L02 Feedback Amplifiers

Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier
Introduction of Two-Port Network

Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
Feedback Topology
Analysis of feedback applications
Close-Loop Gain
Input/Output resistances
Ref:080130HKN
EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers
Two-Port Network (z-parameters)

(Open-Circuit Impedance)
I1
+
z22
z11
V1
V1 z11
V z
2 21
V2
V1 z11I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2
I2
z12I2 +
+ z21I1
At port 1
Open-circuit
input impedance
At port 2
V
z11 1
I1 I 2 0
Open-circuit reverse z V1
12
transimpedance
I 2 I1 0
Ref:080130HKN
z12 I1
z22 I 2
Open-circuit forward z V2
21
I1 I 2 0
transimpedance
Open-circuit
output impedance
z22
V2
I 2 I1 0
Two-Port Network (y-parameters)

(Short-Circuit Admittance)
I
+
I1 y11
I y
2 21
1/y
1/y
11
22
yV
12
yV
21
I1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
At port 1
Short-circuit
input admittance
At port 2
I
y11 1
V1 V2 0
Short-circuit reverse y I1
12
transadmittance
V2 V1 0
Ref:080130HKN
y12 V1
y22 V2
Short-circuit forward y I 2
21
V1 V2 0
transadmittance
Short-circuit
output admittance
y22
I2
V2 V1 0
Two-Port Network (h-parameters)

(hybrid)
I2
I1
+
V1
1/h22
h11
h12V2 +
h21I1
V1 h11 h12 I1
I h
V
h
2 21 22 2
V2
V1 h11I1 h12V2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
At port 1
Short-circuit
input impedance
At port 2
V
h11 1
I1 V2 0
Open-circuit reverse h V1
12
voltage gain
V2 I1 0
Ref:080130HKN
Short-circuit forward h I 2
21
I1 V2 0
current gain
Open-circuit
output admittance
h22
I2
V2 I1 0
Two-Port Network (g-parameters)

(inverse-hybrid)
I
+
1/g
1
11
gI
12 2
I1 g11
V g
2 21
+
22
+ g21V1
At port 1
Open-circuit
input admittance
I1 g11V1 g12 I 2
V2 g 21V1 g 22 I 2
At port 2
I
g11 1
V1 I 2 0
Short-circuit reverse g I1
12
current gain
I 2 V1 0
Ref:080130HKN
g12 V1
g 22 I 2
Open-circuit forward g V2
21
V1 I 2 0
current gain
Short-circuit
output impedance
g 22
V2
I 2 V1 0
z-parameter example
I
I1
Z11 6 Z 22 6
V1
I2
I1
+
12
V2
Z11 12 Z 22 3
12
V1
I2
V2
Z11 18 Z 22 9
Z12
V1
6
I 2 I1 0
Z12
V1
0
I 2 I1 0
Z12
V1
6I
2 6
I 2 I1 0 I 2
Z 21
V2
6
I1 I 2 0
Z 21
V2
0
I1 I 2 0
Z 21
V2
6I
1 6
I1 I 2 0 I1
6 6
6 6
12 0
0 3
18 6
6 9
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130HKN
y-parameter example
I1
+
V1
I1
I2
0.05S
0.1S
V2
I2
0.2S
V2
V1
0.025S
1
y11 0.05S y22 0.05S

y12
I1
0.05V2
0.05S
V2 V1 0
V2
y21
I2
0.05V1
0.05S
V1 V2 0
V1
0.05 0.05
y
0.05 0.05
1
1
y11
0.0692S
0.1 0.2 0.025
1
1
1
y22
0.0769S
0.2 0.1 0.025
y12
I1
V2 V1 0
But I 2 y22V2 0.0769V2

I 1 I 2 I1
0.1 0.025
I1 0.8I 2 0.0615V2
y12 0.0615S
By reciprocal, y21 y12 0.0615S
0.0692 0.0615
0.0615 0.0769
Ref:080130HKN
y-parameter example (Cont)

0.05S
y11 0.05 0.692 0.1192

y22 0.05 0.769 0.1269
y21 y12
I1
V2 V1 0
0.1S
V1
I 2 y22V2 0.1269V2
0.05
I 0.05 S
I 2 0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S I 2 I 0.05 S 0.0769V2
0.1
0.0769V2 0.0615V2
0.1 0.025
I1 0.0615V2 0.05V2 0.1115V2
I 0.1S
y12 0.1115 y21

