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‘RESURSE <= ae sass Figura nr, 6 Diagrama departamentulud de management si marketing 2.2. SPRUINUL SOCIETATI 2.2.1. RECUNOASTEREA VALORILOR 1. Stiintfice, 2. Bxcelentd. 3, Sportive. = sprijinul valorilor sportive, a cercetatorilor ca pensionari affafi in dificultate; - integrarea socio-profesionali a sportivilor de performanté pe pin{a minei 2.2.2. MATERIAL $I FINANCIAR 1. Corcetitii gi cereetitorilor 2, Specialistilor gi sportivilor 3. Studenfilor gi competitiilor 4. Premii najionale si internafionale Lador Li. /ANUAR STUINTIPIC 2.2.3. LOGISTIC 1. Infiintarea centrelor de excelenfi tn cercetarea stiinfific’ 2. Infiinfarea si consolidarea centrelor de cercetare in performana umand 3. Pregitirea si perfectionarea profesional 4 Organizarca competitieistingifice si sportive 5. Publicisticé, editare, cursuri, manual, monografli,tratare ete. 6. Pregatirea loturilor nafionale gi universitare la Universiade si Campionate Mondiale Universitare 7, Sprijin logistic in pregitirea, pacticiparea gi realizarea de performanfe in centrele sportive universitare 8, Blaborarea de contracte, grantuti de cercetare si a tezelor de abilitare in domeniu aceastea definite ca tun sumum a rezultatelor stiintifice obfinute tn cursul carierei_profesionale. 9, infiinjarea de consort, filieri, tuteld, cooperare europeand i international 2.3. CE PROMOVEAZA SOCIETATEA 2.3.1 InteligentS, creativitate, competenta si deschidere in stint’, excelent umand gi sport universitar 2.3.2. Voluntariatul 1. Stiinta 2. Excelenfa umanit 3. Sport universitar 2.3.3. Anuaral stiintific bazat pe competific 1. Cercetare 2. Comunicare 3, Publicisticd 2.3.4. Carta alba a stiintei, excelenfei umane gi sportului universitar 2.3.5. Registrul stiintei, excelenfei umane gi sportului universitar 2.4. COLABOREAZA 2.4.1, INSTITUTIONAL Universititi, FERS, Centre de Cercetare, JOSUD 2.4.2, NATIONAL 1, MECTS ~ FSSU 2. ANC - ANS 3. INCS- ANAD 4, IMS 5.~CNCSIS 6.— ARACIS 7.-CNFIS 2.4.3. INTERNATIONAL 1. EUROPEAN 2. GLOBAL 3. Valorificare si implementare in sistem specific 3.1. STRUCTURAL ~ Implementatea cercetitilor si proiectelor de cercetare la nivel regional, national gi local. 3.2. FUNCTIONAL = Implementarea in domeniul sportului a rezultatelor cercetirii in promovarea de tehnici, produse si echipament conforme standardelor internafionale in vederea facilitirii dinamicit si evolufici in progres a performantelor stiinftice si sportive. Referinte bibliografice 1, 8 OG, nr.26/2000, Privind infiinjarea de asociafi, fundafii si federajii, cw modifiedvile si completarile ulterioare. Lador, I. (2009), Conceptul nafional de evaluare i recunoastere profesional prin competifie stingificd, ths domeniul fundamental educafie fizicd si sport, Anuavul Stiinffic, anul I, nr.1, Ed. Pim, Fast; 3. Lador, 1, (2010), Tendinte in cercetare, focalizaté pe excelentéi in domenial fundamental de stiinfe EPS, Anuar Stinfific, VoLIE, nt.1, Ed. Alma Mater, Bacdu; 4, Lador, I, (2006), Sinteze strategice in armonizarea cercettri tn EFS din Romania cu aceea din farile Uniunii Europene, Ed. Universitatii din Pitesti, 5. Lador, 1, (2008) Orientiri strategice in asigurarea calitifii managementului academic, centrat pe ‘constructia socio - economict a Romaniei, in domenial fundamental de stiinfe EFS, Revista Gymnasium, vol-X, nr. 1, Bact. 4 Vol IH Nr. 12011 ANUAR STIINTIFIC Volunul Forumului Stine National Competfional Research, communication and publishing through the Science, Human Excellence and University Sports Society Toan Jon Lador '*, Adrian Gagea’, Pierre Joseph de Hillerin®, Tatiana Dobrescu *, Nicolae Mihiilescu °, Corneliu Adrian Stroe © '23456 Syeietatea Stiintei, Excelentei Umane si Sportului Universitar, Romania > Institutul Nasional de Cercetare Sitingifica, Romania * Universitatea “Vasile Alecsandri” din Bact Romania "Universitatea din Pitesti Astraet ‘The new Science, Human Excellence and University Sports Society is a Romanian Non-Government Organization based on transparency and benevolence principle. The Society is an open platform to public and private sectors stakeholders in respect of the Society's statutes, The main targets of the Society are referring to the human excellence as fa core part of a systom on which the input is a set of scientifically research and accurate knowledge and the output represents the human performance, as top sport is showing. In this paper, the scientifically research activities, dissemination and publication under the auspicious of the Society are discussed. Keywords: research, communication, publishing, society NGOs 1. Explanation and arguments ‘The Science, Human Excellence, and University Sports Society (SHEUSS) of Romania is an academic Non-Government Organization (created through a Court Order) based on transparency and benevolence principle. SHEUSS is based on the concept referring to excellence as a concise expression of quality, top performance, of high values in general. In our opinion, the concept of human excellence comes from a transformation and evolution through exigency of the old Latin saying "mens sana in corpore sano” into “excellence in mind and body". What we want to say is that human excellence, in simple words, is