BRILL’S STUDIES IN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AJ Vanunayact, University of Groningen RAL Porain, Washington Ui vou ut “BE SOBER AND REASONABLE” ‘The Critique of Enthusiasm in the Scceneenth and Early Eightenth Centuries MICHAEL HEYD Ey. uRu LADEN «NEW YORK - KON,rary of Congres Catling in aban Ds coe gtisda sec ey SR gr 15 RY Ln he Needs oa nl pf a my Mg mee ee an tod fw rym dee ant pepe meng ep "rica pe, ine pk le eta emt scene rot To SmadarTABLE OF CONTENTS Preface a “Acknomledlgerents @ Tnwoducion : 1 1 The Tho Citi of Ext ceces WY "The termite denotations and connosstins in the theological couse 5 Destine sn oo a Authorization 25 “By the Frits you shall now them 38 The Demonaogial Account a 2 Mao et Eni Th Sos of Mee Ou of Eason “ Enhusaum and Mlanchaly inthe Pipa! and ‘Metizal Tradition upto the Seventeenth Ceatry 48 Robert Burton: From a Medical Tradition to Retigios (Controversy ot “Srame, bt Nal Ec": The Maal Cig of Busan the Woks of Mere Castor and Hag) Mite ns 72 Meric Castubon 2 Henry More m A, Devas and the Carin Pope A Maiftation of Prhsm? 109 esate Inge a8 “Ricci” and Eethat 110 we EpistenmdogatCrioqe of Canteen oy ania ir Ve Sonal Cig i ae Paget Cite i A Canta Regen ho5, The New Exernaal Plsply: A Mariana of “usm” or on Anse oi? ‘The Cries The Social aad nnuional Dino “The Bpisemalogial and Moral fas The Regis Dimension: Science al Onodn Chwianty 1, Sie and Rao The Nae Thea Discoe nthe Be of the Eset 1. The Nine Medial Dione ond te Thea Crit of Pataca = Clerical Use of Medical Arguments “Ags the Eusiss Socal and Pobtcal Implications. A. Satur and te Finis of Tlation Cncoing Eason Shafesbur’s ater and his Aide towards “Enda” ‘wards a “Rebataton” of Eatin Reactions to Shafesbuy’s Late Moanin nd Baduions Frm Expt Anti pit Alone Une Sees ss Enthsiat Nicolae Fatio de Duler Govnge ovis Le Sage Comets The iiga of Balin and he Pale of ralain Higa : - Tes us 5, un ie 65, 1 196 203 an a2 zai 28 231 261 on za a PREEACE “This book vemureson an avowedyambious task: o trae some of the reutons ta enthusngn” inthe early moder period. The x= tig feta, prophecy, and ins wo det dine inspiration i wide- ‘pra and Iihlysevealing in the pesiod between the Reformation fd the Enlightenment. Yee, whereas the "ethusiags” themteves, fn the radial movements wth wich they were invaved, have been the sbjet of considerable research inthe past generation, the estab- Then seactio to enthuse bas not yet received the atenton iedeveries, and especialy nt from the broad inter diniplinary pee spective which wil be atempied inthis book Such an attempt, weve, cam by 20 means be exhausive. My aim is only bighe light seme ofthe asc furs which [eve are pertinent thi opi Tacame interested nthe subject in the cour of my earch ale the orgine and histeical drcumtances of dhe emergence of moder secular eure Inlanced by the Weberan concept ofthe dvenchant ‘ment of the world, and ingued by Chrisiamty’s contibution to ths proves, was dawn to look atthe eniigue of enthusiasm in the Proteant world in the seventecuh century, and the impact such crgue might have had on the orgs ofthe Enlightenment. Mfy previous work on Jean-Robert Chouet and the introduction of Car tesan scence inthe Academy of Geneva raised, on the other hand, penitent quctionsconcering the ake af the new aul philosophy in tfvelpments leading up tothe Ealghtenment. Chovet clearly sve CCarestanisy ae plone cri, a8 resp to eri Vet ‘ne of his tents, Nicolae Fao de Due, was later to become a ‘pokesman fr the socalled French Prophet "The pablem of enthie ‘Se was thus connected in more complex ways than might ime ‘mediately appeat wih the spread ofthe new pilowphy and cence in ‘he Peta we he late seer and ery eich centres ‘Many year ater, having immersed syle religous, med cal snl plikeophival riique of entusiaen, {ala came o realize Unitas of ht ve Wie we ae al alle tae and ona ets bes Leese nly yee the einacy ‘ore nr ge hein ane wei suomi Ty sant bn Blane Deir he Ho citiinclinations has characterized wener ciation ever since casa times. The need to nd such balaace i epsaly ange wa dye, in period of high-cch innovations sm the we hand, ad telgiows fundamentalist movements as wells other myst and “thi” sects om the ther Ha tak facing bh the individ and society a a whole Tn dhe course of the years spent working on this subject, Cave imcureed innumerable debits from inattutions, ibrar, and ind as Fist dank are due wry cn univer the Hebrews Univesity