Name:

ID Number:

Mackenzie Nix
1042301

Quiz Section: CE
Lab Partner: Anisa Noorassa

Chem 152 Experiment #6: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)

Part II. Measuring the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
Part I. An Application of AES: Determination of Sodium

Points assigned to tables, graphs

questions, and calculations.

Note:
All sections of
this report must
be typed

Total Points = 60 (5 notebook, 55 template)

By signing below, you certify that you have not falsified data, that you have not plagiarized any part of this lab report, and that
all calculations and responses other than the reporting of raw data are your own independent work. Failure to sign this
declaration will result in 5 points being deducted from your report score.

Signature:

Part II. Measuring the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

Use these in the data analysis.
Data here will autofill into the third
column of Tables 2-4

DATA
Table 1. Hydrogen Emission Data
Spectroscope Data
Color
violet
blue-green
red

Ocean Optics Spectrometer

(nm)
(descending order)
776.74
656.56
486.65
433.54
410.03

Wavelength, nm
425
480
660

A: Data Analysis
Hypothesis #1: nf (assumed) = 1; therefore ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/ vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants
calculated from slope and the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/ and 1/ni2 , then plot the data
and include the equation and R2 on the plot. Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int.

Table 2. Hypothesis #1; nf = 1; ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

ni values
1/ni2
2
0.25000000
3
0.11111111
4
0.06250000
5
0.04000000
6
0.02777778

(nm)
776.7
656.6
486.7
433.5
410.0

1/ nm-1
0.00128743
0.00152309
0.00205486
0.00230659
0.00243885

Put your plot of 1/vs 1/ni2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large
enought for someone else to read.

1/ni^2 vs. 1/wavelength (nm^-1)

Use the
online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.
0.00300000
1/wavelengeth (nm^-1)

Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and
0.00250000
formatting once you print the report.
f(x) = - 0.0050x + 0.0024
0.00200000
R = 0.8339
Add a 0.00150000
Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options0.00128743
that will
"display the equation on the chart".
Column D
0.00100000
Linear
(Column D)
0.00050000
0.00000000
0.00000000

Slope:
y-intercept:

0.10000000
0.20000000
1/ni^2

-0.0050
0.0024

R from slope:
R from y-intercept:

Excel Help for Data in Tables 2, 3

&4
1. Column B: =1/(Click on column A
entry)^2, Enter. Copy and paste into
remaining cells.
2. Column D: =1/(Click on Column C
entry), Enter. Copy and paste into
other cells.
3. Format cells to desired number of
decimal places. Highlight cells,
Format, Number, select number of
decimal places. A number that does
not fit the column width will show an
error and a number that is too small
for the formatting will register as
zero. You also have the option to
write the number in scientific
notation.
4.Plot 1/ on the y-axis and 1/ni2 on
the x-axis. Right click on any data
point and add a trendline. In the
trendline help box, choose linear
type, and under the options tab, click
on the boxes in front of "display
equation on chart" and "display Rsquared on chart". Right click on the
equation, choose "format data
labels" or "format trendline label"
and change the number properties
so that 5 sig figs are displayed.
(Failure to do this on each plot
will cost you a point!)
5. From the Rydberg equation, you
know that the slope is equal to -R
and the y-intercept is equal to R/nf2.
Calculate R both ways and compare.
Report your results to 4 or 5 sig
figs.

0.30000000

0.0050 nm-1
0.0024 nm-1

Page 1 of 6

Is nf=1?

no
3

Hypothesis #2: nf (assumed) = 2; therefore ni = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/ vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants calculated from slope
and the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/ and 1/ni2 , then plot the data and include the equation and R2 on the plot.
Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int.

Table 3. Hypothesis #2; nf = 2; ni = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

ni values
1/ni2
(nm)
3
0.11111111
776.7
4
0.06250000
656.6
5
0.04000000
486.7
6
0.02777778
433.5
7
0.02040816
410.0

1/ nm-1
0.00128743
0.00152309
0.00205486
0.00230659
0.00243885

Put your plot of 1/ vs 1/ni2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for
someone else to read.

1/ni^2 vs. 1/wavelength (nm^-1)

1/wavelength (nm^-1)

Use the0.00300000
online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.

0.00250000
Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once
you print the report.
f(x) = - 0.0129x + 0.0026
0.00200000
R = 0.8961
0.00128743
0.00150000
Add a Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options that will "display the equation
Column D
on the 0.00100000
chart".
Linear
0.00050000
(Column D)
0.00000000
0.00000000

Slope:
y-intercept:

0.05000000

-0.0129
0.0026

1/ni^2

0.10000000

0.15000000

R from slope:
R from y-intercept:

0.0129 nm-1
0.0104 nm-1

Is nf=2?

no
3

Hypothesis #3: nf (assumed) = 3; therefore ni = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/ vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants calculated from slope and
the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/ and 1/ni2 , then plot the data and include the equation and R2 on the plot.
Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int.

