Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Illumination of
Building Interiors
(Daylighting)
Outline
# Benefits of Daylighting
# Daylighting and Energy
# Assessing System
Performance
# Potential Problems
# Quality lighting
— Spectral
— Spatial
— Psychological
# Design options
# Ancient Traditions
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Daylighting
Benefits
Daylight Illumination
P Cool, natural daylight has
good color rendering
P Daylight is healthy, has
psychological benefits
P Daylighting can displace
electric lighting, saving
energy
P Reduce air pollution,
global warming, and
dependence on foreign
sources of energy
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Goals of daylighting design
P Provide good quality daytime interior:
< illumination
< view
P Provide good visual comfort for occupants
< Happy people are productive people
< Productive people improve output
P Avoid common problems
< Glare
< Overheating
P Displace daytime electric lighting and save
electrical energy costs
P Occupancy is critical
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Daylighting and Electric Lighting
Comparison
To deliver 1000 Lumens per square meter
Incandescent light requires 133.3 W/m2 of illuminated area
In comparison:
Fluorescent lighting system Ks = 40-60 Lm/W
Incandescent lighting Ks = 8-12 Lm/W
These savings with daylighting do not take place around the clock
all year long.
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Assessing System Performance
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Displace Thermal
Quality Quantity electric energy
lighting impacts
Color Light
rendering level Direct Conduction
energy Solar heat
savings gain transfers
Glare Coverage
avoidance area
Net energy Cost of
impact energy
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Potential Problems
P Glare
P Overheating, draftiness
P Noise
P Physical impacts
P Privacy
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Glare Primer
P Disability glare
P Discomfort glare
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P Disability Glare
P Light reflects off of the target or otherwise masks or
reduces contrast of the target, disabling the visual
task.
P Example: Window reflected from computer screen
P Discomfort Glare
P Light, usually from the side, is brighter than that of
the visual task, enters the eye and causes visual
discomfort.
P Example: Bright window to the side, much brighter
than the computer screen or the book you’re trying
to read, or the person seated opposite you. You
can see the true visual target, but not clearly. After
a while you get a headache. Removal of glare
source induces comfort.
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Glare Sources
! The sun
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SUMMER WINTER
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Orientation & Shading Strategies
N
Minimize East and
West Exposures
Wide
overhangs
Fence
Closet
Garage
Buffer East and
West Exposures Utility
room
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Sunpath on Summer Solstice at a southern latitude
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West-facing East-facing
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Glare from diffuse daylight
P Bright window with dark surround produces glare
P Window brightness the same regardless of size
P Room brightness a combination of total daylight admitted
and electric illumination
P Small windows, dark walls, and inadequate electric lighting
results in poor luminance balance – glare
P Large windows, bright walls, minimal electric lighting
provides better quality and good energy savings
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Quality Lighting
P Spectral
P Spatial
P Psychological
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Solar Spectrum
1.6
1.4
Solar spectrum
1.2
1.0
Human eye sensitivity
0.8 (Visible portion of the
spectrum)
0.6
0.4
0.2
UV VIS NIR
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Wavelength in nm
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Color
8 8
30
CIE 1931 Chromaticity Coordinates
0.9
0.8 520
530 Locus of
510 540 monochromatic colors
0.7
550
Green
0.6 560
500 570
0.5
y 580
590
0.4 White 600
620
0.3 490
Red 830
0.2
480
0.1
470 Blue
360
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
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0.8 520
530
510 540
0.7
550
Green
0.6 560
500 570
0.5 Locus of blackbody 2,856
y colors 580
3,500K 590
0.4 White A 600
D65
2,000K 620
0.3 490 1,500K Red
4,500K 830
500K
6,500K
0.2
10,000K
480Blue
0.1 100,000K
470
360
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
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High Quality Spatially
P Glare free
P Adequate quantity
P Shadows for good depth and shape
perception
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Humans need connections with
the outdoors, with Nature
P It’s built into our genetic makeup
P It promotes health and a sense of well-being
P It makes us happier and more productive
P (as if worker productivity were the most
important measure of a building’s performance)
P Even photographs of Nature on the wall have
been proven helpful
P If we cannot live outdoors, at least let’s
introduce some of the outdoors to the indoors
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Design Options
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Solar Lighting Systems
Solar Photovoltaic
Solar Optical Lighting Lighting Systems
Systems
Active
collection and Photovoltaic
Roof distribution system
monitor system
Skylight or
solar pipe
(roof fixture)
Conventional
window
Special wall
daylighting
system
View glazing
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Electric Lighting System Controls for Daylighting
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Costs and
Benefits
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How much can I afford to pay for daylighting?
P Cost can seem a very limiting strategy, at least until the price
of energy increases dramatically.
P To see how much you can afford to put into a daylighting
system, do a quick calculation of how much electric lighting
(and reduced A/C) energy you can save.
P Put a dollar value on the saved lighting & A/C energy in a
year
P Calculate the simple payback time in years
P = Extra cost divided by the annual savings
P But there’s more to it than that. How much can you afford
not to pay for daylighting?
P When the lights go out or the building is too expensive to
inhabit without shutting down the A/C
P Long term security dictates the most energy efficiency and
protection against blackouts you can afford
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Getting it Right
! The simplest strategy is usually the best, and the
cheapest.
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Ancient Traditions
P There was daylighting before electric lighting
P We evolved under tree canopies and in open plains
P Our eyes are adapted to seeing daylight, not
flickering, spectrally distorted, electric lighting
P Electric lighting hurts Mother
Nature
P Daylighting is free and
healthful
P Perhaps we need to re-
examine the ancient traditions
of living lightly on the land.
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Final Points
! Daylighting offers excellent quality, augments the
aesthetic design of the building and interior spaces
! Color-rendering is unsurpassed
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