Porter Governor Mechanism

Sheikh Shahir
Porter Governor Mechanism
KEM120702
OBJECTIVES
There are two primary objectives in this experiment:
First we are required to determine how the rotational speed of the Porter Governor relates to the
displacement of the load thats being hoisted.
Having done that, we are to compare the results of the experiment with the theoretical values.
ABSTRACT
This experiment allows us to determine how the rotational speed of the Porter Governor relates to the
displacement of the load thats being hoisted (for a wide variety of loads). After that we compared the
experimental results with the theoretical values. We start of the experiment with no loads being applied to
the Porter Governor. We can adjust the how fast the rotating shaft of the Porter Governor moves by
controlling the amount of power supplied to this machine. Readings of how much the machine is
displaced is taken at a variety of points from the range of 0 to 5cm. We repeat the experiments in steps by
increasing the load by 5N up until we reach 15N. Its necessary to make sure that the orientation of the
loads are different for each of the applied loads. We need to record the value of the displacement of the
load and also the speed at which the Porter Governor rotates. The graph of rotational speed against
displacement is plotted based on the data tabulated. And to finish it off, comparisons between the
experimental and the theoretical values were made and conclusions were drawn based upon the results.
INTRODUCTION
A governor can be defined as a device that is capable of controlling the speed of a variety of machines, an
engine, or a motor by controlling the fuel supplied or the power available. This supervised and controlled
speed is known as isochronous speed.
Types of Porter Governors:
There are two main types of Porter Governors:
- Centrifugal governor (also known as Watt governor)
- Inertia governor
Centrifugal govenors are capable, regardless of load or fuel-supply conditions, to maintain control of the
speed of an engine by supervising the amount of fuel or working fluid that is admitted. It makes use of the
proportion control principle.
There are two main types of centrifugal governors:

Dead-weight Governors
It is a governor in which the movement of the governor balls is regulated by the force of gravity. The
radius of the ball path is controlled by lever and weights the latter being usually attached to the sleeve as
in the Watt. The figure below illustrates (a) Porter (b) Proell (c) Governors.
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KEM120702
Figure 1 Dead-weight Governors

Spring-loaded Governors.
It is a governor in which the movement of the governor balls is regulated by the spring force.
The balls are controlled by springs acting on them or the sleeve. Three examples are shown in the
diagram below
Figure 2 -Spring-loaded Governors.

Whereas, Inertia Governors work on a different principle. The governor balls are arranged so that the
inertia forces caused by angular acceleration or retardation of the governor shaft tend to alter their
positions. The amount of the displacement of the balls is controlled by springs and the governor
mechanism to alter the supply of energy to the engine. The advantage of this type of Governor is that the
positions of the balls are affected by the rate of change of speed of the governor shaft. Consequently, a
more rapid response to a change of load is obtained, since the action of the governor is due to acceleration
and not to a finite change of speed. The advantage is offset, however, by the practical difficulty of
arranging for a complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. For this reason centrifugal
governors are much more frequently used. ( http://www.codecogs.com)
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Figure 3-Intertia governor

There are three major components in a governor:
Frame- structural system that supports others components of a physical construction
Shaft or spindle- A spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a shaft at its heart. The shaft
itself is called a spindle, but also, in shop-floor practice, the word often is used to refer to the entire rotary
unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it.
Motor - Mostly is an electric motor, operates through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors to generate force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces.
Beside the three main components, there are also some key components: the sleeve, the bearing and ruler.
The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines, distinct from the more common poppet
valve. The bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts. Bearings
may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of
operation as well as by the direction of the applied loads they can handle. Ruler, also known as line gauge
is used to measure the displacement of the loads. (Wheeler, 1947)
Figure 4 Components of Governor
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Before we further discuss more about the porter governor, we will discuss about a much simple governor
first, Watt governor. Watt governor is named after James Watt who first applied it to his steam engines.
The Watt type Governor can be seen at the below.
Figure 5: Watt Governor