Table 4. Hypothesis #3; nf = 3; ni = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

ni values
1/ni2
(nm)
4
0.06250000
776.7
5
0.04000000
656.6
6
0.02777778
486.7
7
0.02040816
433.5
8
0.01562500
410.0

1/ nm-1
0.00128743
0.00152309
0.00205486
0.00230659
0.00243885

Put your plot of 1/ vs 1/ni2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for
someone else to read.

1/ni^2 vs. 1/wavelength (nm^-1)

1/wavelength (nm^-1)

0.00300000
Use the
online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.

0.00250000
Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting
once you print the report.
f(x) = - 0.0256139091x + 0.0027741397
0.00200000
0.00128743
R = 0.9279505996
Column D
Add a 0.00150000
Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options that will "display the
Linear
equation on the chart".
0.00100000
(Column D)

0.00050000
0.00000000
0.00000000

Slope:
y-intercept:

0.02000000

-0.0256
0.0028

1/ni^2
0.04000000

0.06000000

R from slope:
R from y-intercept:

0.08000000

0.0256 nm-1
0.0252 nm-1

Page 2 of 6

Is nf=3?

yes
3

Summary of information to be used in the next section (from the data for the correct nf value above):
R (in SI units)
b (in SI units)

2.560E+07 m-1
2.520E+07 m-1

B: Ionization Energy and Energy Levels

Enter the values for h and c, then calculate the ionization energy per atom from nf (IE = hcb),where b is the y-intercept in m-1.
h (Planck's const)

c (speed of light)

IE(per atom)

6.626E-34

3.000E+08

5.009E-18

Js

m/s

Type the calculation of IE per atom from nf

IE=hc x b

J IE=(6.626E-34)(3.000E+08) x (2.52E+07)

IE=5.009E-18 J

If nf is not 1, the IE calculated above is not the regular ionization energy.

We need to add an energy term, for the ground state (n =1) to nf transition, to the IE just calculated.
This energy term is equal to 3/4hcR for nf=2 and 8/9 hcR for nf=3.
Type the calculation of IEtotal per atom and per mole.
Calculate IEtotal from ground state (nf = 1), both per atom and per mole:
IE(per atom)

4.520E-18 J

Avogadro's #

6.022E+23 mole -1

IE (per mole)

2.720E+06 J/mole

IEtotal(per atom)=8/9hcR
=(8/9)(6.626x10^-34)(3x10^8)(2.56E+07)
=4.52E-18 J
IEtotal(per mole)= (4.52E-18)(6.022E+23)
=2.72E+06 J/mole

Calculate the allowed energy levels: En(per atom) = -hcR/n2 where n= 1, 2, 3, ... (with R in units of m-1)
The cells under the h, c, and R headings below will autofill from cells B140, C140, and B133, respectively,
so you just need to enter the formula in Column F to calculate En.
En
n
h
c
R
E

6.626E-34
3.000E+08
2.560E+07
E4
4
6.626E-34
3.000E+08
2.560E+07
E3
3
6.626E-34
3.000E+08
2.560E+07
E2
2
6.626E-34
3.000E+08
2.560E+07
E1
1
6.626E-34
3.000E+08
2.560E+07

En(J)
0.000E+00
-3.403E-24
-5.654E-19
-1.272E-18
-5.089E-18

Part I. An Application of AES: Determination of Sodium

DATA
Molar mass of NaCl
Calculated mass of NaCl needed to make 100 mL of 0.100 M stock solution
Actual mass of NaCl weighed out
Actual molarity of stock NaCl solution prepared

58.35
0.5844
0.5844
0.1000

g/mole
g
g
M

Volume of 0.100 M stock NaCl solution for preparing 100 mL of each standard
Desired
mL of 0. 1M NaCl
Standard
Final [NaCl] (M)
needed
Note:
1
0.0010
1.00
For Table 5, calculate the ACTUAL [Na+] (M and mg/8 fl. oz.) of the
2
0.0008
0.80
standards based on the mass of NaCl you weighed out. Use the
3
0.0006
0.60
conversion factor:
4
0.0004
0.40
5
0.0002
0.20
8 fl oz. = 0.2366 L to calculate the [Na+] in mg/8 fl.oz.
Table 5: Flame Photometer Data
Sample
[Na+], (M)
Standard 1
0.00100
Standard 2
0.00080
Standard 3
0.00060
Standard 4
0.00040
Standard 5
0.00020
Table 5 (continued)
Sample
Gatorade
Coca Cola
Site #1, 8.5 m depth
Site #1, 9.5 m depth
Site #1, 10.5 m depth
Site #1, 11.5 m depth
Seawater