fof Jenner, which enabled me to take sata leaves for work fon this projet. owe parcuar gratitude co four insitts in which tach of the researc an wring of tit Beak hat been done” The fists the Insite for Advanced Study in Piecton, in wich the inal work was cari out in 1979-1980, and where dhe combina tion of tanqaity and simulating intellect exchange contre ‘much tothe theoretical and historiographic eeeptuairation ofthe themes ofthis book; second, Johns Hopkins University in Bakimore, ‘where I spent another sabbatical year in 1985 86. The history of sence department there gracious accrped me ae sing schol, ‘andthe combination of exellent departments in story, history of sence and the Insitute for the History of Medicine provided me ‘wth the moat appropriate sting for work on these dimensions of thy subj Thin, fellow at the Istte for Advanced States atthe Hebrew Univesity in Jeewalem in 1985-87, and paricpating in w rewarch group on the Sephardic Jews in the poscespuion tied, Fheeame aware of some ofthe pall problems of Messi find th sponse 10 inthe Jewish word of the eat moderne fin. Though i isnot weated inthe preset book, Tarn eoneineed| that dhe tes ofthe reaction to enthuse and milleainism in the early modern period should he sen in comparative Jewish CGuistan perpeete. Lastly, much ofthe fl venting wae done at anaer wonderful Insitute, the Netherlands Lute for Adeanced Staly inthe Humanities and Socal Sciences (NIAS), where the quiet unl enya ar wel a scholaely atmosphere made the Ser ‘ye there an mingetable emperor. Tilly nptat courte are the braves and archives, which fora Hino ate the eal laoroie of hic wonk athe pr lege a a fie to make sora mayo he and te See al presi extemely Bet il rongeils Fiat llth Tinh Canary bn Lounbon were Uren nny summers mara Similarly, the Bodleian Library in Oxford and the Univensty Library st Cambridge. In the United Stats, [benefited especially fom the ‘wonderful ellecons ofthe Folger Shakespeare Library in Washing ton, om the very rich historical collection of the National Library of Medicine in Manyand, and particulary, from the Bbrary of the Institute for the Hitry of Metiine at Jone Hoping, Ralimone, show staff was kind enough to provide me with a room Fra couple tf mond, Other Biraris inthe Urited States which proved hep teere the Kienhower Library at the Homewood eampon of Johns Hopkins, particulary is rare book collection, the Frestone Libary snd Sport Library in Princeton, andthe able Library in New York I Europe 1 should mention first and foremost the Bibbotheque publigoe et univer in Geneva, i Salle dee Manes and the hep brian there, and above al, the Insta haze dela Reformation where T have alway fk very much at bome, In Pais benefited ual ftom che Bibothéque nationale. Tn the Nether lan made much vse of the Royal Libary atthe Hague, the Universiy Labsary at Uneeh, che University brary of Groningen, land above all he Univesity Library of Leiden, where L enjoyed the Cordial help ofa colleague and good frend, Dr Christiane Berkvens Stevelick, Special mention should be made of the efeient nd smile ineribrarytelp 1 alway received fom Dinny Young and her staf atthe NAS Bibrary, Last but ot leas, at home, the Na tinal and Unierity ibary in Jermalee has always proved cher than T expected, Special personal thanks are due to Shelly Bevery good fend as ell he very competent raian in charge of the general reading room, who has always boen ready to go ont of her way to trace material ‘Yer book depends not only on insite and Has, bt pie rmasily onthe advice, help and support of people—coleagues, fiends tnd fail. Only a ew of them can be menoned ere some fur in fonnotes inthe cour of the book Heel Among colleges, ould like to mestion my former teaches at Panceton, Theodore Rabb and Layrence Stone, as well ax Natalie Z. Davis, ho ‘sre al hep with adbice during the formative stages ofthe projet Ar Jolne Hophinn, Own Hansa and Reber Kargon proved {ey warm hati ar Jon rock was exteroey enor te ban erm rile tay valor. Ceara, Pere Frat (Giver Fain, eu Hach al bin Po we ayy tt Fel othe os Chane istry in whi Fave varather reekessly. In the Netherlands, [have recived similar ep fom Hans Pouhumus-Meyes and Nicolette Mout. In sae, would lke to mention, among numerous fends and elleagues, the ine ‘ adkice and encouragement of Yehoshua Avil, Myriam Valen, Youe! Kaplan, Esher Cohen, Asihs Zalsi, Yehuda Elkana, Yaron Esrahi and Riv Feld. "The preparation of sch a