an association and harmonious manifestation of mental and physical skills, of certain attitudes and aptitudes, of the human being’s talent taken as a whole. In this, the mental skills, such as intelligence and knowledge, and the physical skills, such as motor skills for sports, and physical looking, are the most obvious ones, while the spiritual, moral, and emotional traits are harder to observe, but certainly not excluded. When we are talking about intelligence, we are also having in mind at least three of its ingredients: memory, attention, and especially creativity. ‘How can we assess human excellence? The paradox is in using the science both as an instrument and as a “measure” in the assessment. What we know since Leibniz’ is that only quantity can be measured, whilst ‘quality can be assessed through conventional empirical values. The assessment is done post factum, meaning the system at which we are referring to (cause, process, and effect) also includes the capitalization, Hence, human excellence must be tied to a form of manifestation, and we chose for this the university sports, a somewhat restrictive form, true, but practical and eloquent in the fact that the academic environment perfects, most of the times, the intellectual value, and it protects, through its system of university sports, the i students from professional athletes’ competition. It seems that the athletes' ultimate goal has long stopped to be just the participation in the Olympic Games; now all it matters is the Olympic medal, for which the athletes must put on a tremendous effort, to make great sacrifices for their training, which hurts the time and occasions that could be spend otherwise. We can easily talk about top professional sports at which the student who puts his/her academic duty first can harder get into, so as a result of this, his/her athletic performance should be expressed in competitions reserved for university students, competing with people of his/her own level. This does not mean by any chance that a student cannot become an Olympic champion, } * Ean: icanlacdor@yahoo.com @ yahoo.com * Quoted by Remnant, P. and Bennet, J. rans., (1996), New Essays on Human Understanding, Cambridge University Press. Wiener LLG (part), completed in 1704, G.W. Leibniz, Nouveau essais sur entenidement hnanain. 1s Laador let al. ANUAR STUNTIFIC performing well both academically and athletically. In any case, university sports can put an emphasis on the other side of the academically and intellectually trained students, their physical excellence. The concepts of harmonious development and aesthetic constitution have evolved also, such as the concepts of appreciating female beauty. From the simplistic "90-60-90" model, a measurement of thighs, waist and chest, we can see now beauty contests in which, alongside physical qualities, there are judging criteria based on movement, speech, and even general knowledge, and thinking. In bodybuilding also we can observe a tendency in the performance assessment, evolving from the only criterion of enormous muscles, to harmony in the shapes of the body, accomplished without risk factors, such as drugs, or excess training. What we mean is that excellence is trying to become a human value through integration, not differentiation, Still, we must clarify that we do not reject difference, in the sense of extreme specialization, such as someone who focused his/her entire life on art or science, or a person who is an attacking midfielder in soccer and nothing more, would not be worthy of our consideration. Excellence can be also for a team (often interdisciplinary), or institution, its ‘components being examples of human excellence, The great scientific discoveries, or creations, are today the collective result of convergent Forces. It's easy to see that Nobel Prize is given lately to collectives, but it is somewhat sad for us to notice that for the Romanian scientific excellence, the papers with only one author score higher than the collective ones. From the same systemic perspective, science includes also ideas (hypotheses) and facts (pseudo knowledge) that are still uncertain, not proven and unsystematized (entries), preoccupations for research and systematization of knowledge according to specific laws and principles (functional block), as well as the know-how (theses), including all the improvement or creation effects (discoveries, or inventions) aimed to advance the society (published papers). Then, thanks to the extraordinary technological progress, science received through feedback a very effective instrument, becoming the so-called advanced science. In advanced science, the main instrument is still a system, this time empirical, based not only on reason, but also on intuition. Usually, this system has the specific form of predictive model, in which certain restrictions based on anterior knowledge are deliberately underestimated, in order to unleash the cteativity. We also have to emphasize the fact that, along with its interest for its applications, science also has an elevated motivation orientated towards an essential characteristic of the human spirit. That is, we believe, the scientific curiosity, the desire to understand, the joy of knowledge, that honourable "engine” of the human species that eased man's evolution from a primitive lifestyle to the modern life, From this point of view, we feel obliged to bring homage to human excellence. 