[Na+], (mg/8 fl oz)

5.40
4.40
3.30
2.20
1.10

Intensity
100
84
65
46
25

Dilution Factor
25
2.5
1
2
10
100
400

Intensity
80
24
71
70
81
47
105

Page 3 of 6

For your convenience, the

depth, dilution factors, and
intensity values for the
freshwater and seawater
samples will autofill in the
tables below.

DATA ANALYSIS

Put your plot of Intensity vs. [Na+] (M) here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so
that it is large enought for someone else to read.

[Na+], (M) vs. Intensity

Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.
120

Intensity

Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your
100
units and formatting once
you
the +
report.
f(x)
= print
94000x
7.6
R = 0.9978543196
80
Add a Trendline
to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options
100 that will
60
"display the equation on the chart".
Column E
40
Linear
(Column E)
20
0
0.00000 0.00020 0.00040 0.00060 0.00080 0.00100 0.00120
[Na+], (M)

You will plot the data and obtain the trendline

equation from the graph. This will be the
calibration equation in the form of y=mx+b and
you will use it, with your intensities (y) from the
data table above, to determine the [Na+] in the
samples. For the drink samples, you will need
to convert the [Na+] from M to mg/8 fl oz. in
order to compare with the manufacturers'
values.

slope
y-intercept

9.40E+04 M-1
7.60

Using the calibration equation (eqn of the line), calculate the concentration of sodium in the original samples.
What percent of the labeled value is the measured value?
81.4
110
74.0

mg/8 fl. oz, sports drink

mg/8 fl.oz on label
% measured vs labeled values

18.4
35
52.7

mg/8 fl. oz. for the cola drink

mg/8 fl.oz on label
% measured vs labeled values

Helpful Hints: Calculating concentrations from measured atomic emission

intensities
1. y = mx + b, where y = your measured intensity and m and b are the slope and
intercept from your plot, respectively.
2. Solve for 'x', multiply by the appropriate dilution factor from Table 5, and, for the
cola and gatorade samples, convert the answer from M to mg/8 fl oz.
3. Also for the cola and gatorade samples, find the ratio of the measured amount to
the reported amount. In other words, the measured amount is what % of the
maximum amount allowed in the sample as reported on the label?

Type the calculation for determining the concentration of Na+ in the original Gatorade sample in units of mg/8 fl.oz.
80=9.40E+04x+7.6
x=7.702E-4 x25= 0.0193x1000=19.255/0.2366=81.38 mg/fl. oz
3

81.38/110= 0.738 x 100% = 73.985 % of 110

Freshwater samples as a function of depth:

Depth (m)
Intensity
Dilution Factor
8.5
71
1
9.5
70
2
10.5
81
10
11.5
47
100

Concentration (M)
0.00067
0.00133
0.00781
0.04191

Put your plot of concentration (M) vs depth here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought
for someone else to read.

Depth vs. Concentration

Use the
online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel. Choose an XY scatter plot with a smooth line
0.04500
and data markers.
0.04000
Concentration (M)

0.03500
Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once you
0.03000
print the report.
0.02500
0.02000
0.01500
0.01000
0.00500
0.00000
8

8.5

9.5

10
Depth

10.5

11

Page 4 of 6

11.5

12

Put your plot of concentration (M) vs depth here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought
for someone else to read.

Depth vs. Concentration

Use the
online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel. Choose an XY scatter plot with a smooth line
0.04500
and data markers.
0.04000
Concentration (M)

0.03500
Title the
graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once you
0.03000
print the report.
0.02500
0.02000

0.01500
0.01000
0.00500
0.00000
8

8.5

9.5

10
Depth

10.5

11

11.5

12

At the deepest point, what is the ratio of Seawater to Freshwater? What about the most shallow point?
Seawater

Dilution Factor
400

Intensity
105

Concentration (M)
0.41447

Dilution Factor = [Na Seawater]/[Na Freshwater, deepest point or most shallow point]
deepest
19.6
most shallow
0.268

Type the calculation for determining the concentration of Na+ in the original seawater sample.
400=[Na Seawater]/ 0.0491(deepest)=400x0.0491=19.64
400=[Na Seawater]/0.00067(shallow)=400x0.00067=0.268

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Which of the three hypotheses fits the Rydberg equation? Explain your choice.