book also involves many technical and linguisse chores. In transcribing and tansng ol Crman text 1 wat helped by Larissa Naiditch, as well at by my mother Shorhana Hey In the verification of some ofthe Latin texts, benefited fom the help of lara Kittin, and in deciphering and understanding some ofthe Greek terns, Hanna Rovén was extremely bell ad feeny, Special thanks are duc to Mira Reich who invested mich Lime and proeaional expert in improving sy Engl ein edt ing the manusept Fal, ey brother, Dad Hey wat not nk ‘source of help and encouragement (as wall a debate) throughout he year, but fas aso generously and competently gone over the pronto the whole book. Needles to sa, none af the above mens Vined ears any responsi forthe mikes, mistrantions, it Prins and misconeepsions which seman, but all of them have done ‘uc to et dow sch errs significa. ‘On a personal level, my daughters Bint and Ronit have abways Ine a source oy, opinion, and encouragement. The greatest de, Iowever, owe Smadar Tees, Lathe vagaries of persona ie, inthe ‘lations between melancholy and ems a well asin moment ‘Wsoiety and reasonableness, Smadar bas been a sourte of cone sant sport Wihout her unfing encouragement, this book would twver have been completed. I is wholeheartedly dedicated 40 et Jerusalem ‘uy 1985 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chapter 2 is x sgiicanyrevied vein of an atic pabished in Hat of Fan is, Val. 3, No. 1 (1984 17-H, under the tie "Robert Buron’s Sources om Enshasm and. Melancholy: From a Medical Tradiion to Rebious Contonery". Thanks ar due to Elevier Snce Lid, Pexamon Tnnprine, The Boulevard, Tangled Lane, Kidlington OXS, 1GB, UK, for ther permission to inode thie veved version inthe presen hook (Chapter 4s revied version of an arte published under the te DescartesAn Enthusiast mag di?” in David S, Kate and JJonnthan I lee, ed, Sar Milmanan an Jee, published by EJ. Bel, 1990, pp. 5-581 wish w thank EJ Bel or persion 10 republhthe arte na ght reviled version inthe preset ok Chapter 5 isa revised version of an article phe under the tide “The New Experimental Philosphy: A Manifestation of ‘Enthas= asm? or an Antidote to?" in Mena, vol. 25, 00. (Winer 167), pp. 425-440. © Anema, 1987. T wish o thank Kher Aca demic Rubies fav perm to facade the eevied verson o the ate in this book. Chapter 7 is» resied version of an atic published under the tie “Medical Dacoune in Religious Controversy: The Cave of the CGeique of Ents’ on the Eve of the Enlightenment” Sie in Gate, Vol. 8, No. 1 Spring 1985: 138-157. Thanks are due to Cambridge University Pes for permis to inca a ree ‘ers inthe preent book$FRODUCTION 1 ou postmaders age, the emergence of Enlightenment culare ‘nm ger be taken for granted at an inevitable aspect of seme Ie of odernizaon” oF a5 an indubitabl sgn of “progres” Rent ertique of the Enightenment coming fm various quarters, it bw the probematiration ofthe origins of Enlightenment cul ‘vee nds, the Enlightenment sno longer seen akan unined wing, the questions concerning te torial causen andthe soil lunes underng st Become all the more presing, How are we to svat forthe new ype of Enlightenment rationals whic re Inve, suppresed, marginalized or transormed important iain Inatistations of human experience and behaviour? What were the tnodves lading the European elite to apt an “enlightened” out- Ihk on humas and social ies, oF anew scenic attitude towards tat? And nally ow ould ane expin the emergence ofa eclar ‘wud view which not altogether sceptal towards traditional ‘elion™ndained supernatural intervention in human afais? These questions, relating to the orgs ofthe Enlightenment, alo tuie the Broader problem of secularization and rationalizasion in the tale period in general What were the cuss undying the road pore of the “dhenchantmen of the word” (he Entauberung fhe Wat, to wse Max Weber's famous term Today, in pero Uwtessing the effervescence of various movements and secs hich ek to “reerhan” the world, an analysis ofthe moves ving behind ie “dvenchanimen’, as wel at of the price paid in thie proces, -rsumes pec urgency oct ra we Man Heese TW. Arn, Dt fi edi ni ee Cmeine,P ie “irae De Ris Fed, fr dct yates impor ‘tan aa primp Mee Fava Pura et ae ce ae aint a eget, aes ed oak af in ee eNom Vr Vn es, 183 se sha Man Wt rear Brain Hah aoe ‘tae, Pon atl ieny Pe QjmtackMiso ithe Lt serio hse ite a snus ring esl a neta erg of the Ea Tihuement® Sia research has abo een done an