VCB 3022

Design of Steel Structures

Lecturer
Dr Zubair Imam Syed
Email: imam.syed@petronas.com.my
Ph: 05 368 7313
Room: 14.03.13

VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures

Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. Distinguish the properties of steel and determine Section classification
2. Analyze and design of loaded members (axial, flexural, beam-columns
connections).
3. Analyze and design steel connections subject to complex loading.
4. Analyze and design of loaded members using plastic design concepts

2-credit hours course. Two hours lecture per week

Assessment:
3 Assignments
3 Quizzes
2 Tests
Final Examination (2 hours)

13%
17%
20%
50%

VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures

Contact hours
Lecture

Tutorials

Monday

9:00-11:00 am

Building 13-01-02

Tuesday

11:00am- 01:00 pm

Building 13-02-05

Friday (Reserve)

10:00am -12:00 pm

Building 13-01-06

Contact Details
Email: imam.syed@petronas.com.my
Ph: 05 368 7313
Room: 14.03.13

E-learning will be one of the main mode of communication

Course Outline

VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures

Introduction

Properties and behaviour of Steel

Section Properties and Section classification
Axially Loaded Members
Tension Members.
Compression Members.
End Connections.
Flexural members
Moment Capacity.
Lateral Torsional Buckling.
Shear.
Deflection.
Members subjected to Combined Flexural and Axial Forces

CLO 1

CLO2

CLO2

CLO2

Connections
Welded and bolted connection.
Shear connections.
Eccentric Connections: Shear and Flexure , Torsion and Shear.
Beam to Beam Connections.
Beam to Column Connections.
Concepts of plastic analysis
Introduction to plastic analysis methods.
Analysis methods: Equilibrium method and kinematic method.
Theorems of plastic analysis: Upper bound theorem and Lower bound theorem.
Applications: basic mechanisms, combined mechanisms.

CLO3

CLO4

Civil Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)

Outcome based Education (OBE)

Acquire and apply engineering fundamentals to complex civil engineering problems.

Identify, formulate and solve complex civil engineering problems using creativity and
innovativeness.
Design and develop solutions for complex civil engineering problems.
Investigate complex civil engineering problems using research based knowledge and methods.
Utilize modern tools to evaluate complex civil engineering activities.
Demonstrate the understanding of the legal, health & safety, social and cultural
responsibilities of a professional engineer.
Demonstrate the principles of entrepreneurship, sustainable design and development.
Apply professional ethics and responsibilities in civil engineering practice.
Communicate effectively with all levels of industry and society on complex civil engineering
activities.
Perform effectively in multi-disciplinary settings as an individual and in a team with the
capacity to be a leader or manager.
Recognize, acquire and undertake an independent and lifelong learning in continual
technological development.
Demonstrate and apply engineering management and economic principles in multidisciplinary
environments as an individual or as a leader in a team.

MAPPING TO PO/CLO

CLO1
CLO2
CLO3
CLO4

VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures

Differentiate behaviour of various types of steel and detemine
sectional classification based on section behaviour
Analyze and design steel Members subjected to Complex loading
(axial, flexural, combined )
Analyze and design steel Connections subjected to Complex loading
(in-plane and out-of-plane )
Analyze and design simple and complex structures using plastic
design

PO1

PO3

25

25

25

35

35

25

25

15

15

75

100

ASSESSMENT MAPPING TO CLO

VCB3022 Design of Steel Structures

17

QUIZ 1
QUIZ 2
QUIZ 3

CO1

CO3

6
4

ASSIGNMENT 2

50
100

TEST 1
TEST 2
FEQ 1
FEQ 2
FEQ3
FEQ 4

4
4

5
5

4
5

10
15

10
10
15
15
10
10
100

15
15
10
25

35

TOTAL
5
6
6

ASSIGNMENT 3

20

CO4

ASSIGNMENT 1
13

CO2

25

References
Main Reference:
Lawrence Martin and John Purkiss (2008), Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994, Butterworth Heineman.
The Institution of Structural Engineers and The Institution of Civil Engineers,
MAY 2000, Manual for the design of steelwork building structures to EC3.

Additional Texts
N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot and L.Gardener (2008), The
behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3, Taylor and Francis, London,
Fourth Edition.
BS EN 1990-1-1:2002 Eurocode Basis of Structural Design, British
Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings, British Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel structures Part 1-8:
Design of joints, British Standards.

Introduction
Why we need to learn Design of Steel Structures?