As for Watt govener used in engine it is important to note that a change in load on a engine will almost
certainly lead to a change in speed and the Governor is required to alter the supply of energy to the engine
to bring the speed back to its original value. This is achieved by connecting the rotating parts of the
governor, through suitable levers, to a sleeve on its axis of rotation. Any change in the speed causes a
change in the position of the rotating parts and consequently to the sleeve and this movement actuates the
fuel supply valve (this includes compressed air, steam or water) of the particular engine or turbine. This
function is of particular importance in A.C. electric generators since it is important to maintain the correct
number of cycles per second from the generator whose load may change rapidly and unpredictably.
The porter governor is a modification of a Watts governor; with central load attached to the sleeve. This
leads to larger centrifugal forces here. High speeds are required to bring the fly balls to the same radius.
Figure 6: Porter Governor
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
In this experiment, we will be using the theory below to calculate the theoretical values for the results.
Figure 8: Free body diagram of the Porter Governor
From geometry,
2
2
a 2 r c b x
2
bx 1 2
1
r 2 2rc
x a2 c2 b2
2 4
4
1/ 2
2
B B 4 AC
r
2A
(1)
where:
A 1
B 2c
bx 1
1
C x2 a2 c2 b2
2 4
4
Now, consider half of the governor
W = the weight of the ball
P = lifted load
Take moment at point O,
1
1
F b x W r c P 2 r c 0
2
2
(2)
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Wr 2 b x
W P r c
g
2
2 g W P r c
2
b x W
r
2 g W P r c
rad / s
b x W
r
60
Hence, rotational speed =
RPM
2
Some of the important terms that we should get to know in understanding governors better are as follows
Controlling Force.
The forces that oppose centrifugal force result in the formation of controlling force. It can be considered
to be a one inside force acting radially on the centre of the ball. If the ball is in state of equilibrium
condition, the controlling force can be found to be equal in magnitude to the centrifugal force.
Sensitiveness Of A Governor.
When the governor operates between two different speed limits, those being N1 and N2, then the
sensitiveness of the governor can be defined as the ratio of the average of these two speeds to the
difference in value between these two speeds.
. Thus,
Isochronous Governor.
An isochronous governor can be defined as one that can be said to be in a steady condition at a particular
speed. This is regardless of the radius of rotation. Isochronous governor also has infinite sensitivity as it
has zero range of speeds
Stability Of Governor.
A stable governor will be displaced from its equilibrium position without any change in speed and will
return to its equilibrium position without suffering any change to its speed of motion. It will always be in
equilibrium
Hunting Of Governor.
This is a special condition in which a machine whose speed is controlled by the governor vary
continuously from the average speed. This happens in the rare scenario when a governor is considered to
be excessively sensitive. Thus the fuel supplied to the engine is changed by drastic amounts.
Governor Effort.
. This is average force in the upward direction that acts on the governor sleeve when the force applied on
the engine decreases. It can be expressed for a percent change in governor speed.
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Governor Power.
. It can be defined as the amount of work thats being done on the sleeve when the sleeve is moved
upward. It is also expressed as one percent change in governor speed.
Height Of Governor.
This simply the measured vertical distance from the centre of the governor ball to the centre of the axis of
the spindle.
Equilibrium Speed Of Governor.
The speed at which the governor balls dont undergo any fluctuation and are said to be in a steady state.
Sleeve Lift Of Governor.
When the governor speed changes, the vertical distance travelled by the sleeve is called the sleeve lift of
the governor.
4.0 RESULT
Data of Apparatus.
Table 1: Particulars of the porter governor equipment
Symbol
W
P
w
P+nW
a
b
c
BC
A
B
Weight of ball
Basic Sleeve Load
Additional Weights
Total Sleeve Load
Value
5N
25.56N
5N
40.56N
0.1250m
0.2300m
0.0250m
0.0795m
1
-0.05
3.142
From the results obtained, four tables are plotted according to load: 0 N, 5N, 10N and 15N respectively.
Table 2: The rotational speed and displacement with respective load variations.
No Load
5N
10 N
15 N
Rotation Speed (RPM)

Displacement (cm)
Displacement (cm)
Displacement (cm)
Displacement (cm)
168
0
184
0
197
0
212
0
180
1.0
197
1.0
212
1.0
224
1.0
186
2.0
206
2.0
219
2.0
237
2.0
195
3.0
215
3.0
228
3.0
243
3.0
200
4.0
222
4.0
235
4.0
255
4.0
211
5.0
228
5.0
248
5.0
259
5.0
Now that we have obtained the experimental values, we will calculate the theoretical values by making
use of the formulas provided in the theory that we have discussed above.
The following is the sample calculation where there is no additional load
Part 1-Sample Calculation for basic sleeve load:
By taking the third sample to show the calculations done
Measured Rotational speed
= 186 rpm
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Displacement, x
C
=-
= 0.02m
- a2 + c2 +
== -0.0040
r
KEM120702
- 0.1252 + 0.0252 +
B B 2 4 AC
=
2A
(0.05) (0.05) 2 4(1)(-0.0040)