the secular ination of European comesionnes i the early modern perc and tints grad dvenchantmest of the wer in that peo, particu tanya manifested the decline of magical bees and prac- tien at kes within the elie” Nevertheles, not enough attention thas nen paid to one ofthe major manifsations of these tne ties the Urtique of “enthuse ety moder period. That gue, and the various reactions tothe phenomenon of enthus im. may provide some important us © the motives underlying the arm of the Fimopean ele wards ap “enighened”, dene hoe cular. Th ritque of enthuse i indeed one of dhe recuring themes in sevemterth century icone. Wheter in telus, seni, fi trary pica! text in England, of on the Continent, the debate ‘sith the soealed entuwiast ocepics sv important place. The re- Jpeton of enhsaan i wel own fo anyone studying the inellec fal and felgious isory of the pes. ‘The erm itelf became a stand abet by which to designate individials or groups who ale Teel caimed to have direct dsne inspiration, whether illenarians, Fava seetarins or various prophesies, as well as alchemists, “empiric” avd some contemplasne phicsophers. In the Catholic the confrontation wh enti wa les prevalent, it seems tine since mystic! experience, macs, and spirals tendencies these mone eal icomporated within maintean orthodoxy Tn the eee eee Me teed ong ones iin enon SoG Wad, Tne! Pk Pn to om, Talat Roe eine eed Rel ie a or tt ent Ore Ee eae Sine hs lame ee erm a crane ee te ioe eaaneT ee? Lae Soyer ight nw myth has vu ata Baus 8 Sean ee oer BOR cei fi ioe a, ae Protestant say emg ih clans peste eal ble tae alga es, re a tad Be site Relation Prin Seve: be ye le eaten entry, may [Fhe Protestant feet, sens ad eda were iting Sindksnny mat ast tw rns gaint the spread of disc nares hee had, and agaist "enthusiasm" prope ‘Sing. tsnations and other “supeations” on the ether. However, Seras the polemic agama dem and ate have been dealt ih spite extensively, lew terion ha been paid 0 the paral Frtation wih the “ertsiats. Alia al, istovins have been nore inereel in the enthusiasts themelees and fhe radial thoveiments with which they were connected than in the reaction of ‘hepa, intellect, and eclsaial “tablish wo them "Thi eaton, however, may be at leas as teresting ad igen ss the phenomenon of “emtbussn” eli indeed there such ‘rar phenomenon, The argument of ehe present book will be Att the crue of ers ay provide us wih important lus mars undertancing may ofthe changes in the eligi, scien ti and cultural atudes sn European society on the eve of the alhenmest "Ye, how specific of new was the eitgue of enthusiasm in the seventeenth an easy eighteenth centuries he comit between {Chars and established religious inion, t may be argued, is ‘+ secursig phenomenon inthe hitory of eligions, suey, inthe Wisory of Christan Indeed, dis isthe conceptual framework in ‘ic the topic has tly cen interpreted by Church storia, ‘rT Veoh Cty ew Pre: Poca Un Pre, Rens CHEN Kees Ba 4 Cpa es of {iSite ae au: Wetman Fre Me ‘iy Cnn Te ld Fe se Rell Dag ‘aad Adnan lew Vo Cg rar 1p bdr Ci een ‘ec te a Css hE gore es Sutin Caney vi tt Sew Te wd Pps Tr Hany en Gp ‘hy aed ty, te Aas, He Uwe Cara ES hts a oye he ga eno matey' on sry dk ernie Wetesan perpetie! With gy eet empha, thi ao de approach of RA, Kr’ fava Task Fathazin” here fe auch, of ours, to be sal Tor sel an sipmach which eegards the reaction gaint enthusiam in the Se Shin and cay eighteenth centres aa oe further chapter in the [rena confit between Charimatic movements and extablhed ins Yet te present sty wl ty to sw, hee are specie ‘harass to this confontation ino period. int of al should be emphasized that enthusiasm was by no cane a und phenomenon inthe early moder period. Rather, tras 8 deraiory label not neutral deignason of one homoge rene ro. Most fequenty i referred to zealous secarans, il Ienatiany, prophesies and other radical groups and individuals ‘tho opposed the exiting Church onder they could be the Geran tnd Sa Anabpite in the stent centiry, Filth Monarchy Men tind Quakers in England in the mid seventeenth century, the ilgiants and ther writes in Helland inthe second haf ofthat eotury, othe French Huguenot Prophets from the Cevennes around 1700, Ta Restoration England the tem “enthusiast” could even be scribed to the Cathois theme.” On another eel, the label Could be appbed to various Ptonist thinkers, 40 Paracel chem ist ined, tothe experimental philowophers ofthe Royal Soir find even #0 