Why often steel is the construction material of choice

for tall structures?

What is Structural steel?

Steel - man made metal
containing 98% or more iron
small amounts of elements derived from raw materials and
also elements added to improve certain properties. C, Si, Mn,
P,S, Niobium, Vanadium
Carbon improves strength and hardness but reduces ductility
and toughness. Restricted between 0.2 and 0.25% to produce
steel that is weldable and not brittle
smaller amounts of manganese, nickel etc

Structural steel
steel available in various shapes and forms
utilised to support loads and resist the various forces to
which a structure is subjected.

Youngs Modulus
GPa

<0.2

Elastomers
Timber

earth
and ceramics

Earth
Bricks

0.2 20

Highly variable depending on void ratio

2 - 10

Concrete

20 - 50

Glass

50 - 80

Aluminium
metals

Depending on
direction of
loading

Iron and Steel

70 - 80

200

Stiffness and Strength

Ultimate strength
Yield strength

Yield strength

E=s/e

Ultimate strength

Ultimate strength
Yield strength

Yield strength

Aluminum alloys

0.002
(0.2%)

Mild steel

Cast iron
Glass

copper

Advantages of Steel:
High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall
buildings
Uniformity-properties do not change with time unlike concrete
Elasticity behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials
follows Hookes law to fairly high stress
Ductility withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress free from sudden failure
Time saving
Flexibility in fabrication
Reuse on demolition
Disadvantages of Steel:
Maintenance cost corrosion requires periodic treatment
Fire proofing strength tremendously reduced at high temperature
high cost of fire proofing
Susceptibility to buckling for long slender members
Fatigue strength reduced if large number of stress reversals

General Steel Properties

The important characteristics of steel for design
purposes are:
yield stress (Fy)
ultimate stress (Fu).tensile strength
modulus of elasticity (E)
percent elongation (e)
coefficient of thermal expansion ()

16

Design of steel structures

17

Design of steel structures

Grade of Steel and Design Strength

(table 3.1 EN 1993-1-1)
Grade of Steel

Yield Strength or
Design Strength,
fy (N/mm2)

Ultimate strength,
fu (N/mm2)

Grade 55

S450

440

550

Grade 50

S355

355

510

Grade 43

S275

275

430

Grade 36

S 235

235

360

18

 The four grades are S235,S275, S355, S450

S450 is the strongest, but the lower grades are
most commonly used in structural applications.
S stands for Structural
The number indicates the yield strength of the
material in N/mm2.

Design of steel structures

Structural Steels Grades in Use

19

column

Design of steel structures

beam

Multi-storey steel building frame

foundation

20

connection
Design of steel structures

beam

column
21

22

Design of steel structures

Design of Steel Structures

The main aspects related to the design of steel structures

Design basis of Steel Structures

Design philosophy and principle
Material and Cross-sectional properties of steel
Analysis techniques and methods
Design of Structural Elements

Design Codes
Why codes are used?
Which code to follow for design of steel structures?

1) BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel

Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, British Standards.
2) BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of
Steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints,
British Standards.

Object of Structural Design

Safety (the structure doesnt fall down during lifetime)
Serviceability (how well the structure performs in term of
Fulfill requirements of client
Economy (an efficient use of materials and labor)

Design of steel structures

appearance and deflection)

Alternatives
Several alternative designs should be prepared and their
costs compared

25

Engineering Design consists of Two stages

Feasibility Study/ Conceptual design
Involves comparison of the alternative forms of structure and selection
of most suitable type
The success of this stage relies to a large extent on the engineering
judgement and instinct, both of which are the outcome of many years
experience of designing structures.
Detailed design:
involves detailed design of the chosen structure
The detailed also requires these attributes but is usually more
dependent upon a thorough understanding of the codes of practice
for structural design namely EC2 and EC3
These documents are based on the experience of many generations
of engineers, and the results of research. They help to ensure safety
and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not repeated.

Conceptual Design of building

Design process by which an optimum solution is obtained. In any
design, certain criteria must be established to evaluate whether or
not an optimum has been achieved.
Design: Determination of overall proportions and dimensions of the
supporting framework and the selection of individual members.

Responsibility: The structural engineer, within the constraints

imposed by the architect (number of stories, floor plan,..) is
responsible for structural design.

Design of steel structures

Aim of Structural Design To provide with due regard to economy a

structure capable of fulfilling its intended function and sustaining the
specified loads for its intended life. The design should facilitate safe
fabrication, transport, handling and erection- account future
maintenance, final demolition, recycling and reuse of materials.

