Part 1 Word Bank

! Gamete

! Meiosis

! Allele

! Gene

! Genotype

! Phenotype

! Fertilization

! Dominant

! Recessive

Part 2 What are the sources

of variation related to meiosis?
! Mutations creates new DNA code
for new traits

! Crossing Over creates unique

combinations of traits by
chromosomes swapping pieces

! Independent Assortment

homologous chromosomes randomly

divide into gametes; making each
gamete have different traits

Part 2 What sources of variation did

you observe in our mini-lab?
! Recombination of genes during meiosis
! In this lab, we simulated independent assortment

! Fertilization
! There are many sperm and many eggs, all different.
Which sperm meets with which egg is random and
creates a unique combination of traits

! Dominant/Recessive alleles
! Each parent had two different alleles (A/a)

Part 3 Genotype
!The genetic makeup of an

organism
!The specific alleles that an
organism has

!Represented by a pair of
letters why?

There are 3 categories of genotypes:

!Homozygous Dominant

! an organism with two identical dominant

alleles for the same trait
! Hint: Homo is Greek for the same

! Represented by 2 capital letters

! Homozygous Dominant individual
with unattached earlobes = EE

There are 3 categories of genotypes:

! Heterozygous

! an organism with two different alleles for the

same trait
! Hint: Hetero is Greek for different

! Represented by 1 capital and 1 lowercase

letter

! Heterozygous individual with unattached

earlobes = Ee

There are 3 categories of genotypes:

!Homozygous Recessive

! an organism with two identical recessive

alleles for the same trait
! Hint: Homo is Greek for the same

! Represented by 2 lowercase letters

! Homozygous Recessive individual
with attached earlobes = ee

Knowledge Check #1!

The allele for cleft chin is
recessive, while the allele for
absence of cleft chin is
dominant.

What is Ben Afflecks

genotype for cleft chin?

Genotype " Phenotype

Dominant Phenotype

Recessive Phenotype

! An organism expresses the

! An organism expresses the

! Both EE and Ee genotypes

! Only ee genotype will

dominant trait

will express the unattached

earlobe phenotype

recessive trait

express the attached

earlobe phenotype

Knowledge Check #2!

! In humans, albinism (lack of color

pigment) is recessive to normal skin

pigmentation.

! 1. Bills genotype is Aa. Is he albino? Describe

his genotype in words.

! 2. Lucy is homozygous dominant. What is her

genotype?

! 3. Jane is albino. What is her genotype? Her

parents are not albino. What are their
genotypes?

Punnett Squares
! If you completed the Punnett Square Preview

Challenge HW AND got approval from your

teacher, grab a Next Level PS Practice packet and
move to one of the round tables

! Work together cooperatively and quietly to

complete as many problems as you can

! If you did not complete the optional HW, remain at

your seat / move up towards the front of the room

Punnett Square Basics

Tools for
Predicting
Traits of
Offspring

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4 Ps of Punnett Squares
! 1st P = Identify the Pattern of Inheritance
! Is this trait Normal Dominance? Incomplete? Co-Dominance?
Sex-Linked? (Assume normal dominance)

! 2nd P = Know the Parents Genotypes

! Are mom and dad heterozygous (Aa), homogozygous dominant
(AA), or homozygous recessive (aa)

! 3rd P = Set up the Punnett Square

! Moms possible alleles are written across the top, Dads
possible alleles are written along the side

! 4th P = Determine the Probabilities

! Out of 4 possible outcomes, how many have the genotype or
phenotype you are thinking about

Practice Problem #1
! Two parents are both heterozygous for the trait of

ear shape. They want to know: what are the chances

that their baby will have pointy ears? (Pointy ears
are dominant to rounded ears.)

Making and Using Punnett

Squares
1. Draw a Grid with
4 squares.!

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Making and Using Punnett

Squares
Write the parent s
genotype across
the top!
Write the other
parent s genotype
along the side!
For this example, A is
the allele for pointy
ears and a is the
allele for round
ears!
!
!

A
a

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Making and Using Punnett

Squares
Write the alleles
at the top of
the column in
each square
below it.!
Write the allele at
the left of the
row in each
square across.!
!

AA

Aa

aA

aa
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Making and Using Punnett

Squares
Count the Genotypes:!

AA = 1 out of 4 (25%)!
Aa = 2 out of 4 (50%)!

AA

Aa

aA

aa

aa = 1 out of 4 (25%)!
!

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Making and Using Punnett

Squares
Turn the Genotypes in to
Phenotypes:!

AA = Pointy Ears (25%)!

Aa = Pointy Ears (50%)!

AA

Aa

So, offspring have a

75% chance of having
a
pointy ears.!

aA

aa

aa = Round ears (25%)!

!

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Practice Problem #2
! Trait: Pea Seed Shape
! Alleles: R Round

r Wrinkled

! Parents: Round seeds

RR

Rr

Rr

Rr

Rr

Wrinkled seeds
x

rr

Genotype Ratio:
100% Rr
Phenotype Ratio:
100% Round
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Practice Problem #3
! Trait: Pea Seed Shape
! Alleles: R Round

r Wrinkled

! Cross: Round seeds

x
Rr

RR

Rr

Rr

rr

Round seeds
x

Rr

Genotype Ratios:
25% RR, 50 %Rr,
25% rr
Phenotype Ratios:
75% Round,
25% wrinkled

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