philosophers Bke Deseartcs Final, twas often argued hat there was an affinity between enthusiasm and atheism, and that these seemingly apposite tendencies actually enforced each other” wan dares erie ern Che Sees TTA’ Koa, Busi ete 6 above. Kao, Cai iorian: defi Tr ein or Coe i se oer enc am omee Ree GE Tat Gea eed ist Whats pe Tear Tee, 9 fe San Sp ha wr Sein he od dio of iy ar en eT ee io that seem, gil ioral eens 4 wate fo a sn, Het aoe 4 Tok or a weleeined tnovement, Ye wie cuba as uch may be a dubious histor eit, the teaton to ea Indeed he label reflects thea Te ots we rather than describing any particular group which itp to deugnate. Hence, what needed isa sjstematc study fate nial ad snl carers of the tem and ofits various tats and denoatons. This an enormons ask, a he pre ‘eo sty doce not cam go be an exhaunive ervey and aalsi of ‘he tpi Rather, iin an atempt to fer some investigators which ‘nl hile the changing nature of the reaction to emthusiasn in "hat period ad dhe sgputicance ofthese changes in the broader context ‘she ranaormaton of elgious and cera emaiiis in the sev ‘tenth and early eighteenth centuries he dencttion ofthe tem “entusiasm was indeed very broad fin he seventeenth century, and it by no meane referred ony 10 ‘vgs enthusiasm ‘This another characterise ofthe term pect Tart that period As already mentioned ic could alo refer to what ‘ns ale! “pip enthusiasm” oF “contemplcve ents, Iii characte erin philosophical, epistemological and sien” ‘ike meds or systems. Indeed, whereas both Cartesian piesophy nt the new experimental science cauld be viewed by thee oppo- wns as pes of “enhsian” the defenders ofthe new scence iene aan efetive “antidote” to ents. Ensasm and the Travton to Kare thus = phenomenon in the history of science no hse than in Church history. Equally sporant, though beyond the ‘fne of the preint study, “enti” had Hingisie connote ti inthe seventeenth century, I often referred to sbetre to the Imac of speech, no ony #0 content. The growing suspicion of ‘onuamental ye, high-low language and the topes and gues of Reaabsance there, together wih the ses on “phn syle” and on lea and aint statements, has atracted the attention of many Iicrary scholars in the past two generations, With the “rchabita tin a thetore in reve years, the subject has become even more elvan” However, aot enough attention hasbeen given to the inks ote sone i atts ean End se RE Joy Ste Sate Se a Se angen El Wemir etre the de Ite with dhe ets ight wetlest the actin of he ronal profs id the carers of humanite and schol Beaming Unint the varios groups, inal intellects, and ends of Mgt whic sought wo challenge these wadonal autores. hs ‘withiv this framework that the Parscelsan, the alchemists, the iran even the experimental philosophers were viewed 26 rulsane™ They were ll seen by their opponents as tying (0 Fal cany shortens to absolte truth, aeratves to tradional tl Linke with the “an-profesona” impiation, “enthuse” ter lat often aerbed to snow, whether in eligi, med ‘ne, scene, plop. Thi may be seen ose sikingy wih respect ta pinopher ike Descartes whom his conservative oppo tents csi am “enthasat” for precy these sean The rase of Descartes, however, highly one father connots tin eens inte seventecah century was a label acid tiitvidaains who challenged not nly traditional autores, bat ‘sve intatons and common bebe ‘The ens st his ove inspiration, hin ow though and ies, gains adtional as well as ‘mmo ee nt ali de reiius sphere, but in other intl Teta, indeed, social and poll, spheres ax wel I this respect, tte challenge uf enhusian i he seventeenth century was eet thrid agin he etal social order, rlgs, pia, intl Ieuan sii. Ic under this broader meaning that groupe sels Renna Cathy wed rom the vantage print of Resto at ingly the Socinians, or even the atheists ay well ab the tikemsty empetimental sient and Cartas, besides the vai "ays lle groups and radial Sets, could all becasue ‘he Lael wf “enthusiasm”. Indeed, the phenomenon of eathusas ter ley inked with a crs of story ithe seventeenth cen Ah amt wii he conen hat i gat istorii. Tasthernce—and this is one of dhe main theses of the present Fv the eeique of eahasiasm, that which sought to defend the ‘rial and intllectal onde, ste underwent a certain ess inthe ‘erntoeth century Indeed, t may be sugaeted thatthe "general "sk the Seventeenth century” was primarily a cis in the ie Kei ‘Sat fe Maange Se Ol lala sl the ile ip the mile ofthe