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Transformer and Transformer-Feeder Protection

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The development of modern power systems has been

VAMP transformer protection relay
reflected in the advances in transformer design. This has
resulted in a wide range of transformers with sizes
VAMP transformer and feeder manager suitable for feeder and
transformer applications where
ranging from a few kVA to several hundred MVA being
available for use in a wide variety of applications. The
considerations for a transformer protection package vary with the application and importance of the transformer. To
reduce the effects of thermal stress and electrodynamic forces, it is advisable to ensure that the protection package
used minimises the time for disconnection in the event of a fault occurring within the transformer.
Small distribution transformers can be protected satisfactorily, from both technical and economic considerations, by
the use of fuses or overcurrent relays.
This results in time-delayed protection due to downstream co-ordination requirements. However, time-delayed fault
clearance is unacceptable on larger power transformers used in distribution, transmission and generator
applications, due to system operation/stability and cost of repair/length of outage considerations.
Transformer faults are generally classified into five categories:
1. Winding and terminal faults
2. Core faults
3. Tank and transformer accessory faults
4. Onload tap changer faults
5. Abnormal operating conditions
6. Sustained or uncleared external faults
For faults originating in the transformer itself, the approximate proportion of faults due to each of the causes listed
above is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Transformer fault statistics

Winding Faults
A fault on a transformer winding is controlled in magnitude by the following factors:
1. Source impedance

2. Neutral earthing impedance

3. Transformer leakage reactance
4. Fault voltage
5. Winding connection
Reference: Network protection and automation guide

About Author //
Edvard Csanyi
Edvard - Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for
design of LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations, buildings and
industry fascilities. Designing of LV/MV switchgears. Professional in AutoCAD
programming and web-design. Present on