Math 1B - Chapter 7 - Arc Length, Area, Surface

area
in Rectangular, Polar and Parametric
coordinates
We have introduced parametric and polar functions when we were looking at different forms of
functions in Pre-Calculus level.
In this chapter, we will look at length of the path of a point (0-D) in space (It is called Arclength)
and also the area created by moving a curve (1-D) in space (It is called area) plus the rotation of
a region (2-D) in respect to an axis (It is called Surface area) in different coordinates Rectangular,
Polar and Parametric.
To evaluate the value of each of the above Length, Area and Volume, we need to use integral
operator to add up the points to get Length and add up the curves to get Surface Area and
finally to add up the areas to get Volume.
Arc length in all three coordinates
To find out the length of a curve
, we can estimate it by length of line
estimation but an easy calculation. (CE-b-EC)

One can employ Pythagorean Theorem

( )

. This is a crude

. To make reduce the error one can break the curve to more pieces and then

evaluate each piece then add them

. As one realize that the value of

decreases to decrease the error. So as

the notation

and the sum operator

would be integration operator.

( )

In Rectangular form

from 1 to 3. (

Practice: Find the arc length of

Remember that in parametric form any point is defined as

at a given time. If

the point moves in any direction then the instantaneous velocity of it is

since time is independent variable then one has to add up every single speed (Magnitude of
velocity) in terms of time to evaluate arc length.

In Parametric form

Practice: Find the arc length of{

Lets look at the formula of arc length in Polar form. As one knows

If one find

And since
Practice: Find the arc length of

from above,
we have

and

then

In Polar form

Area in all three coordinates
You have worked on finding area in rectangular coordinates previously. Lets find a formula for
the Area enclosed by functions in parametric and polar forms

Use chain rule to make time to be independent variable in

parametric form. Then and

In parametric form

Practice: Find the area of {

In polar axis above the segment POQ is a sector in shape of an isosceles triangle which the
height and the sides are equal (r) if
is very small.
The area of the Triangle is

. The Area for whole region is the sum of all

these infinitesimal sectors.

In polar form

Practice: Find the area of

Surface Area in all three coordinates

Rotated around Y-axis

Rotated around X-axis

The length of the curve on the segment which is rotated is

and the radius of
rotation is x (around Y axis) and y (around X-axis). Then the surface of the disc generated is

or

.
The surface area of a curve generated by revolving about the x-axis and y-axis are

( )

and

( )

In Rectangular form

One can transform these equations to parametric and polar as below

( )

( )

Given

( )

or

( )

In Parametric form

The surface area of revolution in polar form is,

( )

( )

Practice:
Find the surface area of

from (1,1) to (4,2).

Practice: Find the arc length of the following functions in rectangular or parametric.

Practice: Find the surface area generated by revolving the given curve about x-axis.

Practice: Find the surface area generated by revolving the given curve about y-axis.

Practice: Find the surface area generated by revolving the given curve about the given axis
{
{

Practice: Set up a general integral to find the surface area generated by revolving a curve about
axis
1) Parallel to x-axis. In rectangular, parametric
2) Perpendicular to x-axis. In rectangular, parametric
3) Parallel to y-axis. In rectangular, parametric
4) Perpendicular to y-axis. In rectangular, parametric
Assignment for 3rd topic
(Surface Area, Area, Volume, Arc length, polar and parametric)
A- Find the area of the following regions

1) Inside

where

and outside

2) Below

and in the first quadrant.

3) In first quadrant under the polar function.

4) Under the

in interval

5) Under half arc of a cycloid.

6) In first quadrant under the polar function

7) Outside of

and inside of

8) Above line

and inside Circle

9) Between

.
(Rectangular/ Parametric/ Geometric)

and

10) Inside

from zero to .

and outside

from zero to

B- Find Surface area

1) Of rotation around x axis of
2) Of rotation around x axis of
3) Generated by rotating
4) Of

about the x-axis.

rotated around

5) Of

from zero to

6) Of the region between

, outside of

10)

14)

.
rotated around polar axes.

from zero to when it is rotated around

9)
12)

when it is rotated around polar axis.

and of

7) Of above region inside of

8) Of

axis.

axis.
11)

13)

C- Find volume of rotation around

1)

2)

D- Line L passes through points

1) At what time(s) the line L intersect circle C ,

intersections?

and what are the points of

2) Find the slope of the circle at point of intersection.

3) Find the area between L and circle C, in first quadrant.
E- Draw a (rough) graph of

and

1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves.

2) Find the area inside

and outside

F- Draw a (rough) graph of

from 0 to

and

1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves.

2) Find the perimeter of the region inside of

and outside of

G- Find the point(s) on the graph

1)

such that the tangent line is vertical.

2)

Such that the tangent line is horizontal.