seventh erutry the ext oni Pres sie Tes was fel atthe tao Rodan of ie religous and inetd one, many Seriure, humane learn, Artotein thon sn Galeie medicine. "he fit part of his book (Chap ters [ua 3) ved to tis ype of reaction 1 ents. By the ‘crond half the svertevnth centry, however it wat becoming increasingly clear tat these traiional bulwark ~Arotian scar let, tana humanion, Serptre, and the strict orthodoxy in authoriaram Church no longer prone a frm enogh bass for he soil and cultural order, Indeed, thee were precisely the ‘eatin stacked by the s-aled “enthaiats. Vieis such a tisk, those who whe to defnd the socal, religous and cular ier could do vo either by resorting repeatedly to the tradtional anpument, or by searching fr new response Chaps 5 10 7 at {empl to tice some of thee respons to the allege of enti rw and hence, to deineate some ofthe foundations of the socio ‘ural order in Protestant Bare between 1660 and 1720, What ‘hangs can be detected in the responses to enthuiam in the se ‘on hall of the seventeenth century? To what extent do these re “rnses incorporate certain chaactersis of the so-called “nthus Ins themsehes uc athe opees to innovation, the nda rotation, or the empitical metho? Belind these general questions les more specific qin: im what sense do dhe changes inthe re ‘pone ofthe establishment the challenge of entre indate a Aeasive of seeuaration of the Weologial ass of that sable ‘iva? Can the challenge of enti be eeqarded a one of the Tacors “pushing” both lerce and ly ileal not only towards shure “esenchanted” view ofthe universe, bu in the direction of ater emplasi on the natural, scenic and secur bas of the Sol der? vl be argued that noting signican ri ses and dierent emphases among churchmen of various theolg Va and revesistcal riers, i England and on the Continent vl peo mportant exceptions that should be noted general Cane be deteted inthe changing characteris of de cique of volunda at thal period, These changes hae 1o do with the iain of tha etiges, with the role ofthe new expe veal ser al wi the growing cipal reason inthe examina of fig bn AIL hee ral changes un set taser nae era ofthe Seat ad tba de hr ates Fargebrawn te etgue of setae a the ersique of enn the wvond all ofthe wetter century, and the subject sould by mm meane be confined only ta Kray Borns Neither should ibe forges that the tem “enhustsn” il? as had trary nna since dasical times, denoing the inspiration ofthe po ter es than the prophet or ser Neverteles, the Enguisic dine: ‘ofthe reaction To enthuse a subject exceeding the confines ‘he prow book, and which indced vequtes a separate sy. At flee, the term “enthusiasm, had variety of meaings in he estate century, whether religous, pilonphical,scentc, or Metra All of these meanings, moreover, had obvious socal abd ‘lial connaatons, a will become dear in what flows ethan the term tl the reason to simular elle fr an inenticiplinary approach which isnot ceained to Church history, Terry itor ue the history of scence" The ests of enthuse, ‘ve the levis among them, did nt rely ony on thecal arg cis, wheter bas on ecleasiea author, tradition or Seup- ture Tey aho had recoune 0 medial arguments, 10 along a ti of medial thought which read engusas and claims «0 line inspiration oF prophecy as & mantesation of melancholy, of ‘iw Ri nr Cen Pe Tarbes, Te Wel Say nt gh rae Sie asc a nde er ie gen ort ie Cs Age in "Se ema ei rd ny by Cm ia te teats Be gaze Eoin Seg 3690 eh itr aso mi ab er, rte, Le cmepins de enorme cet ke pooper yewciqt [i Cio tay 198578 The al ea av Ms Web, Dy Py, (48008 ol Ces Be ‘i hands Ror ler pene ee Woe an fp 2-3 gad te ema ie Poarred [Bie Scape fr be eit ein Ra eae rm am Hey inept enn wee not Jit ne hal righ fn te ede a pwd stoture any, What wae relatively new in he seventeenth ery, Hower, ws the aptemate ployment of such arguments ly asters snd dvs, oth in England and on the Continent ‘Tae action te ertsia in the eaty modern perio is hus too peste and at the same time too complex, we seen simply in rvs comet between Esabliment and Charisma. Ca it be si ateatvely i terme of the confer between elite and popula ‘te? "Thies pespetve which estate mach orograph Sa ation i the Lt generation. Several htoian have sues ‘he growing enti, even the ought confit, beeween the cul tif the ete and popular bes and practices in the course of the sxeenth and seventeenth centri. The reaction to entus in may be depicted as one aspect ofthis general rend, Yet