From my data it appears that nf=3 is the correct hypothesis for the Rydberg equation. I chose 3 because the value of R from the slope, and
from the intercept were almost equal for nf=3 in comparison to less close values for nf=1 and nf=2. R^2 is also closest to being 1 when nf=3,
so each part of the hypothesis is almost exactly true for nf=3.

2. Based on your data, which ni and nf values are associated with the most intense peak near 650 nm?
Based on my data, ni is equal to 2 and nf is equal to 3. The most intense peak that we recorded was at 776.74 nm, which might be the reason
why we are seeing ni as 2 when it should be 3 and nf as 3 when it should be 2. We may have incorrectly viewed a peak since the next down
peak is 656.56 nm, which is much closer to what the most intense peak was supposed to be.

3. How well does your ionization energy compare with the literature value of 1.312 x 10 6 J/mole? Calculate and discuss the % error.
((2.72E+06-1.312E+06)/(1.312E+06))x100=107.3% error
Using our ionization energy of 2.72E+06, out percent error was very high with 107.3% error. I think that this large error may be partially due to
calculation error since we had a lot of extreme rounded off numbers as the calculations went along. In addition, as I mentioned earlier I think
that the most intense peak of the ocean optics spectrometer was incorrect since it was supposed to be close to 650 nm and our largest peak
was at 776.74 nm. With a larger peak, we then got nf=3 instead of nf=2 so our calculations to find IE were based on the wrong R value. All
our calculations led to a higher IE value than should have been, which I think all goes back to reading the optic spectrometer incorrectly.

4. The flame photometer uses a natural gas flame (~ 1800 oC). What would happen to the emission intensities if an acetylene - nitrous oxide
flame (~3000 oC) was used instead?
If an acetylene-nitrous oxide flame was used, the emission intensities would be higher than we viewed. This would be the case because the
temperature of the flame would then be higher, which would cause more metal ions to be excited in the sample. More excited metal ions
means more waves of light would be emitted by the ions. Intensity is higher with more waves of light being emitted.

5. Assuming your measured Na concentrations are correct, how accurate is the labelling on the drinks? Calculate and discuss the % error.
((110-81.4)/(81.4))x100=35.14% error
((35-18.4)/(18.4))x100=90.22% error
Assuming that our measured concentrations are correct, the labels on the drinks are not super accurate. The error for the gatorade is not very large
in comparison to the error for the coke, which makes me believe that there was an error on my part that is unrelated to the beverage labels being
Pagevery
5 of different
6
incorrect. I may have incorrectly converted M to mg/8 fl. oz, or the coke may just have
from what the label said.

that the most intense peak of the ocean optics spectrometer was incorrect since it was supposed to be close to 650 nm and our largest peak
was at 776.74 nm. With a larger peak, we then got nf=3 instead of nf=2 so our calculations to find IE were based on the wrong R value. All
our calculations led to a higher IE value than should have been, which I think all goes back to reading the optic spectrometer incorrectly.

4. The flame photometer uses a natural gas flame (~ 1800 oC). What would happen to the emission intensities if an acetylene - nitrous oxide
flame (~3000 oC) was used instead?
If an acetylene-nitrous oxide flame was used, the emission intensities would be higher than we viewed. This would be the case because the
temperature of the flame would then be higher, which would cause more metal ions to be excited in the sample. More excited metal ions
means more waves of light would be emitted by the ions. Intensity is higher with more waves of light being emitted.

5. Assuming your measured Na concentrations are correct, how accurate is the labelling on the drinks? Calculate and discuss the % error.
((110-81.4)/(81.4))x100=35.14% error
((35-18.4)/(18.4))x100=90.22% error
Assuming that our measured concentrations are correct, the labels on the drinks are not super accurate. The error for the gatorade is not very large
in comparison to the error for the coke, which makes me believe that there was an error on my part that is unrelated to the beverage labels being
incorrect. I may have incorrectly converted M to mg/8 fl. oz, or the coke may just have very different from what the label said.

Laboratory Waste Evaluation (1 pt)

Laboratory waste is considered anything generated during an experiment that is disposed of down the sewer drain, thrown in the garbage, collected
in a container for disposal by the UW Environmental Health & Safety department, or released into the environment. Based on the written lab
procedure and your actions during the lab, list the identity and approximate amount (mass or volume) of waste that you generated while performing
this experiment.

1 disposable pipet tip

1 weighing paper
4 mL coke
1 mL gatorade
700 mL DI water
0.5844 g NaCl
60

Page 6 of 6