27

Philosophies/ Theories used for design: Elastic design, Plastic design

and Limit State Design

Plastic Design

The tendency of the fibre at the yield point stress

toward plastic deformation is resisted by the
adjacent fibres
Those parts of the structure that remain in the
elastic-stress range are capable of supporting this
incremental load

The ultimate load is reached when these

conditions cease to exist and thus the structure
collapses
Plastic design is concerned with an allowable load,
which equals the ultimate load divided by an
appropriate factor called the load factor.

Design of steel structures

Utilises strength of steel beyond yield point

The structure may be loaded beyond the yield
point if:

28

Limit State Concept in Design

Design of steel structures

Stated in cl 2.2 EN 1993-1-1 2005 :Eurocode 3 Design of

Steel Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, British Standards
The standard gives recommendations for the design of
structural steel work using hot rolled sections, flats, plates,
hot finished structural hollow sections and cold formed
structural hollow sections, in buildings and allied structures
Structures should be designed by considering the limit
states beyond which they would become unfit for their
intended use
29

Limit states
Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are
given in Table 1.
Serviceability limit states(SLS)

Strength (cl 6.1)

Deflection

Stability against overturning and

sway stability

Vibration

Fatigue

Wind induced oscillation

Brittle fracture (cl 3.2.3)

Durability, (cl.4)

Design of steel structures

Ultimate limit states (ULS)

30

General principles: Limit State Design

This course discusses

Ultimate limit state of strength

Serviceability limit state of deflection.

Design of steel structures

Stability aspect of complete structures or sub-structures.

Structures must be robust enough not to overturn or sway
excessively under wind or other sideways loading
Fatigue taken care by the provision of adequate safety
factors to prevent the occurrence of high stresses
associated with fatigue.
Brittle fracture avoided by selecting the correct grade of
steel for the expected ambient conditions.
Excessive vibrations and oscillations subject of structural
dynamics
Corrosion- serious problem for exposed steelwork correct
preparation and painting of the steel will ensure maximum
31
durability and minimum maintenance during the life of the
structure. Or else weather resistant steels can be used.

Load partial factors

Partial factor for variability of
strength

F, G, Q
M

Design of steel structures

Different types of load have different probabilities of

occurrence and different degrees of variability, and
that the probabilities associated with these loads
change in different ways as the degree of overload
considered increases. Because of this different load
factors should be used for the different load types.

32

Limit State Design

Also called LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) in USA.
The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect

does not exceed its design resistance

(effect of specified loads x g,Q) specified resistance / M factor

Though limit state design method is presented in a deterministic

format, the partial factors are obtained using probabilistic models
based on statistical distributions of loads and structural capacity

Design of steel structures

Design load effect Design resistance

Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different load factor which its value
depends on the combination of loads under consideration.

33

Characteristic and Design Material Strength

Design of steel structures

The material strength may be less than intended because (a) of its
variable composition, and (b) because of the variability of the
manufacturing conditions , and other effects such as corrosion.
Item (a) is allowed by using the characteristic value.
The characteristic strength is the value below which the strength lies
in only small percentage of cases.
The characteristic value is determined from test results using
statistical principles , and is normally defined as the value below
which not more than 5% of the test results fall.
The overall effect of items under (b) is allowed for using a partial
safety factor : m for strength
Design Strength is obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by
the partial safety factor for strength
The value of m depends upon the properties of the actual
34
construction materials being used.

ACTIONS

Design of steel structures

BS EN 1990:2002 : ACTIONS ARE A SET OF FORCES (LOADS)

applied to a structure ,or/and deformations produced by
temperature , settlement or earthquakes
Values of actions are obtained by determining
characteristic or representative values of loads or forces
Ideally, loads applied to a structure during its working life,
should be analysed statistically and a characteristic load is
determined.
Characteristic Load: is the representation of the real load,
which is defined as the load with 95% probability of not
being exceeded throughout its lifetime
35
Characteristic Load = Average Load +1.64 X Standard
deviation

Classification of Actions
PERMANENT ACTIONS (G)
are due to weight of the structure i.e. walls, permanent partitions, floors,
roofs, finishes and services
The actual weights of materials (Gk) should be used in design calculations; but if
not known use density in kN/m3 from EN 1991-1:2002.
Also included in this group are water and soil pressures, forces due to settlement
etc
Design of steel structures

VARIABLE ACTIONS (Q)

Imposed floor Loads (Qk) are variable actions; given for various
dwellings in EN 1991-1-1:2002.
These loads include a small allowance for impact and other dynamic
effects that may occur in normal occupancy.
Do not include
forces resulting from the acceleration and braking of vehicles or
movement of crowds. The loads are usually given as distributed loads
or an alternative concentrated load
Wind Actions (Wk) : Are variable but for convenience are expressed as static

36
pressures in EN 1991-1-4(2002).
Thermal effects need to be considered for chimneys, cooling towers, tanks and cold
storage services. Classified as indirect variable actions.

