajymaecsdeftxd azmufxGif;rxGufEdkifao;bJ trsdK;rsdK;aom 'kuQawGudkcHae&v#uf &Sdygw,f? wcsdK@±kyfzsuf+yD;rxifr&Sm; aecJh&w,f?”
“usaemfwdk@&wJhowif;t& wcsdK@&efolzrf;rdoGm;+yD;&uf&ufpufpuf vSHpGyfe@J upm;/ "m;eJ@upm;cH&+yD;rS tydkif;ydkif;tpdwfpdwf aoaus
=u&ygw,f? oxHek ,frmS usKyfw@kd &@J &aJ bmfawGomru jynfojl ynfom;awGyg&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfEydS u f yG jf cif;cH&vd@k wcgrrS ñuHz;l wJh vlowfy/JG
22
vk,ufyGJ/ umr"m;jyyGJawG[mr=um;0Hhatmif jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gawGudk=um;&awmh oxHke,fujyefqkwfvmwJh wyfom;wyfrª;awG[m igwdk@
wm0efuswhJe,frSm igwdk@wm0efrausvdk@ tckvdkusef&pfchJwhJjynfoljynfom;awG&aJ bmfawG 'kuQa&muf&w,fqdk+yD;,lñuH;r& jzpf=u&ygw,f?”
“'Dta=umif;t&mawG[m usaemfw@kd wyfawGe@J r[mrdww f yfawG rawG@q&kH ao;cifujzpfcw hJ w
hJ ukd yf aJG wGyg? aemufr[mrdww f yfawGe@J
usaemfwdk@wyfawG awG@qHk+yD;aemufyl;aygif;+yD;wdkufwhJ wdkufyGaJ wGudkvJ tusOf;csHK;+yD;enf;enf; ajymvdkygw,f?”
“r[mrdwfwyfawG &efukefòrodrf;+yD;aemuf &efol@tajctae[m &efolppfrsufeSm (2) buf&Sdaeygw,f? ppfrsufESm wzufu yJcl; -
rEWav;&xm;vrf;&J@ taemufbufyJcl;±dk;rjzpfw,f? wckuawmhppfawmif;jrpfurf; jzpfygw,f?”
“Armhwyfrawmfppfwdkif;toD;oD;[mvJ 'D&efoludkolwdk@oufqdkif&me,fawGrSm wdkufcdkufae=uygw,f? usaemfwm0efuswhJ wdkif; (4)
ppfe,ftwGif;rSm 'D&efolppfrsufESm 2 buffukdwdkufzdk@wyf (5) wyf zG@J w,f? wwyfudktaemufbuf yJcl;±dk;ru&efolawGudkarmif;xkwf&ef/ usef
(4) wyfuykd cJ ;l ±d;k ruppfawmif;jrpfukd jzwfausmaf jy;wJh &efoal wGuakd csmif;ajrmif;+yD;wdu k &f efEiS hf ppfawmif;jrpfurf;u taemufbufukd ausmv f m+yD;
yJcl;bufudk xdk;azmufaewJh &efoludk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufa&;udk ðycJh&w,f?”
“yJc;l taemufppfrsuEf mS qd&k if vSn;f ul;òr@ujkd zwfqif;wJh ird;k &dyaf csmif;eJ@ yJc;l òr@ujkd zwfqif;wJh yJc;l acsmif;zsm; t=um;rSm&Sw d &hJ efoal wGukd
Zlvdkif (1) &ufae@up+yD; Zlvdkif (28) &ufae@txd irdk;&dyfacsmif;urf;uae wjznf;jznf;awmeuf}uD;xJrS pwif&Sif;vif;wdkufcdkufchw J m/ Zlvdkif
(28) a&mufwhJtcg 'Dacsmif;ESpfck=um;rSm&SdwhJ&efolawG[m &Sif;vif;oGm;wmyJ?”
“tJ'Dvdk&Sif;oGm;w,fqdk&ifyJ azmif}uD;/ xef;awm}uD;/ aZmif;wl/ ZD;awmtp&SdwJh &Gmtaygif;uvlawG[m tifrwef0rf;ajrmuf
=uygw,f? yJcl;uGif;rSmv,fvkyfzdk@twGuf opf/ 0g;/ "edpwmawGvyJ 'J De,fawGudk odrf;vdkufEdkifwht J wGuf&cJhygw,f? 'De,fxu J vlawG[m wyfr
awmfwae&ma&$@r,fv@kd txkyt f yd;k jyifw,fq&kd if tl,m;zm;,m;ajy;vm=u+yD;id}k uD;csurf ESihf rajymif;a&$@=u&efawmif;yef=uawmhwmyJ? &Jabmf
awG[m olwdk@rsufESma=umifhrajymif;a&$@&ufawmhbJ trsdK;rsdK;aomiSufzsm;a&m*gESifhiwfrGwfacgif;yg;wJh ab;'kuQawGudkcHae=u&w,f? 'DwdkufyGJ
awGrmS o,f,yl @kd aqmifz@kd vrf;[m tifrwefc, J Of;w,f? &dumQ awGuo kd xHu k &vmwJh qif/ jrif;awGe@J y@kd &w,f? wcsKd @&efou l vrf;ujzwfwu kd vf @kd
&JabmfawG tiwfiwftjywfjywfjzpfch&J w,f? &JabmfawGcsDwuf&wJhvrf;[m acsmif;ajrmif;awG=um;ucsDwuf&vdk@ a&vnfyif;avmufudk ar#mh/
u|wfawG'%fcH&if; ajymufusm;ckcHaewJh &efolawGudkv&J Sif;vif;&if; 'Dawm}uD;awGudkeif;ausmfch&J w,f? usaemfwdk@wyfawGrSm jcifaxmifr&Sdvdk@
&JabmfawG ntdyfwJhtcg wa,mufutdyfae&if wa,mufu,yfcwfay;&w,f? &Gmw&Gmodrf;+yDqdk&ifvJ &efoluzsufqD;rD;±d_@oGm;+yD;jzpfvdk@
aep&mwJr&Sd/ rdk;&Gm}uD;xJrSm trdk;r&Sd opfyif/ 0g;yifatmuf jzpfovdk aecJh&w,f?”
“'Dvdk'kuQtaygif; jynfhESufaewJhppfajrjyifrsKd; b,fppfwyfrsKd;rStckacwfrSm wdkuf=urSmr[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@tzdk@uawmh}uD;rm;wJh
,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh wdkufcJh&w,f?”
“ppfawmif;ppfrsuEf mS udk ajymygO;D r,f? usaemfw@kd wu kd cf &hJ wJh ppfawmif;ppfrsuEf mS rSm &efob l ufrpS pfa=umif; (3) a=umif;jzef@+yD; ckcw H m
awG@&w,f?”
“yxrppfa=umif;[m jrpfusK;d / 'kw, d ppfa=umif;[m anmifcg;&Sn/f wwd,ppfa=umif;[m a&v/ acsmif;}uD;/ uGr;f ,m;&Sn/f wHceG w f ikd /f
0Jjyef pwJhae&mawG jzpfw,f?”
“&efol@&nf&G,fcsuf[m r[mrdwf,EW&m;wyfawGppfawmif;jrpfjzwf+yD; oxHke,fxJ0ifrvmEdkifatmif ppfawmif;jrpftaemufbuf
urf;u txufygoHk;ae&muckcHwmygyJ?”
“yxrjrpfusKd;ppfa=umif;&J@ &nf&G,fcsufuawmhjrpfusKd;[m yJcl; - rEWav;armfawmfum;vrf;uae+yD; jrpfusKd;xdatmif azmufvkyf
xm;wJh a&umwm}uD;qHk&mae&mjzpfw,f? tJ'Da&umwm}uD;[mr[mrdwf armfawmfum;awGcsDwufoGm;Edkifw,f?”