=
2(1)
= 0.0930m
2 g (W P) (r c)
(b x) W
r
2(9.81)
(5 25.56) 0.0930 (0.025)
(0.230 0.02)
5
0.0930
= 20.4336rad/s
Rotational speed
60
2
60 (20.4336 )
=
2(3.142 )
=
= 195.1265rpm
The percentage difference can be calculated using this formula: Percentage of difference (%)
=|[(Measured speed -Calculated speed)/Calculated speed]| x100%
Hence by taking the above sample values for the sample calculation whereby the calculated speed,
N=195.1265rpm and the measured speed will be 188rpm
Percentage of difference (%) = |[(186-195.1265)/ 195.1265] |x100%
= 4.67%
Similar theoretical calculations which were shown in the sample calculations above were carried out and
tabulated in the table below:
Measured
speed
(rpm)
Table 3: Theoretical results of the no load

Measured
C
r (m)
(rad/s) Calculated
displacement
speed, N
x (m)
(rpm)
Percentage
of
difference
(%)
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168
180
186
195
200
211
0.0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
-0.0023
-0.0031
-0.0040
-0.0046
-0.0052
-0.0066
0.0795
0.0860
0.0930
0.0973
0.1013
0.1100
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19.1146
19.7528
20.4336
20.8996
21.3583
22.5024
182.5310
188.6253
195.1265
199.5765
203.9567
214.8821
4.67
4.04
4.67
3.30
3.41
3.20
Using the data from the table the graph of rotational speed against displacement were plotted as shown
below
Graph 1: Basic sleeve load
A Graph of Rotational Speed versus Displacement
250
240
Rotational Speed (rpm)
230
220
210
Experimental result
200
Theoretical result
190
180
170
160
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Displacement, x (m)
Part 2: Sample calculations for additional load of 5N

Consider the second sample:
Measured Speed
=
197 RPM
Measured Displacement, x
=
0.01m
From formula,
0.04
0.05
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Rotational Speed
To calculate the percentage of difference the formula used is as follows:Percentage of difference(%) =|[(Measured speed -Calculated speed)/Calculated speed]| x100%
Percentage of difference(%) = |[(197 -207.312)/ 197] |x100%
= 5.23%
tabulated as shown in the table below:
Table 4: Theoretical results of the 5N load
Measured
speed
(rpm)
Measured
displacement,
x (m)
r (m)
(rad/s)
Calculated
speed, N
(rpm)
184
0.00
-0.0020
0.0762
20.2785
193.6454
Percentage
of
difference
(%)
5.23
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197
206
215
222
228
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
-0.0025
-0.0041
-0.0047
-0.0057
-0.0068
0.0809
0.0937
0.0980
0.1045
0.1112
20.7469
22.1249
22.6280
23.4527
24.4460
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198.1183
211.2772
216.0815
223.9568
233.4421
2.08
2.50
2.81
1.77
2.44
Next the graph of rotational speed against displacement were plotted as shown below
Graph 2: Additional weight of 5N
240
230
220
210
Theoretical result
Experimental result
200
190
180
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Displacement, x (m)
Part 3- Sample Calculation for additional weight of 10N:

Consider the first sample:
Measured Speed
=
197 RPM
=
0.0 m
From formula,
0.05
0.06
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Rotational Speed
=
Percengtage difference is calculated using the formula below:
Percentage of difference(%) =|[(Measured speed -Calculated speed)/Calculated speed]| x100%
N=210.0406rpm and the measured speed will be 205 rpm
Percentage of difference(%)
= |[(197-201.050)/ 201.050] |x100%