0.1192 0.1115
Y
0.1115 0.1269
Ref:080130HKN
I1
0.025S
I2
0.2S
V2
Note: the y-matrix is equal to

the sum of two former ones.
Therefore, y-parameters is
normally used in analysis of
shunt-shunt circuits
What connection should be for
h- or g- parameters?
General Feedback Structure

Source
Vs +
Load
: feedback factor
= Vf / Vo
Vf
V Vs V f
V f Vo
V VS Vo
Vo A V
Ref:080130HKN
A : Open Loop Gain

A = Vo / V
Close loop gain : ACL
Vo
A
1 T
(
)
Vs 1 A 1 T
Loop Gain : T A
Amount of feedback: 1 A
1
Note : ACL A
Negative Feedback Properties

Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies
it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
Reduce effect of noise
Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
Extend bandwidth of amplifier

All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain
Ref:080130HKN
10
Gain De-sensitivity
Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the
basic amplifiler.
Assume is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,
ACL
A
1 A
Differential respected with A
dACL
1
dA
or
dA
CL
dA
(1 A ) 2
(1 A ) 2
Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL
dA
(1 A )
1 dA
ACL
(1 A ) 2
A
1 A A
This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

feedback amount.
(1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.
Ref:080130HKN
11
Basic Feedback Topologies

Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.
(Type of Feedback)
(Type of Sensing)
(1) Series (Voltage)
Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage)
Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current)
Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current)
Series (Current)
Ref:080130HKN
12
Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)

Basic amplifier
Voltage Gain Calculation:

I
Vi
ri
+
AV
Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled

voltage source
Requires high input impedance, low
output impedance
Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130HKN
Vo A V
V f Vo
Vi V V f
Feedback network
Vo
Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
+
Vf=Vo
ACL
Vo 1 T
(
)
Vi 1 T
whereT A
And, we get
Vi A
1 A
Vi V (1 A )
Vo
13
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)

Input Resistance:
Vi
Rin
Ii
Vi (1 T ) V
V
Vi
Ii
ri (1 T ) ri
Rin
Vi
(1 T ) ri
Ii
Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Rout |Vi 0
Io
Vo A V
ro
ro
+ AV
Io
+
Vo
V Vo Vi 0
V Vo
Io
Vo A Vo
ro
Rout
Ref:080130HKN
Vo
Io
Vo
ro
r
o
Io 1 A 1 T
14
h-parameter Modeling
I1
zs
h11a
h12aV2 + h21aI1
1/h22a
Only uni-lateral case

will be considered :
1/yL
h11f
h21f I1
h12f V2 +
1/h22f
Ref:080130HKN
(1) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
amplifier network.
|h12a| = 0
(2) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
feedback network.
|h21f| = 0
15
I1
z
1/h
1/y
22a
11a
1/h
Uni-lateral
22f
h I1
21a
From Input port : V1 (h11a h11 f Z s ) I1 h12 f V2
From output port : (h22 a h22 f YL )V2 h21a I1 0
11f
h V2 +
Put V2
12f
h21a I1
back tofirst equation,
(h22 a h22 f YL )
For h12 f 0, the Open Loop Gain,

A
h21a
h21a
V2
V1 (h11a h11 f Z s )(h22 a h22 f YL ) zi yo
where zi h11a h11 f Z s and yo h22 a h22 f YL

With the feedback f h12 f , the Closed Loop Gain is
h21a
z i yo
h21a
A
ACL
h21a h12 f
1 A
zi yo h21a h12 f
1
z i yo
Ref:080130HKN
16
Series-Shunt Example
Given : A 10 5 , R1 1k, R2 9k, r 10 M and ro 40
Vi
Vo
Amplifier
Vi
Vf
+
V r r
Vo
AV
R2
R1
Vf
It is observed that:
(1) Series connection in input ports
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
Series-Shunt connection
h-parameter should be used.
Ref:080130HKN
R1
Vo
R2
Feedback
Equivalent circuit
17
h-parameter analysis
I1
V1
R2
V2 h11 f V1
I1 V2 0
R1
h12 f
h22 f
h
12f
Ref:080130HKN
R1 R2
0.9
R1 R2
V1
I 2 R1
R1
0.1
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2
I2
I2
1
1
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2 10k
11f
h V
R1 // R2
22f
18
Firstly, set h12 f 0 for open loop circuit and
by putting V1 V and h22 f
, we get
R1 R2
And the close loop voltage gain,