“aemuf yJc;l ppfawmif;wl;ajrmif;qH&k mae&mvJjzpfw,f? 'du k Of ;D udjk zwf+yD;pD;vmwJh crHak csmif;qHak e&mvJjzpfw,f? tJ'v D rf; (3) vrf;u
r[mrdw, f EW&m;wyfawG[m ppfawmif;jrpfujkd zwf+yD;c&Gq J w
kd ahJ e&mudk ul;Edik w f ,f? 'ga=umif&h efo[ l m 'Dvrf; (3) vrf;qHw k hJ jrpfusK;d qdw
k ahJ e&mudk
r&&atmif odrf;xm;wmyJ?”
“'kwd,ppfa=umif;uawmh yJcl; - armfvòrifvrf; ppfawmif;jrpfudkjzwfwJhae&myJ? ppfawmif;wHwm;}uD;usKd;aeayr,fh r[mrdwf
,EW&m;wyfawGjzwful;rSmpdk;vdk@ ppfawmif;jrpftaemufbufurf; rD;&xm;vrf;ay:rSm&SdwJhanmifcg;&Snf qdkwJhae&mudk&efol[m t&odrf;ydkuf
xm;+yD; a&S@udkppfrsufESmwdk;csJ@aew,f?”
“wwd,ppfrsuEf mS uawmh Armhajymufusm;wyfawG oxHek ,fx0J ifvmEdik w f v hJ rf;jzpfv@kd ydwq f @kd wm;qD;xm;w,f? aemufppfa=umif;
(3) a=umif;rSm &efo@l &nf&, G cf suwf ckv&J adS o;w,f? tJ'gutaemufbwfurf;rSm&Sw d &hJ mG }uD;awGu ta&S@bufurf;rSm&Sw d w hJ yfawGtwGuf &dumQ
&zdk@yJ?”
“tJ'Dppfa=umif; (3) a=umif;rSmwa=umif;pDrSm &efoltiftm;tenf;qHk; (1500) &Sdw,f? usaemfwdk@bufuawmh vl (400) r#pDe@J
wdkuf&w,f? &efol[mav;&ufwywf/ ig;&ufwywfvlvJajymif;ay;Edkifw,f? usaemfwdk@bufuwcgrSrajymif;Edkifbl;? tJ'Dppfa=umif; (3)
a=umif;vHk;&J@ ajrtajctae[m a&zHk;v$rf;vsuf&Sdw,f? &GmawGudka&0dkif;vsuf&Sdw,f? a¹rayG;eJ@ar#mhvJ tifrwefaygw,f? jciftvGefudkufw,f?
wduk cf u
kd &f wJw
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kH u
kd ef nf;uvJ &efo&l w dS &hJ mG w&Gmudk wdu k af wmhr,fq&kd if&efo@l ae&m[ma&ywfvnf0ikd ;f aewJh uke;f jrif&h mG xJrmS aocsmpGmckczH @kd
jyifqifxm;wJhajruwkwf/ tJ'Duae&efoluvSrf;ypfwm usaemfwdk@utumtuG,fr&Sd a&xJrSmrwfwwf&yf+yD; taocHwdkuf&w,f?
23
aoewfypf&ifvJ rwfwwf&yfypf&w,f? pufaoewfuav;ajcaxmufcsp&mr&Sv d @kd &Jabmfwa,mufua&S@utaocH+yD; pufaoewf ajcaxmuf
udik af y;+yD; wdu k cf u kd cf sw
D uf&w,f? vufeufcsi;f pmvdu k &f ifvJ usaemfw@kd rmS a&S@uwufwhJ &JabmfawGukd umuG,f ay;Edik w f hJ tay:ausmyf pfay;Edik w f hJ
tajrmuf/ pdefajymif;vHk;0r&Sdbl;? a&S@wnfhwnfhomypfEdkifwJhaoewfuav;rsm;eJ@om wdkuf&w,f? tJ'DaoewfawG[mvJwcsKd@[m *syef
vufeufawGjzpfvdk@ *syefusnfqHr&SdwJhtwGuf ac|wm+yD;ypf&w,f? &efolbufuqdk&ifajruwkwfxJuvJypf&w,f/ pufaoewftm;vJ
usaemfhwdk@xufrsm;w,f? ausmfypfwJhpdefajymif;udkvJoHk;w,f?”
“jrpfusK;d ppfrsuEf mS rSmqd&k if yxrusaemfw@kd bufu vl (100) r#om&Sw d hJ wyfwwyfe@J r[mrdww f yf&if; wwyfomjrpfusK;d rSmcs &yfxm;
w,f? Zlvdkifvqef;avmufrSm &efolawG[mjrpfusKd;udkodrf;zdk@ oHk;bufoHk;wefu tiftm; (1500) eJ@ wkdufppfqif=uw,f? r[mrdwfwyfeJ@
usaemfwdk@wyf[m&efoltiftm;}uD;rm;wJhtwGuf jrpfusKd;uae Zlvdkifv (10) &ufae@rSm qkwfcGmay;cJh&w,f? r[mrdwfwyf t&ifqkwf
oGm;+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@rqkwfao;bJjrpfusKd;u ppfab;'kuQonfrsm;t+yD;tydkif ajymif;a&$@Edkifonfhwdkifatmif ckcHumuG,fay;xm;&w,f?
ta&;}uD;wJh qef/ pufu&d,mawG/ tjcm;ypPnf; ðzwf/ zsuf/ 0Suf+yD;rS &efoludkazmufxGif;+yD;qkwfchJ&w,f? 'gayrJhusaemfwdk@wyf[m jrpfusKd;eJ@
(6) zmvHkavmufoma0;wJh av;tdrfpk&GmrSmtajcpdkuf+yD; &efolrsm;jrpfusKd;ua&S@udk rwufEdkifatmiftrsKd;rsKd;cJcJ,Of;,Of;eJ@ taESmihft,Suf
ay;&w,f? 'DtwGi;f usaemfw@kd bufu (104) wyf&if;udjk rpfusK;d aemufbufo@kd ppfuv l w $ &f w,f? &efo&l @J tvH;k t&if;[m jrpfusK;d udk tajcrpdu k f
Edkifatmif trsKd;rsKd;taESmifht,SufawGay;+yD; wdkufcdkufzdk@y?J ”
“usaemfwdk@jrpfusKd;udk vufrv$wfEdkifwht J a=umif;&if;uawmh &efoltvHk;t&if;[mjrpfusKd;udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifodrf;xm;Edkif&if “uyif”
a&umwmeJ@ “y*dkif” a&umwmESpfckudk &efolucsKd;azmufvdkuf&ifyJcl;we,fvHk; a&v$rf;+yD;vlawGodef;csD 'kuQa&muf=urSma=umifh usaemfwdk@
wyfawG[m &SdpkrhJpktiftm;uav;eJ@ ckcHae&wmyg?”
“'DvdkckcHr_a=umifh &efol*syefwdk@[ma&S@rwufEdkifbJ jrpfusKd;wGifyt J ajcpdkufum olwjyefigwvSnfhwdkufae&um aemufqHk; *syefppfwyf
}uD; vufeufcswhJtcsdefxd jzpfch&J ygw,f?”
“tJ'DjrpfusKd;wdkufyGJawGrSmqdk&if oxHke,fwdkufyGJawGrSmemrnfaumif;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhwJhusaemfwdk@wyfr–; (2) a,muf 'Da&umwm
}uD;ay:rSm usq;kH cJ&h ygw,f? ae@pOfvv kd 'kd aD &umwm}uD;tem;rSm rjywfuif;axmufwu kd yf aJG v;awG jzpfc&hJ w,f? usaemfw@kd wyf[m 'Da&umwm
}uD;wav#muf ae@nrjywfrsujf cnfrjywfatmif apmifah &Smufc&hJ w,f? usaemfw@kd tzd@k 'aD &umwm}uD; &efoal wGvufra&mufc&hJ atmif xde;f odr;f
wdkufcdkuf Edkifwht J wGufb,fawmhrS arhEdkifr,fr[kwfyg?”