2. Communication and International Relations It would be nonsensical to argue why communication is essential. We feel however it is needed to explain our effort to open as many communication channels as possible with similar societies and international bodies. International relations cultivate and cumulate prestige, in the conditions of associating, affiliating, or partnering with well-known and societies and bodies, recognized for their moral conduct and top performances. Human excellence is not only a target for us, but also a means to achieve professional excellence in our society; that is why we have among our objectives to communicate and disseminate the results of our members, or our supporters who, in their turn aim also for excellence, The bidirectional ‘osmosis of the information that is predicted through these international relations aims for knowledge benefits and reciprocal acknowledgment, prestige, gathering of intellectual forces and logistical possibilities, as well as to disseminate the ideas and results of the SHEUSS members, and of all of the specialists who identity themselves with the aims of this society. In practical terms, our strategy plans partnerships, collaborations, and affiliations withvto: European University Sport Association, Committee for the Development of University Sports of FISU, Excelentia in Education, Excellence in Sport Performance, Intemational Universities Association of Physical Culture and Sport etc., participations to specific scientific meetings, such as the World Congress of Excellence in Sport, scholarship projects for various university consortium, such as the Intemational Education, Culture and Sport Centre SU, prizes, such as the Sport Excellence Awards ete. We already have an application for a multinational grant project to the European Commission of Sport (unit four), and we are looking for international partnerships for research, or sponsorship, from public or private funds. Our strategy also plans support for disseminating various research papers that were awarded in national competitions, and inviting specialists to our Society's scientific sessions. 3. Research and Human Excellence Scientific research represents one of the supplies for the “know-how” of science. Moreover, the scientific reseatch is a perfecting instrument for the scientific applications, particularly the scientific assistance in professional sports. We are thinking of consultancy and applicative researches for sportive clubs, national or Vol Il, Nr.J, 2011 Olympic teams, but especially for university sportive clubs. About to become official is the possibility that SHEUSS will be tasked with managing the Health and Performance through Sport Research Centre of the "Carol Davila" Medicine and Pharmacy University of Bucharest. This prestigious university gained the status of Academic Excellence, which implies imperious tasks of advances research, Along its already started research projects, the MPU has in plan the convergence of some of its medical research with the research from the Physical Education and Sports Department. The common nominator is health, both for curative aspects, and prophylactic ones, and one of the common means could be the proper physical exercise, associated with other therapies. SHEUSS advances the idea of completing the curative vectors set for recovering your state of health (vectors originating in the pathology, and going into the normal habitual area), and the prophylactic vectors for increasing your health (vectors originating and going into the normal habitual area), with the formative vectors set (originating in the normal habitual area, and going into the exceptional). In practical terms, we are talking about actions aiming not only to gain or maintain health, but also to obtain exceptional biological states, like in top professional sports. The top athlete gains exceptional physiological, biochemical, psychological, etc. parameters that allow hinvher to attain extraordinary human limits, in the sense of going beyond the normal frame. A very interesting fact is that by overcoming those limitations, the athlete's body condition is pushed also into the pathological area, like some sort of vicious circle; hence, a very objective biological control of the progress rate is imposed, at the same time assessing the risk factor, as concer for the athlete's future state of health. In sports medicine, the formative preoccupations are less visible than the rehabilitation ones, and prevention is based on other standards than the public health ones. From the viewpoint of sports specialists, the predominant preoccupations are related to the athletic training methods, in general, and the state and reactiveness of the biological factor ate considered as belonging to sports medicine. Excellence in research demands an interdisciplinary vision that ‘would treat the state and reactiveness of the human body in a systemic, integrative-correlative manner, linked closely with the performed effort (set of