= 2.01%
Measured
speed
(rpm)
Measured
displacement,
x (m)
r (m)
(rad/s)
Calculated
speed, N
(rpm)
197
212
219
228
235
248
0.005
0.012
0.021
0.030
0.040
0.047
-0.0023
-0.0031
-0.0041
-0.0050
-0.0060
-0.0066
0.0791
0.0860
0.0937
0.1000
0.1064
0.1100
21.9954
22.7563
23.6292
24.4303
25.3150
25.9239
210.0406
217.3067
225.6422
233.2922
241.7404
247.5550
Percentage
of
difference
(%)
2.01
1.06
1.61
2.27
1.55
1.84
After the table was tabulated, the graph of rotational speed against displacement were plotted as shown
below the table
Graph 3: 2 additional weight of 10N
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250
245
240
235
230
225
Theoretical result
220
Experimental result
215
210
205
200
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Displacement, x (m)
Part 4- Sample Calculation for additional weight of 15N:

Consider the first sample:
Measured Speed
From formula,
=
=
212 RPM
0.0 m
0.04
0.05
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KEM120702
Rotational Speed
To calculate the percentage of difference the formula used is as follows:Percentage of difference(%) =|[(Measured speed -Calculated speed)/Calculated speed]| x100%
Percentage of difference(%) = |[(212-212.9836)/ 212.9836] |x100%
= 0.46%
Measured
speed
(rpm)
Measured
displacement,
x (m)
r (m)
(rad/s)
Calculated
speed, N
(rpm)
212
224
237
243
255
259
0.000
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
-0.0027
-0.0033
-0.0044
-0.0055
-0.0061
-0.0067
0.0827
0.0876
0.0959
0.1033
0.1070
0.1106
23.7036
24.2978
25.3301
26.3615
26.9241
27.5727
226.3527
232.0269
241.8846
251.7338
257.1062
263.2999
Percentage
of
difference
(%)
0.46
0.87
0.78
1.48
0.82
0.87
After this step the graph of rotational speed against displacement were plotted as shown below
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Graph 4: 3 additional weight on sleeve load P= 40.56N

270
265
260
255
250
245
240
235
230
225
220
215
Experimental result
Theoretical result
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Dispalcement, x (m)
DISCUSSIONS
From the results we can see that the rotational speed can be said to be proportional to the displacement
incurred vertically for the variety of loadings. The explanation is simply that we need stronger centrifugal
forces to balance out the bigger loads. Also from calculations it can be seen that theoretical value is
higher than the practical value. However the deviation is very small. A maximum of 5.23% only. We can
reason that this is because of friction which we assume to be zero. But in reality friction cannot be
ignored. Friction exists in the system as both external and internal friction and the effect it has on the
result has to be taken into account. Some of the rotational force therefore are wasted to overcome this
friction.
Difference in theoretical and experimental values can be accounted for the following reasons:
1) Energy dissipated because of friction.
2) The generalized and over-used parallax error that we attribute to almost every experiment in
which a ruler is involved. The observers eyes might not be parallel to the reading on the ruler.
3) The system is not static and the porter governor doesnt stay still at one position. Therefore some
errors creep in because of this.
4) If the additional loads arent given proper orientation the experiment will be erroneous. Since we
dont have the necessary tool to calculate the angle its not possible to ensure 100% that the loads
were given proper orientation.
We can take certain steps to get more accurate results and for general safety:
a) Make sure that the casing of the governor is always closed
b) The apparatus is very sensitive so great care must be taken while adjusting the speed.
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KEM120702
c) When the load is lifted to the steady position, the readings of the rotational speed should be
recorded after some short period of time so that the displacement obtained will be the most
accurate one.
d) We should try to avoid parallax error by keeping our eye level with the ruler.
e) We should use a protractor while putting the loads to make sure that they have proper orientation.
We can also avoid any unnecessary friction between surfaces and vibrations effect can be reduced
and possibly eradicated
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the rotational speed of the Porter Governor varies linearly with the vertical
displacement of the loads being lifted. We can also conclude that theoretical values are slightly higher
than the experimental values.
REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia
2. Benson H. Tongue, (1996). Principle of Vibration. Oxford University Press.
3. Porter Govener : Retrieved 27 October 2012 from
http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/theory_of_machines/engine_governors.php
4. Goveners : Retrieved 27 October 2012 from http://ptumech.loremate.com/tom1/node/7
5. Laboratory worksheet
6. http://nes.dilutionbarberryplangent.com/
7. http://www.engineersedge.com/mechanics_machines/porter-governor.htm

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Sheikh Shahir