“&efol[m usaemfwdk@ wyfpcef;awGudktajrmufe@J vSrf;ypf/ pdefajymif;ESifhypf/ ppfaoewfawGe@J ypfaomfvJ usaemfwdk@aemufrqkwfbJ
wGe;f vSeEf ikd cf w
hJ thJ wGuf jrpfusK;d a&umwm}uD;[m usaemfw@kd vufxrJ mS aemufq;kH tcsed x f &d cdS yhJ gw,f? tJ'wD u kd yf rJG mS usaemfw@kd e@J &efo[ l m wzufe@J
wzuf teD;uyfqHk;rsufESmcsif;qdkif jzpfaecJhw,f?”
“'kwd,ppfa=umif;jzpfwhJ anmifcg;&SnfrSmqdk&ifvrJ [mrdwfawGe@J yl;aygif;+yD; vuf0aJ wmifyHuusaemfwdk@ wm0ef,lwdkufch&J w,f? 'Dppf
a=umif;[m &efoltjyif;wdkufchw J hJppfa=umif;yg? wae&mrSmusaemfwdk@ wyfcGw J cJGudkESpfqr#&SdwhJ &efol[m oHk;&ufwdwd0dkif;+yD;ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkufjcif;
cHcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJhusaemfwdk@wawG[m wjznf;jznf;&efol&J@ppfrsufESmudk wGef;vSefEdkifcJhw,f?”
“wwd,ppfa=umif;rSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if &efol[myxr yJcl; - &efukefvrf;em; twGif;usus&GmawGxdatmif aESmifh,SufwdkufcdkufEdkifw,f?
tJ'DrSm wm0efuswhJ (102) (103) wyf&if;rsm;[m &uf (20) twGif; zd+yD;wdkufcdkufchw J htJ wGuf &efol[myifv,furf;bufudk wjznf;jznf;a&$@+yD;
aemufqHk; ukvm;acsmif;}uD;/ wcGefwdkif/ 0JjyefpwJhae&mawGrSm }uH@}uH@cHaeygw,f? usaemfwdk@ wyfawG[m&efole@J teD;uyfqHk; ae&mtxdwyfpG+J yD;
r&yfrem;wdu k cf u kd af vh&w dS ,f? usaemfw@kd e@J &efo[
l m tvGeq f ;kH ESpzf mvHk - wrdik t
f wGi;f rSm rsuEf mS csi;f qdik +f yD; wOD;tvpfwOD;t+rJwu kd af vh&w
dS ,f?
nqd&k ifb,forl rS tdy&f ajrusi;f xJrmS tm;vH;k &yfapmifah e&w,f? nwdik ;f wOD;urwdu k &f if wOD;uvmwdu k w f m ESpb f ufpvH;k wdu k af ewJh ae&mawG
jzpfw,f? 'gayrJ&h efo[ l m usaemfw@kd wyfxufvt l iftm;ig;qomw,f? c%c%vJval jymif;tem;ay;w,f? vufeufvaJ umif;w,f? usaemfw@kd
bufu vltiftm;eJ@vufeufv! J Hhwjznf;jznf;eJ@ *syefusnfqHuvJukef/ wyfom;awGuvJtem;r&/ t0wftpm;/ jcifaxmif jynfhjynfhpHkpHkr&Sd/
wnvHk;&$H@AGufa&tdkifxJ &yfae&wJh'kuQuvJ tvGefusrf;rma&;xdcdkufygw,f? 'gavmufteD;uyf&efoleJ@aeae&wm aemufqkwfr,fqdk&ifvJ
&efolua&S@wdk;vm+yD; 'Dvdkyt J eD;uyftaESmuft,SufawG vkyftHk;rSmyJ? 'DvdkaESmuf,Suf+yD;&if vlxkawG&Sdwh&J GmawGxJ &efolawG0ifvmEdkifrSmyJ?
aemufqHk; vlxk}uD;tEW&m,fusa&mufrSma=umifh }udwfrSdwf'kuQcH+yD;&efoleJ@ ,SOfòyifwyfpGJaecJh&wm jzpfygw,f?”
“'gayrJhusaemfwdk@wyfawG[m r[mrdwfwyfawG&J@ 0g'jzef@csdr_udkxdkufoavmufr&wJhtwGuf &JabmfawGutxl;yJ 0rf;enf;cJh=u
ygw,f?”
“tJ'pD pfajrjyifwckv;kH udðk cH=unf&h if usaemfw@kd wyfawG[m b,favmuftcuftcJawG =um;xJrmS &Sad ew,f qdw k mawG;=unfEh ikd f ygw,f?
tJ'DwdkufyGJawGrSm usaemfwdk@bufutustqHk;vJrsm;ygw,f? wyfom;awG&J@pdwf"mwfrSm 'Dvdkqif;&J'kuQeJ@toufqHzsm;pGef@&wJh wdkufyGJawG
a=umifhpdwf"mwfawG toGifajymif;vmygw,f?”
“&JabmfawGrSmowdxm;wmu 'Dppf}uD;+yD;&ifr=umrD vGwfvyfa&;&vdrfhr,fvdk@,Hk=unfcJhw,f? 'gayrJholwdk@pdwfudkxdcdkufapwJh
ta=umif;uawmh owif;pmawGxrJ SmygwDawG EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG tv#Kdtv#Kday:vmwm awG@&wJhtcsufy/J olwdk@uajymw,f? 'DygwD/
'Dacgi;f aqmifawG[m *syefawmfveS af &;wke;f u b,fomG ;aevJusKyfw@kd rodb;l ? usKyfw@kd ow d mu*syefupkd pfa=unmwJh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd /
24
ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifcsp/f OD;ausm+f idr;f pwJv h al wGomodw,f? usKyfw@kd &@J vw G v f yfa&;vrf;rSm 'Dval wG0if±y_ &f if usKyfw@kd vw G v f yfa&; &ygrh vm;pwJh
tcsufawGyJ?”
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vGwfvyfa&;&rS &yghrvm;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m igwdk@t±dk;yHkay:acgif;aygif;paxmif+yD; opPmazmuf=utHk;rSmvm;/ [dkwkef;uvdkyv J m; pwJh
tawG;tac:awG[m olwdk@OD;aESmufxJ0ifvm+yD;wdkufcdkufr_awGudk xdcdkufvmygw,f?”
“tcsKd@&aJ bmfawG ppfwdkufxGufoGm;w,fqdk&ifyJ xGufoGm;cgeD;rSmrcsdrqef@pdwfqif;&JpGmeJ@ usefae&pfwhv J lawGudk &Jabmfwdk@ajymvdkuf
ygumG Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG aemifwacwfrmS igw@kd t±d;k yHak y:acgi;f aygi;f paxmif+yD; opPazmufc&hJ ifb0qufwikd ;f qufwikd ;f bmjzpfapr,f nmjzpf
apr,f pojzifh ajymoGm;wmawG[m tvGefpdwfxdcdkufp&m aumif;ygw,f?”
“ppfwdkufw,fqdkwm vG,fulwhu J dpPr[kwfwOD;ESifhwOD; &ifqdkifypf=ucwf=uI ao=ua=u=ujcif;jzpfw,f? wOD;eJ@wOD;ao&Jowf&w J hJ
pdwf"mwf&Sd&r,f? ppfwyfaumif;&J@t*Fgw&yfrSm tJ'Dpdwf"mwfrsKd;arG;ay;&w,f? *syefwyfrSmqdk&ifolwdk@&Sifbk&if}uD;udk ,Hk=unfcsufe@J wdkufae
=uw,f? tcsKd@wyfrsm;rSmawmha=u;pm;pdwfeJ@ ausZl;opPmawmfudkod&r,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfeJ@wdkuf&w,f? usaemfwdk@tzdk@awmh vGwfvyfa&;
&vdrfhr,fqdkwhJ ,Hk=unfcsufe@J wdkufcdkufw,f? ppfwyfwdkif;ppfwyfwdkif;/ 'Dvdk,Hk=unfcsufrsKd;[m ta&;}uD;w,f?”
