Spanish
4
study
guide
by
Maya
and
Tara
Balakrishnan




Vocab
(know
these
are
not
all
the
words
but
the
ones
that
aren’t
obvious
cognates

or
easy
to
remember)



Amarrar
 To
tie

asustar
 To
scare

caer
 Fall

coger
 To
catch

Descolgar
 To
take
down

Gemir
 To
moan

Rascar
 To
scratch

Recorrer
 To
travel

valer
 To
be
worth

Zambullir
 To
dive

El
arroyo
 stream

Desencanto
 Disillusion

La
gula
 Gluttony

El
hecho
 Deed

El
hocicio
 Snout

La
mula
 Mule

El
suceso
 Event

El
burlón
 Mocking

Propio/a
 Own

incauto
 Incautious

arrastrar
 To
drag

aullar
 To
howl

calar
 To
penetrate

enloquecer
 To
go
crazy

contar
 To
tell

esconder
 To
hide

quedar
 To
remain

relucir
 To
shine

rondar
 To
roam

tapar
 To
cover

soler
 To
be
in
the
habit
of

asombro
 Amazement

La
fachada
 Façade

El
genero
 Genre

El
relato
 Story

oculto
 Hidden

A
través
 Through

En
torno
 Pertaining
to

Pasar
igual
 To
be
the
same

Tener
sentido
 To
make
sense

desechar
 To
throw
away

desperdiciar
 To
waste

El
acero
 Steel

El
cartón
 Cardboard

La
ceniza
 Ash

La
fábrica
 Factory

La
madera
 Wood
 

La
material
prima
 Raw
material
 

El
nivel
 Level
 

El
plomo
 Lead
 

La
sequía

 Drought
 

nefasto
 Disasterous
 

alrededor
 around
 

Sobre
 On;
over
 

La
jornada
laboral
 Workday
 
 

El
ocio
 Leisure
time
 

La
onda
 Radio
wave
 

El
rasco
 Characteristic
 



El
vientre
 Womb



calidad
 Quality
(worth)



cualidad
 Quality
(characteristic)



desterrado
 Exiled



Dar
por
sentado
 To
assume
 

Puesto
que
 As;
Since
 

acercarse
 To
approach
 

arrasar
 To
raze
 

cargar
 To
hold
(in
one’s
arms)
 

La
pañoleta
 Shawl
 

Quedarse
 To
stay
in
a
place
 

Quedar
+
adj.
 To
become/remain
 

Quedar
 To
be
located
 

Dejar
 To
leave
 

Dejar
de
+
inf.
 To
stop
doing
something
 

Dejar
+
inf.
 To
let;
allow
 




 Preterite
 Imperfect

Conocer
 Met
(I
met
her)
start
of
knowing
 I
used
to
know

poder
 Could
and
did
(He
managed
to
 Had
the
ability
and
opportunity

approach
her)
 to‐
no
reference
to
a
specific

effort

No
poder
 He
couldn’t/failed
to
at
a
specific
 Couldn’t
in
general
get
used
to

effort/failure
 the
dark

querer
 Tried
to
(wanted
to
and
acted
 Wanted
to,
no
action
upon

upon
it)

No
querer
 Refused
to,
acted
upon
the
desire
 Didn’t
want
to
(may
or
may
not

not
to
 have)

saber
 Found
out
(beginning
of
knowing)
 Knew
all
along

tener
 Received,
beginning
of
having
 Had
all
along
(a
characteristic)

Tener
que
 Had
to
and
acted
upon
it
 Had
to
and
has
not
done
it
yet

costar
 It
cost
and
I
bought
it
 It
cost
(implies
not
bought)





















Ser/Estar/Haber

Ser:

• With
a
noun
or
pronoun
that
identifies
the
subject
(John
is
a
chemist)

• Identify
nationality
or
origin
(We
are
scientists)

• Characteristics
(It
is
green)

• Date
and
time
(son
last
res)

• With
para
(Es
para
mi)

• With
past
participle
to
express
passive
voice
(The
beaches
were

contaminated
by
the
people)
the
subject
is
acted
upon
by
persons

Estar

• Location
of
objects,
people
(It
is
in
the
mall)

• With
ando
(Estoy
caminando)

• Physical/emotional
state
(Estoy
triste)

• With
a
past
participle
to
describe
the
resultant
condition
of
a
previous

action
(La
playa
está
contaminada)

• Change
from
the
norm
(You
are
pretty
today)

Haber

• Have/had
never
(he
visto)
I
have
seen

• There
are
(hay)

• Hay
que
+
inf.
=
to
be
necessary
to



Future

Tomaré
 Tomaremos

Tomarás
 Tomaréis

Tomará
 tomarán

Irregulars:


Habr‐,
podr‐,
querr‐,
sabr‐,
pondr‐,
saldr‐,
tendr‐,
vendr‐



Subjunctive
(start
with
yo)

hable
 Hablemos

Hables
 Habléis

hable
 hablen



Coma
 Comamos

Comas
 Comáis

coma
 coman

Ar
and
er
stem
changing
verbs
change
in
all
forms
except
nosotros
and
vosotros

Juegue
 Juguemos

Juegues
 juguéis

juege
 juegen

Ir
stem
changing
verbs
in
nosotros
and
vosotros
(e‐>i)
(o‐>u)

Sienta/duerma
 Sintamos/durmamos

Sientas/duermas
 Sintáis/durmáis

Sienta/duerma
 Sientan/duerman













Irregulars

dar
 estar
 haber
 ir
 saber
 ser

Dé
 Esté
 Haya
 Vaya
 Sepa
 Sea

Des
 Estés
 Hayas
 Vayas
 Sepas
 Seas

Dé
 Esté
 Haya
 Vaya
 Sepa
 Sea

Demos
 Estemos
 Hayamos
 Vayamos
 Sepamos
 Seamos

Deis
 Estéis
 Hayáis
 Vayáis
 Sepias
 Seaís

den
 estén
 hayan
 Vayan
 sepan
 sean



Know
indirect/direct
object
pronouns,
personal
“a”,
and
gustar
like
verbs