PERFECT MODAL VERBS

Must + have + past participle : it expresses deduction in the past.

Mary is very sensitive. She must have passed a bad time when her child got sick.
Cant + have + past participle : it expresses impossibility (negative deduction) in
the past.
Mary is very sensitive. She cant have passed a good time when her child got
sick.
Should (not) + have + past participle : it expresses regret about something we did
wrong in the past.
You should have apologized your parents but you did not pay attention to me.
You shouldnt have gone so early last night.
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It can also express probability about something we expected to happen but we

are not sure if it has already happened.
They should have arrived by now, but I dont know if they have.
Or to express that the expected action has not occurred in fact.
They should have arrived but they are not here yet.

Could + have + past participle : a possible action in the past that was not fulfilled.
I could have passed my exam but I didnt study enough.
NOTE: compare it with this:
I couldnt study so I didnt pass my exam. ( It was impossible for me to study )
May/might + have + past participle : it expresses possibility in the past.

I have been phoning John all afternoon and he was not there. He may have left
home earlier. (Maybe, he left before)
We can also express possibility about something that didnt really happened in
the past (Only with might).
Why did you drive so fast? You might have crashed.

Neednt + have + past participle : it says that we did something although it was not
necessary to be done.
You neednt have come. Why have you done it?
NOTE: compare it with this:
You didnt need to come, so you didnt do it.