“'D,=kH unfcsuf tenf;i,fwrd ;f apmif;±Hek @J csucf si;f wdu k cf ukd af ewJah oewfo/H tajrmufo&H yfpo J mG ;Edik w
f ,f? usaemfw@kd wyfom;awGvJ
vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; 'Dvdk,HkrSm;oHo,eJ@pdk;&drfvmwJhtcg wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwfxdcdkufvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f? aemufqHk;awmh - igwdk@[m
'DppfrSmigwdk@rwdkuf&if igwdk@jynfoljynfom;awGyeJ pfemr,f? 'Dppf[m jynfol@ppf/ 'D&efoludkigwdk@[migwdk@wdkuf&r,f? bmyJjzpfjzpfavmavmq,f
'D&yfo&l mG om; 'kuo Q nfawGtwGuif gw@kd a&S@wef;u taocH=u&r,f? aemufraovd@k usecf w hJ &hJ aJ bmfawG[mvJ Armjynf&@J vw G v
f yfa&;udk rao
rcsif;wdkufcdkufygr,fqdk+yD; usaemfhwdk@&J@ pdwf"mwftm;udktm;opfarG;+yD; wdkufcJh&ygw,f?”
“usaemfwdk@ppfwdkif; (4) u wdkufwhw J dkufyGJ pm&if;csKyfudk =unfhr,fqdk&ifp+yD;zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefwhaJ e@u *syefvufeufcswhaJ e@
txd wdu k yf aGJ ygi;f (324) yG/J &efol (2774) a,muf ao+yD; (1184) a,muf '%f&m&um (25) a,mufukd oH@k yef;tjzpfzrf;rdcw hJ ,f? &efob l ufu
vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm;&&Sd+yD; &efol&@J rD;&xm;eJ@ avmfvDum;rsm;udkvzJ sufqD;EdkifchJw,f? usaemfwdk@bufu (76) a,muf
usqHk;+yD; (72) a,muf '%f&m&cJhw,f? tJ'Dpm&if;csKyfrSm zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzG@J &yfol&Gmom;jynfolrsm;&J@ wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rygao;yg? xdkodk@
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hJ thJ jcm;tcsuaf wG csev f yS x f m;cJ&h ygw,f? jynfojl ynfom;awG
*syefzufqpfudk wdkufwhaJ e&mrSmwyfrawmfe@J ylaygif;wdkufchw J mawG aemifqdkif&mupmtkyfawGxkwfvdk@&Sd&if od&ygvdrfhr,f?”
Tae&mwGifta=umif;wdkufqdkifvmojzifh usaemfazmfjyvdkaomta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@&Sdygonf? usaemfT 1945 ckESpf zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;}uD; tb,fa=umifhatmifjrifcJh&onfudk qef;ppfa&;om;xm;onfh aqmif;yg;wapmif&SdcJhygonf? xdkaqmif;yg;udk 1995 ckESpf
rwfvxkwf zufqpfawmfveS af &;a&$&wktxdr;f trSwf “jynfo@l tm%m” *sme,fwiG af zmfjy+yD; jzpfygonf? xdak qmif;yg;rS tcsut f vuf tcsK@d ukd
jyefvnf azmfjyvdkygonf?
- tb,fa=umifh usaemfwdk@T zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk atmifjrifchJoenf;?
- t"du t=umif;&if; (4) csufr#&Sdonf[k usaemf,lqygonf?
yxrrSmawmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmifr/_ &J&ifrh eS u f efaumif;rGerf j_ zpfonf? ,if;rSmEdik if aH &;t& uGejf rLepfygw. D acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf ppfa&;t&
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@. acgif;aqmifr_t& aoe*FAsL[mESifhenf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;rsm; tvGefaumif;rGef
rSefuefr_yifjzpfonf?
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wyfaygi;f pktzG@J csKyf}uD;zG@J pnf;+yD; vuf0/J vuf,m Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ bmoma&; &[ef;oHCmrsm;/
vlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm;ESifh tm;vHk;aomvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk; yg0ifvmatmifpnf±Hk;zGJ@pnf;+yD; awmfvSefEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
wwd,ta=umif;u usaemfwdk@zufqpfawmfvSefwdkufcdkufa&;wGif awmfvSefaomjynfol@ppfyGJ oabmw&m;enf;emrsm;twdkif;
vkyaf qmifjzpfymG ;cJjh cif; jzpfonf? ,if;rSmrdrw d @kd b0todjzifh zufqpfw@kd ukd tvGew f ;l cg;pGmrke;f wD;&G&H mS ae=uaom jynfow l &yfv;kH utzufzufu
wkdufcdkufa&;/ axmufyHhulnDa&;trsKd;rsKd;wGifyg0ifum xdkjynfolrsm;twGif;rS aygif;pyfwhJjynfol@ppfyG}J uD;qifE$EJ dkif+yD;aemuf yg0ifwdkufcdkuf=uol
tm;vHk;vdkvdkavmufuvnf; tvGef&J&ifhwufºuajymifajrmufpGm wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?
pwkwˆta=umif;rSm usaemfwdk@awmfvSefa&;rSmwOD;wnf;r[kwf wurBmvHk;uqef@usifwdkufcdkuf=uwJh urBmhzufqpfawmfvSefa&;
wyfaygi;f pk}uD;xJ tygt0ifjzpf+yD; urBmah wmfveS af &;a&pD;a=umif;}uD;xJwiG f yg0ifawmfveS cf &hJ ojzifh urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&J@ trsK;d rsK;d aom taxmuf
tyHhtultnDrsm;udk &&SdcJhjcif;a=umifhvnf;jzpfonf?
TzufqpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGrJ Sm usaemfwdk@jynfolw&yfvHk; xm0&*k%f,l=u&rnfh ordkif;0ifta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfonf?
(jynfol@tm%m/ trSwf 13/ 1995/ rwfvxkwf - ESm 29 )
usaemf “aeol&defrdef@cGef;” rS ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk qufvuf azmfjyygtHk;rnf?
“usaemfwdk@'Dvdkqif;qif;&J&J &J&J0hH0hHwdkufcdkufcJhwmawG[m bma=umifhvnf;qdkwmxyfavmif;+yD; &Sif;jycsifygw,f?”
25
 “r[mrdwaf wGu ajymaumif;ajymvdrrhf ,f? ArmawG[mowW&d w dS ,f/ wdu k pf w d cf u kd pf w d &f w dS ,f pwJv h rl ukd *f %
k af jrmufpum;rsK;d eJ@ cs;D rGr;f
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qdkwhrJ dkufwhv
J lawGvdkr[kwfbl;? 'Dacwf}uD;rSmvlawG[m todynmeJ@,Ofaus;aewJh vlawGjzpfvdk@wOD;eJ@wOD; tusKd;rJhowfjzwfaoa=uwmudk
vlwidk ;f a=umufygw,f? usaemfw@kd vaJ o&rSma=umufwv hJ al wGyg? 'Dvakd =umuf&@J om;eJ@Zw G w f ;kd +yD; taocHae&wmawG[m 'DurBmppf}uD;+yD;vd@k &&dS if
usaemfwdk@ vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f qdkwh, J Hk=unfr_a=umifhyg?”