thowe seenel oferta were not always the iterate or uneducated (ute sles, they were themes inlets and members the she, whether millearin such ax Comenis,» hermetic poet Hike te Anglian ‘Thomas Vaughan, spokesman ofthe French Proph- tira as the Genevan scent Fatt de Dailey, or their Engh usin, Sit Richard Bulleley and Jon Lacy. Sigicandy, the n- "insite were offen aeraned of dling and even Snciting the pop lar eles by appeal to thir panons, instead of educating them by inaraton." ‘The confit between the enthusags and their oppo: tents ay therefore, not necewarly & confle Benen represen tives of popula ele on the ene hand, and the ete on the othe. Ker, could elect confation between so competing model lithe proper elation erween the ete and the pope Amn mn i ge Jo eames, Cag ‘ar rte in cP, oe Bre Ft ah tie Rope Tora more ance wwe Rte Da Soe i See ins i Tey Pew, Bt‘his trumlera o bait”, Sula incr sherri oe mh the sete braking veal Chi tenet the nature of he ideal Founda ‘ici der. ln designating tligious eccentis and notnformits as “mentally k's the eres of enthusiasm imp “qty rede religious ortho in medial terms of ealh and tent balan, rather than, or at leas, side by side with, theolog- fal tere of oerect faith La reaching out forthe achievements of the tow experimental science, ministers ofthe late seventeenth and ‘ly eghternth centuries shed the emphasis Grom supernatural 0 ‘util arguments supporting the social and intellectual order. This ‘hill i len naeeable nthe increasing reance on nevi ho ‘nan season, alongside, if pot instead af, Serpe The maialeation ofthe eidque of extbusasm, and dhe growing relnee if ministers the Church individual eral reason, could tpn the dor, however, to more tolerant aides towards enthus tai Inde, hy the erly eighteenth entry the term “ent aun” began to assume it more subjective meaning as sentiment Inver than as te or fe direct divine ingpiration, This change i ‘mane primary in the work of the third Fael of Shaesbury Sich Chapter & is devote. A similar tolerant, even postive, a Tle towards enthusiasm ean alo be found among certain sient Sn the wighcenth century The last chapter will deal with some of tee scietss, prinurily Newton's dsciple Ninos Fatio de Dili, find bis Geneva follower, George-Lauts Le Sage Later in the cen tory, The medirlzaon and naturalization of ie crque of ent Stn sou thus alo lead toa certain “rehabilitation” of emt son Hay no bea ecinidence that both Shaesbury and Le Sage ine wmetimes seen a8 precanors of 9 Remantie oulock The changing stds towards eth may Uh seve a ig cont ications of broader changes inthe religous and cultural at ‘ik of the Protestant elite in the early modern perio, and i ‘ke of changes in the olga foundations of the selgious and terial order, Furthermore, the present book wil suggest thatthe i The of cathasn i net only 4 manfeation ofthese tranforma. Ss, but may have been an important motivating force for the Ion of more secular and “rational” views By the eligious ‘subline lf onthe eve of the Ealghinment I oder wo aes ‘hese changes however, one shou fist tur to dhe tana the Ings city oF eausiann snc the Reformation HIE THEOLOGICAL, CRITIQUE OF ENTHUSIASM tn dhs caper I sally to delineate some of the ways in which Powestanthelogel dc ours from the Reformation al up 1 the ile of the seventeenth century deal withthe phenomenon of hasan, How was the term understood by Tatheran and Re- Tivo theloglns? What Kind of challenge eid enthusiasm cons tte to the established Chuteh? What were the responses given t0 that callenge, andl in wht ways was endsiasm de-legiimized? tally, how did the opponents of enthusiasm acerunt for she prophe ties css and commons ofthe enthosast? The topic of course ie vat and here Tan only outine some conta characterises of ‘hat dacourse, by analysing evra sleted texts This ana, whieh fy rn means attempts to be exhaustive, may serve a a background ‘time which developments inthe reaction to enthusiasm during the ‘fvemtcenth aad cay eighteenth century can be appreciated. ‘The Protestant ertique af enthuses, of caine to the git of oplecy and to det divine inpiration, started almest from the Tratining of the Reformation itself, with the appearance of the “ick prophets” in Wittenberg i late December 152, and with hues stack on them in 1522, and his subsequent debates with ‘news Carltad and Thomas Montaer. Later, however, used the trem "Schwimmer with respect thee prophets, rater than “en Tit Whe