Produce

movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

1.

Skeletal

2.

Cardiac

3.

Attach to and
cover skeleton
Dominant tissue
in the walls of
the heart

Smooth

Walls of hollow
visceral organs

Longest muscle fibers

Striated
Voluntary muscle
Conscious

control

Responsible for overall body

mobility
Has the ability to contract
rapidly but must rest after
short periods of activity

Found only in the heart

Bulk of the heart walls
Striated
Involuntary

Found in stomach,
urinary bladder,
intestines, respiratory
passageways
Forces fluids & other
substances through the
internal body channel
NO striations
involuntary

Skeletal muscle with obvious

striations

Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

Excitability (Irritability) the ability to respond to a

stimulus

Contractility the ability to shorten forcibly when

adequately stimulated

Extensibility the ability to be stretched or

extended

Elasticity the ability of a muscle fiber to recoil &

resume its resting length after being stretched

Contraction= pulling joints together

Muscles always work in groups

Will

always have:

Agonists
Antagonists
synergists

The Agonist direct mover.

The Antagonist is the muscle(s) of the same

joint that relaxes when the agonist is
contracting

The Synergists are any other muscles that aid

the prime mover (bracing a joint or adding
more power when required etc).

Q - Which muscle
needs to contract
to produce this
movement?
A The bicep.
Q which muscle
acts as the
antagonist?
A triceps

Q - Which muscle
needs to contract to
produce this
movement?
A The triceps.
Q - Is this the agonist
or antagonist?
A now its the
agonist (prime
mover)

 Which

bone is staying fixed and which bone is moving?

Attachment of the muscle to the immoveable bone in a
joint is its origin
Attachment to the moveable bone is its insertion.

myology

Muscle is surrounded
by dense CT called
epimysium.

Muscle made of
bundles of muscle
fibers called
fascicles

Fascicles surrounded
by perimysium

Muscle fibers (cells)

surrounded by
endomysium.

The epi-, peri-, and

endomysium are all
continuous with one
another.

sarcolemma
like
membrane
Sarcoplasm
like
cytoplasm

Sarcolemma membrane pinches in and creates tubes that

penetrate through the cell called transverse tubules or T tubules.
Sarcoplasm has lots of mitochondria (why?)

Myofibrils are composed of myofilaments

2

kinds of myofilaments
Thick
Thin

Figure 9.4a,b

thin filament- made up of 3 different types of protein: actin,

tropomyosin, and troponin.
ACTIN bead
Tropomyosin string
myosin binding site
Troponin bound to Actin and Tropomyosin.

Figure 9.4d

REGION
A Band

MYOFILAMENTS
CONTAINED

I Band
M line
Z disc
H zone

What constitutes a sarcomere?

A Band: thick and thin. Also contains M line

I Band: thin only

M Line: runs in the middle of the A band/H zone.

Thick filaments. Looks dark due to desmin
protein. Attachment point for thick filaments

Z-disc sheet of proteins that attaches thin

filaments together

H zone: thick filaments

Sarcomere: from Z to Z

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

Made of smooth ER

Functions in the regulation/store intracellular

calcium levels

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

T tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma

They conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the

muscle

These impulses signal for the release of Ca2+ from adjacent

terminal cisternae

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a NERVE IMPULSE

to contract.

The nerve comes very close to touching the muscle

This is called the neuromuscular junction.

Helpful Vocabulary

1.
2.

3.

1. A nerve signal arrives at the synaptic end of neuron Ach

released
2. ACh will diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to
the ACh receptors on muscle cell. The binding of ACh
causes Na+ channels to open
Na+ will rush
into the
muscle cell,
making the.
Cell is now
depolarized
demo

4.

4. If enough of Na+ diffusesaction potential fires and

muscle contracts.

5.

5. Action Potential continues down sarcolema (muscle cell

membrane) to T tubules

6.

6. T-tube picks up AP signal and tells Sarcoplasmic

Reticulum to release Ca+

demo

Each group (of 4) needs the following:

2 straws
1 string of yarn (see demo strip to determine long)
6 different colors of play doh
Direction Sheet

Axon
ACH
Sarcolemma
SR
T-tubules
Myofibril
Terminal Cisternae
Action Potential
Calcium

Calcium allows the muscle fibers to contract

Once Ca+ is released from terminal

cisternae, a series of steps occur.

This process is called the sliding filament

theory

Named because Actin slides past Myosin

Sliding Filament Theory

1.

CA+ released from Terminal Cisternae of SR

binds to troponin

2.

Troponin moves the tropomyosin off of

myosin binding site on actin filament.

3.

ATP breaks down and releases energy.

Myosin head is released from standing
position and binds to actin.

4.

Myosin head pulls on actin filament: power stroke

5. ATP binds to Myosin head and provides energy

needed for Myosin head to release from actin
6. Cycle stops when CA+ is reabsorbed into SR and
tropomyosin recovers myosin binding sites on actin
Sliding Filament Theory
SFT-3
SFT-5

Practice the sliding filament theory by doing

one of the following right now:
1. Get into a group of 6 and develop a quick
skit that shows the steps of the sliding
filament theory
OR
2. Develop a frame-by-frame drawing showing
the steps of the sliding filament theory. Color
pictures