“vGecf whJ hJ yxrurBmppf}uD;wke;f u ppf+yD;awmhppfEikd w f EhJ ikd if }H uD;awG[m udv k ekd aD wGukd cGaJ 0,lc=hJ uw,f? ,ckurBmppf}uD;rSmqd&k ifawmh
ppf}uD;+yD;&if wdkif;i,fjynfi,fawG[m zufqpfudkwkdufcdkufchw J meJ@tr# r[mrdwfawGudkulnDchw J meJ@tr# vGwfvyfa&;udk&vdrfhr,fqdkwhJ jynfol@
ppfoabmt& usaemfwdk@,Hk=unfchJw,f?”
“usaemfwdk@'D,Hk=unfcsuft& (5) vwdwd zufqpfawGudkwdkufchw J hw
J dkufyaGJ wGrSm aowJholawGao=u+yD; rcsdrqef@woufvHk;oHk;r&
atmif'%f&mawG t}uD;tus,&f cJw h v hJ al wGv&J cJyh g+yD? urBmwcGirf mS zufqpf0g'udk wdu k cf u kd cf w hJ whJ ikd ;f jynfawGteuf ,l*pkd vyfjynfrw S yg; jyifopf
xufyif usaemfwdk@ArmjynfuomvGefwdkufcdkufEdkifw,fqdkwm urBmuodae+yD?”
“‘urBmolurBmom;awGtwGuf wdu k af e&ygw,f’ qdw k u hJ rBmah cgi;f aqmif}uD; (5) OD;rSmwOD;jzpfw+hJ Adwo d #[m usaemfw@kd ukd wefz;kd eJ@tr#
&oifh&xdkufwhJ tcGifhta&;awGudkay;vdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhygw,f?”
“usaemfwdk@&@J EdkifiHa&;tajctaeudk ar#mfawG;=unfhvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@ ESpfygif;rsm;pGmu vdkcsifawmifhwcJhwhJ vGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkif[m
tvGefeD;uyfae+yD; yef;udkqGwfcl;±Hkavmufom &Sdygawmhw,f?”
“tJ'DvGwfvyfa&;yef;udk qGwfcl;zdk@ae&mrSm wckwnf;aom tcuftcJu usaemfwdk@EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG ygwDawG rnD!Gwf&if
vGwfvyfa&;[m aemufxyf (5) ESpfv=J umEdkifw,f? (10) ESpfv=J umEdkifw,f? usaemfwdk@ wwdkif;jynfvHk; wnDw!Gwfwnf; woHxx J Gufzdk@
ta&;}uD;aeygw,f? usaemfwdk@0rf;xJrSm 'Dtcsuf[m rD;awmufaeygw,f?”
“wdkif;jynfwjynf&J@ ppfwyfqdkwm[m EdkifiHa&;&J@ tpdwftydkif;wckyg? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if wdkif;jynf&J@ vufoD;yg? jynfo
ljynfom;awG[m rdrdwdk@vdktifqENr&&if yxr yg;pyfe@J awmif;w,f? yg;pyfe@J awmif;r&&if atmf[pf&efawG@+yD; awmif;w,f? 'Dvdke@J r&ao;&if
aemufqHk; vufoD;eJ@xdk;awmif;&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@Armjynf&@J EdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifudk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if ±dk;±dk;yg;pyfe@J vJ awmif;cJhw,f? atmf[pf+yD;
awmhvJ awmif;cJhw,f/ usaemfwdk@vdkcsifwJh ‘vGwfvyfa&;’ r&cJhygbl;? tJ'Dawmh (1941) ckESpfup+yD; usaemfwdk@vdkcsifwJh ‘vGwfvyfa&;’udk
vufoD;eJ@xdk;+yD; awmif;cJh&w,f?”
“,cktajctaet& usaemfw@kd vGwv f yfa&;c&D;qH;k udk usaemfw@kd nDn! D wG ! f wG f ta&;qdck v hJ @kd &&dS if &awmhr,fv@kd ,H=k unfaeygw,f?”
“a&S@tzd@k usaemfw@kd &@J vrf;pOf[m bk&ifc&H @J twdik yf ifcH tr_aqmiftpd;k &udk trsK;d om;,m,Dtpd;k & jzpfatmif (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;t&
a&G;aumufr,fh a&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk jynfo@l vw $ af wmfjzpfatmif 'Djynfo@l vw $ af wmf}uD;u Armjynf&@J u=H urRmudk vGwv f w G v
f yfvyf a&;qGEJ ikd w f hJ
ArmjynftkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; jzpfvmatmif 'DtcsufawGudk jynfoljynfom;awGu wnDw!Gwfwnf; ðyvkyf=ur,fqdk&if vGwfvyfa&;[m
r=umciftwGif; &rSmyJ? usaemfwdk@ rnD!Gwf&if a0;rSmyJ?”
“'Dawmh wdkwdkajym&r,fqdk&if EdkifiHa&;rSm nmwm0g;wm vkyfr,fhvlawG/ ygwDawG[m wdkif;jynfe@J usaemfwdk@&@J rsufESmudkaxmuf+yD;
wnDw!Gwfwnf; jzpf=uapcsifw,f? Armjynf&@J EdkifiHa&;tpDtpOfawGudk pepfwusvkyfoGm;r,fh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;
tzGJ@csKyf}uD;xJodk@ ajcpHkypf0ifapvdkygw,f? wwdkif;jynfvHk; 'DtzGJ@}uD;xJ 0ifapvdkygw,f? 'DtzGJ@csKyf}uD;u a&;qGJwJhpnf;urf;twdkif; tm;vHk;
nDnD!Gwf!Gwf vdkufemvkyfudkif=u&if usaemfwdk@ tifrwefvdkvm;wJh vGwfvyfa&;[m r=umrDa&mufvmrSmyJ? nD!Gwf=uyg? tm;vHk;
nD!Gwf=uygvdk@ awmif;yefwht J aeeJ@ usaemf[m &JabmfawG&@J udk,fpm; EdkifiHnD!Gwfzdk@ ajym&ygw,f?”
Tonfw@kd rmS 1945 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (19) &ufae@wiG f &efuek òf r@ aeol&ed jf ynfo@l tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif wyfrawmf wdik ;f (4) wdik ;f rª;jzpfol
usaemfu wwdkif;jynfvHk; nD!Gwfa&;tqdk wifoGif;onfhrdef@cGef;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?

( 26 )
zufqpf*syef qef@usifawmfvSefaom umvrsm;twGif;u jzpfysufchJwhJ rSwfom;zG,f&m ta=umif;tcsuf (4) ckudk usaemfrSwfrdae
ygonf? ‚wdk@rSm rSwfom;zG,f&m/ od&SdzG,f&mrsm;jzpfI usaemftusOf;csKyfI jyefvnfa&;om;azmfjyygOD;rnf?

yxrta=umif;udpP
1945ck/ rwfv (27) &ufae@ zufqpff*syefawmfvSefa&;pcgeD; rwfv (25) &ufae@avmufwGif usaemfwdk@awmfvSefa&;twGuf
tvkyt f vGerf sm;aepOf *syefawGu usaemfuh kd xdn
k (8) em&DavmufrmS olw@kd xH vma&mufawG@qzkH @kd ac:ygonf? xdu
k pd rP mS tvGet
f a&;}uD;ojzifh
wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwD0ifrsm; tpnf;ta0;xdkifygonf? ppfaumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm usaemf/ ocifcspf/ Adkvfodef;wef/ AdkvfAwif/ Adkvfatmifa&$wdk@ig;OD;
jzpfygonf? usaemfrv S IJG usef (4) OD;u usaemf*syefawGxH roGm;&ef twif;ajymygawmhonf? 'g[m zrf;qD;vky}f uHowfjzwfEikd w f hJ udpjP zpfw,f?