H- Find arc length

1) Of half arc of a cycloid.
2) For parametric equation

in Rectangular coordinate

3) For parametric equation

in Parametric coordinate

4) For parametric equation

in Polar coordinate (Set up)

5) For

6)

7)
9)

10)

11)

12) {

13){

14) {
I- Prove the following formulas:

15) {

8)

1. Finding the area for a Rectangular function.

2. Finding the arc length for a Rectangular function
3. Finding the surface area for a Rectangular function around any vertical or horizontal
axes.
J- Prove the following formulas:
1. Finding the area for a parametric function.
2. Finding the arc length for a parametric function
3. Finding the surface area for a parametric function around any vertical or horizontal axes.
K- Prove the following formulas:
1. Finding the area for a polar function.
2. Finding the arc length for a polar function
3. Finding the surface area for a polar function around any vertical or horizontal axes.
L-Draw a (rough) graph of
and
1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves.
2) Find the perimeter of the region between
M-Draw a (rough) graph of

and of

and

1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves.

2) Find the perimeter of the region inside of
N-Draw a (rough) graph of

and outside of

and

1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves.

2) Find the perimeter of the region inside of

and outside of

O- Show that the sum of slopes at and for

is zero.

Solution done by students

A- Find the area of the following regions

A-1) Inside
|
A-2) Below

and outside
|

where

and in the first quadrant.

|*

+ |

A-4) Under the

in interval

A-5) Under half arc of a cycloid.

The formula of cycloid is {

One arc of cycloid is when

Therefore the half arc is when

A-6) In first quadrant under the polar function

First in order to simplify the denominator,

(
A-7) Outside of

)
and inside of

In order to find the limit of integration,

which is

Therefore the limits of integration are

A-8) Above line y=x and inside circle

10) Inside

and outside

(Geometric)

from

to

B-3)

B-4)
Of r 1 Sin , 0 / 2 rotated around

B -5)

axis

. /|

from zero to

when it is rotated around polar axis.

( )|

B-9)

B -11)

B-13)

(

C- Find volume of rotation around

1) x axis of
( )

( )

*(

( )

2) x axis of

C -2)

D- Line L passes through points

)+

)
*

1) At what time(s) the line L intersect circle C ,

and what are the points of

intersections?
2) Find the slope of the circle at point of intersection.
3) Find the area between L and circle C, in first quadrant.

D-1)
(

= 0.81 or t = -

Intersection points:

= -0.81

D-2)
E - Draw a (rough) graph of

and

E-1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves

E-2) Find the area inside

and outside

F - Draw a (rough) graph of

from to

and

F-2) Find the perimeter of the region inside

2 and outside

from

to

G Find the point(s) on the graph

G-1)

such that the tangent line is vertical

{

Since the tangent line is vertical, the denominator is 0

The points are

G-2)

such that the tangent line is horizontal

{

) (

H-Find Arc Length

H-1) Of half arc of a cycloid

H-2) For parametric equation

in rectangular coordnates.

H-3) For parametric equation

in parametric coordnates.

H-5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10) y = ln(cosx)

I Prove the solutions for the following

I-1) Area for all 3 coordinate functions

In order to find the area of the rectangular function, we must split the graph into multiple
functions and add them. The sum will be the area of the function. The formula for this is just
the integration of the function. That is Area =
J- For a Parametric Function, the formula is given as Area =

K- For a Polar Function, the formula is given as Area =

I-2) Arc length for all 3 coordinate functions

In order to find the length of the given curve, we need to estimate the length of the line AB on
the curve. To do so, we use the Pythagorean Theorem to show:
=

AB =

( )

To reduce the error, we split the curve into multiple parts, and evaluate each part of the curve,
labeled
, with the whole curve labelled as
. We then get the arc length of
the entire curve as:

Upon evaluating the segments, and the value of

as the error decreases. This means that

, we find that the value of x is decreasing

, which means that the notation

the sum operator is an integration operator. So, the final formula can be taken as:
Arc-length of AB =
I-3) Surface Area for all 3 coordinate functions

Rotated around y-axis

Rotated around x-axis

, and

In the given graphs, the length of the curve being rotated is

. The radius of

rotation is x when being rotated around the y-axis, and y when being rotated around the xaxis. The surface area of the disc created by the rotations can be given by the following
formulae:

when the curve is rotated around the x-axis, and

when the curve is rotated around the y-axis.

From these formulae, we find the surface area of the curve created by revolving it around the x
and y-axis can be given by:

and

J - For a Parametric Function, the formula is given as:

J-2)
J-3)

when rotated around the x-axis, and

when rotated around the y-axis.

K - For a Polar Function, the formula is given in the form

K-3)

when rotated around the x-axis, and

when rotated around the y-axis.

N Draw a (rough) graph of

and

N-1) Find the points of intersections of the above curves

{
(

) (

b) Find the perimeter inside

and outside

from

to

O Show that the sum of slopes at and for

{

Chapter 7 - Easy Practice Problem

Questions:
1. Find arc length of
2. Find area of
3. Find surface area of

around x-axis

4. Find arc length of

5. Find area of
6. Find surface area of

around x-axis
(

7. Find arc length of

8. Find area of
9. Find surface area of

)
around x-axis (

Answers:

1).

0(

3).

| 1

2).

4).

(
5).

|)

(
(

6).

[(
|

|)

7).

8).

( )

9).

| ]