Actions / Loads
Actions to be taken for adequate performance in fire
ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS(A)
Accidental actions during execution include scaffolding,
props and bracing (EN 1991-1-6:2002). These may involve
consideration of construction loads, instability and collapse
prior to completion of the project
Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground motion are
simulated by a system of horizontal forces):EN1998-8(2004)
Actions induced by cranes and machinery : EN 19913(2004)
Impact and Explosions covered in EN 1991-1-7(2004).
37

 When checking the safety of a member, the designer cannot be certain

about the load the member must carry because (a) of the variability of the
occupancy or environmental loading, and (b) because of unforeseen
circumstances which may lead to an increase in the general level of loading,
errors in analysis, errors during construction etc
Item (a) is allowed by using the characteristic value.
The characteristic load is the value above which the load lies in only small
percentage of cases.
Statistical principles cannot be used at present to determine characteristic
loads because sufficient data is not available.
Therefore the characteristic loads are normally taken to be the design loads
from other codes of practice : BS 648 and BS 6399.
Design Load is the value used in design calculations product of
characteristic load and partial safety factors in order to increase reliability

Design of steel structures

Characteristic and Design Load

38

Combinations of Design Actions

FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, three alternative combinations of actions,
modified by appropriate partial safety factors (), must be investigated
(a) Fundamental: a combination of all permanent actions including self
weight(Gk), the dominant variable action (Qk) and combination values of all
other variable actions(0Qk)
(b) A combination of the dominant variable actions(0Qk). This combination
assumes that accidents of short duration have a low probability of occurrence
(c)Seismic:reduces the permanent action partial safety factor(G)with a
reduction factor ()between 0.85 and 1
FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE : 3 alternative combination of actions must be
investigated
(A) The characteristic rare combination occurring in cases exceeding limit state
causes permanent local damage or deformation

39

Properties of materials
BS EN 1993-1-1(2005) covers the design of structures
fabricated from structural steels conforming to the
grades and product standards specified. If other steels
are used, due allowance should be made for variations in
properties, including ductility and weldability.
The design strength py should be taken as 1.0Ys but not
greater than Us /1.2 where Ys and Us are respectively
the minimum yield strength and the minimum tensile
strength specified in the relevant product standard.
For the more commonly used grades and thicknesses of
steel the value of py may be obtained from Table 3.1.

Design of steel structures

Design strength

40

41

Design of steel structures

Grading
Assessment Component

Percentage of Marks

3 Assignments+ 3 Quizzes

30%

2 Tests

20%

Final Exam

50%

UTP attendance policy:

Students who are absent for more than 10% total hours of any
course without prior written permission may be barred from
sitting for the examination in that course.

E-learning
Class lectures will be regularly uploaded
Notice/ reminders/updates regarding this
subject will be posted on e- learning
Communication
Students expectation
Lecturers expectation

Summary
Course CLO- PO, Syllabus
References and Grading system
Background of Structural Design
Background of Design of Steel Structures
Design Principles and philosophy

Any questions?

MURPHY's Laws
1. Nothing is as easy as it looks.
2. Everything takes longer than you think.
3. Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
4. If there is a possibility of several things going wrong, the one that will cause the
most damage will be the one to go wrong. Corollary: If there is a worse time for
something
to go wrong, it will happen then.
5. If anything simply cannot go wrong, it will anyway.
6. If you perceive thatIntroduction
there are four
in which a procedure can go
Andpossible
Review ofways
Mathematics
wrong, and circumvent these, then a fifth way, unprepared for, will promptly
develop.
7. Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse.
8. If everything seems to be going well, you have obviously overlooked something.
9. Nature always sides with the hidden flaw.
10. It is impossible to make anything foolproof because fools are so ingenious.
11. Whenever you set out to do something, something else must be done first.
12. Every solution breeds new problems.

Thank you