26
olwdk@u vm+yD;zrf;&if ±kwf±kwf&uf&ufawG jzpfEdkifvdk@ ac:wmyJ[k 0dkif;ajym=uonf? txl;ojzifh ocifcspfESifh AdkvfAwifu roGm;&ef twif;
ajym=uonf?
usaemfu 'Dvdkac:wm[m usaemfwdk@awmfvSefa&;udpP wpGef;wpodvdk@ awmfvSefa&;ysufatmif usaemfhudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfzdk@
ac:w,fvdk@ usaemfrxifa=umif;/ b,furS owif;tpte xGufwmr&Sda=umif;/ jzpfEdkifwmu usaemf[m *syefawGe@J qufqHa&;rSm av;av;
pm;pm; t±dktaoay;oifhoavmufray;/ cyfwnfwnf qufqHwwfr_a=umifh 'Dpdwf"mwfudk csdK;ESdrfcsifvdk@ jzpf[ef&Sda=umif;/ 'ga=umifh
usaemfomG ;+yD; olw@kd uakd v;pm;a=umif; jyor,f? usaemfroGm;&ifawmh eufzefusaemfu h kd twdtvif; vmzrf;Edik +f yD; usaemfomru wjcm;wyfr;ª
tcsdK@yg tzrf;cH&Edkifa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;}uD;rxdcdkufatmif usaemfoGm;r,f[k ajymygonf?
usaemfwdk@ twef=um jiif;ckef=uygonf? odk@aomf usaemfrSm wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDOuUXvJjzpf/ um,uH&Sifvnf;jzpfojzifh aemufqHk;
usaemf.pum; twnfjzpfoGm;+yD; usaemfoGm;zdk@ tm;vHk;oabmwlnD =u&ygawmhonf?
aemufqHk; usaemfajymcJhwmu usaemfawmfvSefa&;}uD; rxdcdkufatmifoGm;r,f? tu,fIrsm; cifAsm;wdk@xifovdk usaemfhudk vkyf}uH
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awmfvSef=uyg[k rSm=um;cJhygonf?
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cef@[k xifygonf?
usaemfa&mufv#if olw@kd u aumif;pGm{nfch H óuqd=k uygonf? aemufpm;p&mrsm;csay;um {nfch +H yD;aemuf olw@kd ac:&aom ta=umif;udk
ajymjyygonf? usaemfwdk@wyfwGif;jzpfaeaom ta=umif;udpPwck jzpfygonf? xdkta=umif;t&mudkawmh ,ck usaemfarhaeygonf?
usaemfu olwdk@ajymjyaom ta=umif;t&mtay: usaemf.xifjrifcsufudk wifjyvdkufygonf? aemuf tjyeftvSef xdkudpPudk
aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tawmf=umawmh usaemfwdk@ oabmwlnDr_ &ygonf? usaemfwdk@ pum;ajymqdk&mwGif wOD;ESifhwOD; cifcifrifrif aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifyif
ajymqdkcJh=uygonf?
usaemf pdwfvufayghyg;pGmeJ@ pcef;odk@ jyefvmygonf? pcef;a&mufawmh wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwD0if vl}uD;rsm;tm;vHk; usaemfhudk
apmifhae=u&m tm;vHk;0rf;omtm;& jzpf&ygonf?
aemuf usaemfu *syefwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;cJh&aom udpPrsm;udk jyefajymjyygonf?
usaemf xyfajymjywmu olwdk@usaemfxifwJhtwdkif; usaemfu rav;pm;bl;xif+yD; usaemfhpdwf"mwfudkOD;csdK;wm jzpfEdkifa=umif;
ajymjyygonf? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@ bmr#ab;tEW&m,f rjzpfojzifh tm;vHk;pdwfcsrf;om=u&ygonf? xdk@tjyif *syefrsm; usaemfwdk@ awmfvSef
awmhrnf qdkonfudkvnf; vHk;0rod[k ,lq&I usaemfwdk@ ydk0rf;om=u&ygonf?

'kwd,ta=umif;udpP?
'kwd,ta=umif;uawmh 1945 ckESpf usaemfwdk@ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;pcgpu jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk@ ArmhwyfrawmfrS wyfpkwpk
ppfwidk ;f (4) twGi;f u &Gmw&GmwGif qdu k af &mufpcef;cspOf jzpfcyhJ gonf? tem;&Gmw&GmrS &Gmom; wOD;u pcef;csxm;aom wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;
vma&mufajym=um;onfrSm ol@tdrfrSm *syefESpfa,muf wnf;cdkaea=umif;/ eufzefwGif xdk*syefawGudk vSnf;eJ@wae&m vdkufydk@&rSmjzpfa=umif;/
vrf;c&D;rSm awmpyfuav;wck&Sda=umif;/ tJ'DawmpyftwGif;rS wyfrawmfom;rsm;u acsmif;ajrmif;+yD; ypfcwfowfjzwf&if jzpfEdkifa=umif;
ajymjyygonf?
wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; 0rf;omwufºupGmjzifh xdkudpPudk tao;pdwftpDtpOfudk xdk&Gmom;ESifh wdkifyif!‡dEd_if;+yD; xdk&Gmom;udk
jyefv$wfvdkufygonf?
aemufae@ xdk&Gmom;u *syefESpfa,mufudk vSnf;ay:wif+yD; armif;vmygonf? olwdk@csdef;qdkxm;onfh awmpyfuav;twGif;
vSnf;0ifvm+yD; ypfcwf&rnfhae&modk@ a&mufvmygonf? xdktcsdefwGif csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; wyfrawmfbufrS *syefudkypfcwfr_ rvkyfao;yg?
xdk@a=umifh xdk&Gmom;pdwfqdk;+yD; vSnf;ay:uckefcsum awmpyfbufvSnfh+yD; “bmvdk@ *syefawGudk rypfao;wmvJ/ rif;wdk@tazawG rSwfvdk@vm;?
ypfygawmhvm;” [k atmf[pfajymqdkygonf?
ðcHcykd ek ;f atmif;aeaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;rSm zufqpf*syefawmfveS u f mpwGif aumif;pGmrypf&/J rcwf&/J vuf&@HG weG @f qw
k f jzpfae=u&m
xkd&Gmom; qlyl}udrf;armif;awmhrS owd0ifvm=u+yD; xdk*syefESpfa,mufudk ypfowf=uygawmhonf?
xdktjzpfrSm xdkumvu vlawGu Armhwyfrawmftay: &,fp&mavSmifajymifp&m jzpfchJygonf?
27
 wwd,ta=umif;udpP?
zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}uD; +yD;ump 1945 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f wGif xifygonf? usaemfwn tdyaf ysmaf epOf vlwa,mufu usaemfah jcrudk
udkifv_yfojzifh vef@Edk;+yD; vufwzufu umbdkifaoewfudk csufcsif;udkifum vufwzufu vufESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh ajc&if;wGif&yfaeaom
vlwa,mufrsufESmudk xdk;=unfhvdkufygonf? xdkolrSm &Jabmfwa,muf jzpfae+yD; ol@vufwzufudk qef@xkwfum vufz0g;ay:wGif “pdefwHk;”
awGjzpf[ef&adS om vufvuftvH;k oH;k vH;k avmufukd xd;k ay;vdu k +f yD; olu - usaemf *syefwa,mufowf+yD; 'Dped w f ;kH awG &vmw,f? usaemfeufzef
wyfuxGuf+yD; jyefawmhr,f? Adkvfrª;[m odyftvkyfrsm;+yD;/ odyfvJqif;&Jw,f? awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf Adkvfrª;tjyifa&muf&if qif;qif;&J&J
rae&atmif usaemf&wJh pdefwHk;awGxu J wcsdK@cGaJ y;cJhwmygvdk@ajym+yD; vufoef;xdyf/ vuf!d_;xdyfavmuf&SdwhJ “pdefwHk;” 3 wHk; usaemfhvufxJ
xnfhay;cJh+yD; vSnfhxGufoGm;ygawmhonf?