AOP
105
~ 10
5
1 AOP 1 (10 )(0.1)
Ref:080130HKN
r V
1
1
AV1

V2
ro
ro R1 R2
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is
V
A( R1 R2 )
A OP 2
~ A 105
V1 r0 R1 R2
A CL
~V
V V1
r h 1
11 f
from output port,
V2 AV
h22 f V2 0
ro
I1
from the input port,
AV
1/h
22f
11f
h V2 +
12f
The input impedance,

R in (1 AOP )(h11 f r )
The output impedance,
ro //(1 / h22 f )
R out
0
1 AOP
19
Feedback Structure (Series-Series)

Basic amplifier
Ii
AV
V
Vi
Gain Calculatio n :
I o A V
ri
V f Io
ro
V
Vf=Io +
Feedback network
Ref:080130HKN
Io
Io
A
(Close Loop Transadmittance Gain)
I
1 T
ACL o (
)
Vi 1 T
Vi V V f
whereT A
And, we get
V A
Io i
1 A
Vi V (1 A )
20
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Series)

Input Resistance:
Rin
Vi
Ii
(1 T ) V
Ii
(1 T ) ri
Output Resistance
Rout |Vi 0
Vo
Io
from input port,

V V f I o
from output port,
Vo
Vo
I o AV T I o
ro
ro
Rout
Ref:080130HKN
Vo
(1 T )ro
Io
21
Series-Series Example
+VCC
B
+
R1
RC
vo
vs
vs
R2
r
E
R1//R2
RC
RE
RE
C
+
vo
Feedback network
CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter
Ref:080130HKN
ac small signal equivalent circuit
22
Feedback Network with z-parameter

I1
I2
V1
RE
V2
r v
+
vs
z11 f
v1
RE
i1 i2 0
Z12 f
Z 22 f
v1
RE
i2 i1 0
v
2
RE
i2 i1 0
Ref:080130HKN
gv
11f
z12fio +
22f
Reduce equivalent circuit
23
Close loop analysis

r
v
r Z
11 f

vs and io gv
Then open loop transadmittance gain is Aop
io
rg

vs r RE
Therefore,
r g
Aop
r RE
r g
The close loop transadmittance gain is ACL

1 Aop 1 r gRE
r RE r gRE
r RE
Input impedance is :
r gR
R in (r z11 f )(1 AOL ) (r RE )1 E
(r RE )
(r RE ) gr RE
Output impedance is :
R out [( z 22 f )(1 AOL )]
Ref:080130HKN
24
Final Rin and Rout

ii
io
r v
vs
z11f
gv
ro
RC
R1//R2
z12fio +
R'in
Rin
z22f
Rout
vo
R'out
R'in R in // R1 // R2
R'out R out // RC
[(r RE ) gr RE ] // R1 // R2
[(z22 f )(1 AOP )] // RC
Ref:080130HKN
25
Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)

Gain Calculatio n :
Basic amplifier
Ii
Vi
I
r
Vo A I A( I i I f )
ro
+
AI
I f Vo
Vo
A( I i Vo ) Vo
AIi (1 T )Vo
(Close Loop Transimpedance Gain)
If= V
Feedback network
Ref:080130HKN
ACL
Vo 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T
whereT A
And, we get
Ii A
Vo
1 A
I i I (1 A )
26
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Shunt)

Input Resistance:
V
Rin i
Ii
I ri
I (1 T )
ri
(1 T )
Output Resistance
Rout |Vi 0
from input port,

I I f Vo
from output port,
Vo AI Vo TVo
Io
ro
ro
Rout
Ref:080130HKN
Vo
Io
Vo
ro
I o (1 T )
27
Shunt-Shunt Example
Vcc
Rs
RC
Vs +
RF
+
V r
gV
Rc
RL
C2
RS
C1
RL
vS +
RF
CE amplifier
ac small signal equivalent circuit
Shunt-Shunt connection found! y-parameter

Ref:080130HKN
28
Vo
I1
I1 y11V1 y12V2
I2
RF
V1
V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
Feedback Network
I1
1
y11
V1 V2 0 RF
I
I
1
y12 1
2
V2 V1 0 V 2
RF
I2
1
y22
V2 V1 0 RF
I2
I1
V1 RF
1/RFVo
RF
y-parameter modeling
Ref:080130HKN
29
From input port,

V I S ( RF // r )
V
IS
( RF // r )
RF
Vo
gV
RF
Is
RC//RL
And from output port,

Vo
gV 0
RF // RC // RL
1/RF EVo
Rin
Vo gV ( RF // RC // RL )
Open loop tranimpedance gain :
Vo
IS
AOP gV ( RF // RC // RL )(RF // r )
With feedback factor
1
,
RF
the close loop transimpedance gain :