focusing mos nn the eetoneous doctrines of the ame be fe Dat pope Sn Sey Tas Den Maru Ber Mae ater ‘sr Tea ‘ci i ep, a isa sor 88 reine a ater at ee 0Sts be ahs ars ie can hear the wie of Gat ety dite by Seipare? I he ext genera, the ‘etre il tbe vation Anahapists was increasingly engage ihe pens othe Material Reformers”. Whether justifiably or not "hey de alee Aap a8 diet scene of he “Sebaemer™ The Zick prophets Mluntzer and Card? Te was in dhe course ‘ot eimurovey with the Anabaptist Dat the label "endhsiass” be son tv aneat: One ofthe ental ext writen agit the Anabaps Ine mie ofthe sxeenth century was Hessich Balbngers De Wider gang, pubes in 1360 Blige, who wie Zing suee t Zatich, sumed up in that extensive txt his ong sre ssn Avaaptss of various type. He way extremely important for Tin to show that ooh he and is former teacher, Zong, were ilamanily opened to the radial dctrnes ofthe Anabapis” He Soni the "Eauusistae” and "Extatic,on “Veraiekten Brod, hmong the thee types of Anabaptist aginst whom he rate hi tras and dewaed the fot chapter of Book Ito them.” Yet, as RCSL ne Snar Ti ‘Shee (195), We aa earn agers ae i a nl 60 cn "hr Wire sp ey Sn wae! fn od goin br Ainge sors ad Kno o dae Racal Kelsay Hae Shits wryly ees i Meni ach Uti iypes ol Alpine ls Banger meio wih a comcete Hsien. Bulger’ lawton served a «way Yo arrange, fed combat, tie vary theological principles and tats of the ‘Anabaptist, rather han asa accurate reflection of an hisorial siti wally” This ako ewe for his caper on the “eth” THe aparenly borrowed the te “Versicken Brder” fom Sebati Vanek, and rei on two other comtemporary sources in his de serption of them, Johannes Stump from Zurich, and the Dutch Iistoran Lamnbertus Horenius Tne second half of the seem century, and in the ealy sev coenth the term enthusiasm” was ineteaingly used in Potent thealogaldcours, To the “Sehwirmer", Carstadt, Muntzer, Schwere and the Anabuptiss ofthe Munster episode were aed the examples of Paraclus (1495- 154), Das Js (1301-1550), and tier on the German sprtuait Valentin Weigel (1533-1508) and ee eae areca ee eam eR SS nots eons LULr—~—~— A ee er eegs weaed we ‘ily, Auelso A. Garcin Arcilla, The They of Hy and Apert Heaney sitet De Sm tae NEAT cer ue il ae fF OLE Sictendatnseas Cees ae fp gin eat me tm Se a h—L—”— ‘erro es er yen ie ett ier eatin he chein depen? Among the ery a Parade al Weigel ws the er trol Nils Has (158 1) Ale mete tentinel by ert of lls was Henk Nica es 802 150 an his “Taiyo hve” a great cllevescence of the enthusiasts, however, and of the polemical Teratare agnst them, came in the mid-seventoenth cen tury. The Thirty Years War, the Engl Revolution, andthe “te. eral ers all over Europe, wete all accompanied yan upsurge of Inillearian movements he spread of rac religious sect ad the Fiequent oecurrence of prop vows and pronouncement shall dts some of dhe Engisherique of enti in ater chapter ery | shall deat mosty with the eriqu of several deco in the Netherlands in that generation, who ale reacted o development twtside the Low Countsies: Friedrich Spanbeim (1600-149, Johannes Hoorbeck (1517 1665," and Sumocl Desnarets (Mares Fo i nda TSE IES Wace Se AE {isnt Fey ian cue pay On Capt veld ard Vata Waele Ge H Waa, fe en sha Mise hs tees peor of toy Wier sf “ed a nd lol Bp (Cnt Cane aly Fe, bly snd iowa tesa har JX To he oh Ee ee Bl th ai gn Ja es a a Head MA en ne Tei: Rn 1 ee le ent ih a he tat ce Chie Mi, The (Gipp. tie acy Manon: Faber and ar 970 ene Bape Salat“ mee Caps Reser Chay sone ed “ry ea due tebe Ty Nh een iaie eelal eee I Seat ah USI HTH! This args Inwese By Ho ees sete Jb tesharstine, Rate, il aren to sue sere othe iat pits ine thle rq oa fron the Ignite Retin tthe H's, Bs he fs part of th ck hall recur tithe tramdirmations that tok places tha ertgue in the Late tera al cal ight cents, The tom its dis nd ost ine aca done How aid Protestant theologians and ministers understand he term ‘usist"? From the begining, the word was wed ambiguouty Ue eould refer toa specie group within the broad spectrum of the “Raieal Reformation”, oF to specie trait in the doctine of Iehaviour of some ofthe radicals, We find thie ambivalence already in Ballinger who gives the following deseipson of the emt The seventh sect of Ata that of he dred an ena (ured bens who ae oherebe abo cad Badan or Ess, tho ate ganing of Anaspim, were ot few. They bred Tia te pwc ore them so sg ht they won ‘lineout of hemes and be expe, an mow be ened to