usaemfrSm bmrSrajymEdkifawmhbJ usef&pf+yD; pdefwHk;awGudk usaemfhacgif;tHk;atmufxm;um quftdyfvdkufygonf?
aemufae@ rdk;vif;aomtcg usaemfonf wdkif; (4) ppfaumfrwDvl}uD;rsm;tm;ac:+yD; nu&&Sdxm;aom pdefwHk;rsm;udkjy+yD; vGefchJaom
nu pdefwHk;rsm;ay;cJhaom &Jabmf.ajymjycsufrsm;udk ajymjyum usaemfpOf;pm;xm;aom t}uHwckudkvnf; wqufwnf; ajymjyygonf?
xdkt}uHrSm pdefwHk;awGudk usaemfwdk@&aJ bmfawG tpm;taomufqif;&JvSojzifh usaemfhtwGif;a&;rª; AdkvfxGef;pdefudk ay;+yD; &efukefqif;
xkcGaJ &mif;csap&efESifh AdkvfxGef;pdefu a&mif;cs&aom aiGtcsdK@ESifh &JabmfawGpm;zdk@ iyd/ ukvm;yJrsm; 0,fjyefvm&efESifh usefaiGrsm;udk ppfwdkif; (4)
axmufyHha&;Xmeodk@ ay;tyf&efyif jzpfygonf?
xkdt}uHudk ppfwdkif; (4) aumfrwDvl}uD;rsm;tm;vHk; tm;&0rf;ompGm oabmwl=u+yD; AdkvfxGef;pdefudk &efukefòr@odk@ pdefrsm;xkcG&J ef
apv$wfvdkufygonf?
AdkvfxGef;pdefrSm 4 - 5 &ufe@J jyefra&mufvmbJ wywfausmf=umrS acgif;pkwfzGm;eJ@ jyefa&mufvmygonf?
wdik ;f aumfrwDv}l uD;rsm;tm;vH;k Adv k xf eG ;f pdeuf 0kd ikd ;f +yD; tusKd ;ta=umif; ar;=uygonf? Adv k x
f eG ;f pdef ajymjyonfrmS usaemfw@kd &@J pdeaf wGukd
pdeq
f ikd }f uD;wqdik u f ukvm;}uD;wOD;udk oGm;a&mif;w,f? ukvm;}uD;u pdeaf wGukd aoaocsmcsmudik =f unfh aemufreS b f vD ;l eJ@=unf+h yD;rS &,farm+yD;
'gawG pderf [kwb f ;l ? bmwefz;kd rSr&Sw
d hJ ovif;wH;k awGv@kd ajym+yD; jyefay;w,f? aemufwqdik o f mG ;jyvJ 'Dvykd aJ jymw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfpw d yf su+f yD;
jyefvmygw,f[k ajymjyygonf?
wdkif;aumfrwDvl}uD;tm;vHk; pdwfysuf0rf;enf;oGm;=u&ygawmhonf?
aemif ESpftawmf=um+yD;aemuf usaemf Armjynfawmifydkif; ppfXmecsKyfrª;jzpfvm+yD; usaemfhwGif tqkwfwDbDa&m*g pjzpfvmaomtcg
wyfrawmfaq;rª;csKyf Adkvfrª;}uD;armifarmif}uD;u rdwˆDvmodk@ aq;cGifhESifhoGm;em;&ef apv$wfchJygonf? xdkpOf rdwˆDvmrSm xdk*syefawmfvSefa&;
umvu pdefrsm;ay;oGm;cJhzl;onfh &JabmfrSm ouFef;0wfe@J a&mufvm+yD; usaemfe@J awG@qHkygonf? oljrif;+cHrSm &[ef;b0eJ@aea=umif; ajymoGm;
ygonf? ol@=unfh&onfrSm cyfa=umifa=umif ±l;wl;wl;jzpfaeyHk &onf? usaemfvnf; ol@b0udk rsm;pGm=uifemoem;rdonf?

pwkwˆta=umif;t&m
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD;wGif xifygonf? usaemf&efukefòr@udk jyefa&mufvmygonf? xdkpOf ±Hk;w±Hk;a&S@vrf;ray:wGif Adkvfr–;csKyf
apm=um'dk;udk vSrf;jrifvdkufrdygonf? Adkvf=um'dk;uvnf; usaemfvrf;ay: &yfaewmvSrf;jrifvdkuf+yD; usaemfxH uysmu,m av#mufvmygonf?
awG@wmeJ@ usaemf@vufudkqGJE_wfquf+yD; cifAsm;AdkvfausmfaZmaemf - raoao;bl;aemf[k ajymygonf? usaemfu [kwfa=umif;ajymawmh
olusaemfhudk zufvSJwuif;vkyf+yD;/ 0rf;omvdkufwmAsm[k tm;&yg;&ajymygonf? ol.ðyrlyHkwdk@rSm enf;enf;xl;qef;aeI usaemftHhtm;oifh
aeygonf?
'DawmhrS Adkvfr–;csKyf=um'dk;u 'DvdkAs[k tjzpftysufudk ajymjyygonf? awmfvSefa&;umv tapmydkif;u *syefppfAdkvfwa,muf
jrefrmtvHwckudkif+yD; ol@tcef;xJ0ifvmum - 'gb,fol@tvHvJ[k tvHudkjy+yD; ar;ygonf? Adkvf=um'dk;rajymwwfjzpfaepOf [dk*syefuyif
“'DtvH[m Adv k af usmaf Zm tvHayg/h usaemfw@kd &cJw
h m æ”[kajym+yD; qufajymwmuawmh “'gayrJh Adv k af usmaf Zmuawmh owWad jymifygayw,f?”
[kajym+yD; xdk*syef xGufoGm;ygonf? (rSwfcsuf? *syefppfwyf. xHk;pHrSm rdrd.tvHudk rdrdusqHk;rSom &efol@vufxJ ta&mufcH&onf?)
xdk@a=umifh Adkvf=um'dk;.pdwfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmudk olwdk@owfypfvdkuf=u+yD[k ,lqaerdcho
J jzifh ,ckvdk touf&Sifv#uf jyefawG@&aom
tcg 0rf;omtm;&jzpfrdjcif; jzpfygonf?

yÌrta=umif;t&m
usaemftxufyg tjzpftysufrsm;udka&;&if; aemufta=umif;t&mwckudk xyf+yD;rSwfrd owd&vmI xyf+yD;a&;vdkuf&ygonf?
xdkta=umif;rSm zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;ump 1945 ckESpfukefcgeD;umv[k xifygonf? zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;twGif;u
ocifoef;xGef;wdk@. zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; XmecsKyfvHkðcHa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;twGuf tultnD awmif;ojzifh usaemfhwyfrS wyfpki,fwpkudk
ay;ydk@xm;ygonf?

28
 xdkwyfpkr–;rSm Adkvfwdk;vGifqdkol 'kwd,Adkvfuav; jzpfygonf? aemifArmhwyfrawmfwGif Adkvfr–;}uD;txdjzpfvmonf xifygonf?
‚onf tvGefzswfvwfoGufvuf+yD; t+rJwufwufºuºu&Sdaewwfol xm;0,fom;rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfygonf?
‚Adkvfwdk;vGifonf 1945 ckESpfukefcgeD;wae@ usaemfhxHa&mufvm+yD; rsuf&nfrsm;0Jum ajymjyvmwmuawmh - ol@wyfpk
ocifoef;xGef;wdk@XmecsKyfu jyefvmcsifyg+yD[lIyif jzpfonf? usaemfu tusdK;ta=umif;ar;=unfhawmh olajymjywmu - ocifoef;xGef;[m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ta=umif; raumif;wmawG/ qdk;0g;wmawGudk/ AdkvfcsKyftwif;awGudk wjcm;vlESpfa,mufudk ajymjyaewm olwzufcef;u
tuke=f um;&onf? 'Dv}l uD;tay: usaemfpw d yf suaf e+yD? xd@k a=umifh usaemfjyefvmyg&ap[k qdv k mygonf? usaemfvnf; xdt k a=umif; =um;vdu k &f
ojzifh ocifoef;xGef;tay: pdwfysufoGm;rdonf?
odk@aomf usaemfwdk@hbufrS ±kyfrysuf&ef Adkvfwdk;vGifudk em;cszdk@vdkrnf[k usaemfcsufcsif; ,lqrd+yD; Adkvfwdk;vGifudk usaemfem;csygonf?
ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@[m ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;udk [dka&S;wkef;uwnf;u twlaqmif&Gufvm=uwJh vla[mif;
acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ vlqw kd m ud, k ef @J roifjh rwf&if wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf raumif;bl;xifwmawGukd rdrw d @kd tcsi;f csi;f twGi;f
ajymwwf=ua=umif;/ aumif;awmhraumif;ayr,hf odyv f t
J a&;r}uD;vSa=umif; - olw@kd tpuwnf;u 'Dvykd J wGv J yk v
f mcJw h mjzpfa=umif; ajymjy
em;csygonf?
usaemfuquf+yD; ajymonfrSm - 'Dvl}uD;awG ArmhawmfvSefa&;wm0ef rausyGef&if olwdk@xdkufe@J olwdk@ cH=u&rSmyJ? rdrdwdk@tzdk@uawmh
rdrdwm0efrdrd ausyGefzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f? 'gha=umifh jyefrvmbJ qufaeyg? aemufxyf AdkvfcsKyfta=umif;awG bmqufajymovJ vJ em;pGifhaeyg[k
azsmif;zsem;cs ajymqdk&m tawmf=umawmh Adkvfwdk;vGifrSm pdwfrcsrf;rompGmESifh jyefoGm;ygawmhonf?
ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: raumif;ajymonfhudpP usaemfaemifrSpOf;pm; qifjcifrdonfrSm/ ocifoef;xGef;rSm
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? uGefjrLepfygwDqdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@ESifh qufqH&onfh vlyk*~dKvfawGta=umif; olwdk@oD;oef@
t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; (Oyrm - uvmyfpnf; odk@r[kwf ygwDaumfrwDtwGif;) tqdk;taumif; tm;vHk;udk a0zefoHk;oyfqifjcif=u+yD; awmfvSefa&;
twGuf aumif;atmifvkyf=u&p+rJjzpfonf? ,ckvnf; ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyftay: ol.a0zefoHk;oyfcsufudk olwdk@tcsif;csif; wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;aewmom jzpfonf? tjyiftyod@k wpHw k &majym=um;wmr[kw[ f k ,lq&ygonf? xd@k a=umifh ocifoef;xGe;f tay:wGif odyt f jypf&o dS nf
rxifyg? olwdk@ygwDwGif; vl}uD;rsm;twGif;om a0zefaqG;aEG;=ujcif; jzpfyHk&ygonf? 'gudkvnf; usaemfaemifrS pOf;pm;awG;awmqifjcifrdjcif;
jzpfygonf?
odk@&mwGif ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyG0J ifaepOf atmifyG&J cgeD;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
acgi;f aqmif ocifp;kd u trsm;jynfov l x
l uk kd a[majym&mwGi/f Adv k cf sKyftay: yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; xd;k ESuw f ukd cf u
kd rf r_ sm;jzifh t}uD;tus,f
±_wfcsa0zefajymqdkcJhonf[k usaemfwdk@od&ygonf?
usaemfwdk@trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: trsm;jynfolwdk@a&S@wGif yk*~dKvfa&;±_wfcsjypfwifr_ tykyfcsr_rsm;
rðyvkyfoifhay? Todk@ðyvkyfojzifh ocifpdk;rSm }uD;rm;vSaom EdkifiHa&;jypfr_usL;vGefol jzpfoGm;ayonf? jynfolrsm;tay:vnf; rav;rpm;&m
a&mufayonf? xdk@tjyif TuJhodk@aom ocifpdk;. ajymqdkr_rsm;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfESifh uGefjrLepfygwDvnf; a0;oGm;&jcif; jzpfyHk&onf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm omrefacgif;aqmifr[kwfay? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHkwGif/ Armjynfordkif;wGif e,fcs@J qef@usifa&;
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGtwGuf ArmhtrsdK;om; vufeufudkfifppfwyf&Sdzdk@ vdktyfvm+yD[k ordkif;uawmif;qdkvmaomtcg/ 6 vufr"m;awmif
udkifaqmifcGifhr&aom jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdk@tzdk@ ppfwyfaxmif&ef rpOf;pm;Edkifatmif cufcJ aeayonf?
xdkpOf xdkodk@ordkif;.vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf b0udkpGef@+yD; &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk OD;aqmifum
*syefjynfoGm;I ppfynmawGoifchJonf? xdk@aemuf “xdkif;”e,fpyfuae+yD; acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf ppfwyfudk xlaxmifzG@J pnf;cJhonf?
xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olxlaxmifchJaom Armhwyfrawmfudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh yl;aygif;+yD; Armjynfzufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;}uD;udk atmifjrifpGmqifE$cJ ho J l jzpfonf?
xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfonf +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&zdk@ quf+yD;wdkufyJG0ifaepOf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wHcg;0 a&mufcgeD;rS e,fcsJ@
+Adwdo#wdk@ vufcsufjzifh usqHk;uG,fvGefoGm;&aom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;vnf; jzpfayonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfonf uGejf rLepfygw/D uGejf rLepf0g'udv k nf; qef@usio f rl [kwaf y? +Adwo d #w@kd u Adv
k cf sKyfukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&aom ta=umif;&if;
rSmyif AdkvfcsKyfonf aemifuGefjrLepfwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifonf[k ,lqI vkyf}uH&jcif; jzpfayonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; r[kwf±Hkomru 1939 ckESpfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom
yk*~dKvf}uD;vnf; jzpfayonf?
xdk@a=umifh trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jynfoltrsm;. a&S@arSmufwGif a0zef±_wfcsr_rðyoifhay?
vlqdkonfrSm rnfr#yif}uD;jrwfaom yk*~dKvfyifjzpfygap/ trSm;t,Gif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;rS vHk;0uif;pifolqdkonfrSm r&SdEdkifay?
,ckusaemfonf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;ta=umif;ESifh ‚ESifhqufEG,faeaom ta=umif;t&mtcsdK@udk a&;om;cJhygonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif aemufqHk;a&;p&mwck usaemfrSwfrdaewmuawmh - zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif usaemfwdk@&efoludk
zdwdkufaepOfumvu usaemf@tay:vnf; vlxku auseyf=u+yD;/ usaemfESifhywfouf+yD; olwdk@pdwfóuuf owif;awG xif&mjrif&majym=u/
29
v$ifh=uonf? ‚rSm - a[h AdkvfausmfaZmqdkwm omrefvlr[kwfbl;? wefcdk;&Sdoljzpfw,f? AdkvfausmfaZm[m wdkifudkuG,fvdkuf&if vlawmif
aysmufoGm;Edkifw,fæ ponfjzifh ajymqdkchJ=uygonf?
Todk@jzifh Armjynfolwdk@onf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJh=uonf?
*syefwdk@u =o*kwfv (10) &ufwGif ppfajy+idrf;&efawmif;qdk+yD; (14) &ufwGifvufeufcsonf? w&m;0if vufeufcsr_udk *syefwGif
1945 ckESpf pufwifbm (2) &ufae@wGif ðyvkyfcho J nf? odk@jzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; +yD;oGm;cJhav+yD?
jrefrmjynfolwdkf@. zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJrSm vtenf;i,ftwGif; *syefESpfaomif;ausmf usqHk;+yD;aemuf atmifyJG}uD;
&cJhayonf?
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