AOP
ACL
1 AOP
Ref:080130HKN
+
V
ri
(1 AOP )
( RF // r )
(1 AOP )
Rout
ro
(1 AOP )
( RF // RC // RL )
(1 AOP )
Voltage Gain :
Vo
Vo
Vs I s ( Rs Rin )
30
Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)

Gain Calculatio n :
Basic amplifier
I
+
Ii
I
r
I o A I A( I i I f )
I f Io
AI
A( I i I o ) I o
AIi (1 T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
ACL
If= Io
Feedback network
Ref:080130HKN
Io 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T
whereT A
And, we get
Ii A
Io
1 A
I i I (1 A )
31
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Series)

Input Resistance:
Output Resistance
V I r
Rin i i
Ii
Ii
Rout |Vi 0
Vo
Io
Ii
ri
(1 T )
Ii
from input port,

I I f I o
ri
(1 T )
Vo ( I o AI )ro
from output port, I o Vo / ro AI

Vo ( I o T I o )ro
Rout
Ref:080130HKN
Vo
(1 T )ro
Io
32
Summary
Feedback
Structure
Close loop
Input
Output
Parameter
gain
impedance impedance
used
SeriesShunt
Vo 1 T
(
) Rin (1 T ) ri R ro
out
Vi 1 T
1 T
SeriesSeries
Io 1 T
(
) Rin (1 T ) ri Rout (1 T ) ro z-parameter
Vi 1 T
ShuntShun
Vo 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T
Rin
ShuntSeries
Io 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T
ri
Rin
1 T
Ref:080130HKN
ri
1 T
Rout
ro
1 T
h-parameter
y-parameter
Rout (1 T ) ro g-parameter
33
Supplementary
+VCC
R1
RC
R1 100
vo
vs
RE
RC 1k
RE 2k
200
r 10k
Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory
Ref:080130HKN
34
Circuit Theory
Rin R1 // R
but ib
where R
vs
ib
vs v E
v
and E ib ( 1)
r
RE
vs ib r vE ib [r ( 1) RE ]
Rin R1 //[r ( 1) RE ] ~ 100
ib
ib
vs
r
R1
vE
vo
RC
RE
To find Rout , vs 0 ib 0
Rout RC 1k
Ref:080130HKN
35
Two Port Network

z11 f
v1
RE
i1 i2 0
Z12 f
v1
RE
i2 i1 0
Z 22 f
ib
ib
vs
vo
r
RE
v2
RE
i2 i1 0
RE
RE
RE
+
RE i2
Ref:080130HKN
36
The Open Loop Transadmittance Gain is found by setting feedback signal 0

vs ib (r RE )
io ib
AOL
io
ib
vs ib (r RE ) (r RE )
Rin (r RE ) 1
RE
(r RE )
Rout RE 1
RE
(r RE )
vs
ib
r
R1
RE
ib
RC
RE
+
RE io
Rin Rin // R1 ~ R1 100

Rout // RC ~ RC 1k
Rout
R'in
Ref:080130HKN
vo
Rin
Rout
R'out
37

L02 Feedback Amplifiers

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Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

Introduction of Two-Port Network

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Two-Port Network (z-parameters)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Two-Port Network (y-parameters)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Two-Port Network (h-parameters)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Two-Port Network (g-parameters)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

y11 0.05S y22 0.05S

But I 2 y22V2 0.0769V2

y-parameter example (Cont)

y11 0.05 0.692 0.1192

y12 0.1115 y21

Note: the y-matrix is equal to

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

General Feedback Structure

A : Open Loop Gain

Close loop gain : ACL

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Negative Feedback Properties

Extend bandwidth of amplifier

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Differential respected with A

Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Basic Feedback Topologies

(1) Series (Voltage)

(2) Series (Voltage)

(3) Shunt (Current)

(4) Shunt (Current)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)

Voltage Gain Calculation:

Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Input/Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Only uni-lateral case

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

From Input port : V1 (h11a h11 f Z s ) I1 h12 f V2

From output port : (h22 a h22 f YL )V2 h21a I1 0

For h12 f 0, the Open Loop Gain,

V1 (h11a h11 f Z s )(h22 a h22 f YL ) zi yo

where zi h11a h11 f Z s and yo h22 a h22 f YL

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Firstly, set h12 f 0 for open loop circuit and

by putting V1 V and h22 f

And the close loop voltage gain,

from the input port,

The input impedance,

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

Feedback Structure (Series-Series)

Input/Output Resistance (Series-Series)

from input port,

EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter

ac small signal equivalent circuit