means, their dosage, association, and succession), and with the capitalization of the specific bio-motor potential during competitions (control of emotions, technique, tactics, etc.). Our attention is not focused only on top performance sports; we are equally interested on recreational (eisure) sports and adaptive sports (for people with disabilities). In fact, recent studies have shown, somewhat surprisingly that in most BU countries, the number of persons practicing systematically the three forms of sport is relatively constant, for all three’. Thus, 8-10% of the population practices a professional, top performance sport; 8-10% practices an adaptive sport, and the great majority, approximately 80-84% practice leisure sports. We must emphasize the fact that this statistics includes only people with occupational habits, and it does not include the ones who do not practice any kind of sport. Thus, in France approximately 13% of the population does not practice any sports, while in Romania we find the opposite, about 87% of its people do not engage in any sporty activity. Leisure sport can be explained in common terms as an physical activity that is practiced systematically, taking pleasure in it, and knowing its benefits: rebuilding the occupational potential, in the sense of rehabilitating the ability to work, the metabolic balance, creative effectiveness, improving, maintaining, or boosting your health, looking, and posture, reaching a physical and psychological comfort zone, in its broadest sense, of hobby, of lifestyle (liveability). It is a well-known fact that between mental and motor intelligence there is no identified correlation; the situation is probably similar with regards to excellence. We can ask ourselves, regarding the statistics presented above, whether leisure sports would increase, through its innate virtues, the human excellence, in the sense of creativity and professional performance, health and endurance to perturbing factors, looks, and harmonious physical aptitudes. Finally, we believe that our research projects will be concentrated both on scientific assistance (for professional sports, or for improving physical therapy methods), and on attempts to scientifically prove certain hypotheses, and give answers to questions about human excellence and leisure sports. 4, Sports Science and Publishing Even if the term of sports science is still in discussion, it is certain that this term was adopted by the ‘European Commission (White Papers on Sport’), and for an effective international meeting, it is necessary that we use it also. SHEUSS aims to consult, promote, and support the editing and publishing of scientific papers of high scientific level, or can have a high social and professional impact. We want to emphasize from the start that the SHEUSS does not set itself as the only judge of the values, and it does not deny or compete with any other official deciding bodies. What our Society tries to do, is to consolidate in our country * Gogea, A, etal. Recreational Sport Culture in Romania and some European Countries, RCIS/section /41-vol.312010, ISI Thomson Index 5 White Papers on Sport in Developing the European Dimension in Sport, BC , BU Lisboa Treaty, 2011 a Lador 1 et ald ANUAR STUNPIPIC the internationally accepted academic etiteria, to eliminate randonmess, and to diminish the importance of quantity over quality. Without a doubt, getting published by a prestigious publishing house or periodicals that are indexed in international databases, offers “international visibility", and being quoted offers a prescriptive or constructive “criticism”, therefore it guarantees a certain level of quality through the exigency of the reviewers, and the number of this kind of publications expresses the amplitude of preoccupations for publishing, and indirectly, for scientific research. We also support the use of international scientific community criteria: the synthesis of current knowledge about the approached subject, and personal contribution, in the sense of novelty and progress. We allowed ourselves however, to add certain aspects that are specific to our field, such as the fact that applying the new knowledge, the verified results from reliable studies, has priority over publishing. Prom this point of view, we must take into account the urgent needs, the specific and local problems that need scientific solutions. All over the world, the scientific research has an economical or social demand; honestly speaking, it is all about profit, including the less visible one, such as the livability. So, there is an extra criterion in the assessment, the one related to the importance, currency, and dimension of the problem, The researcher is called not only to solve the problem and to identify reasonable solutions, but also to look for adequate ways to deal with that, in the sense of finding the right concepts and argumentation procedures for the hypothetic solutions. We find just as important the research ‘management and the necessary logistics for the intention of confirming or not the hypotheses. It is a well known fact that confirmed hypotheses do not make a thesis out of a solution. Only practical validation (on statistical population) of the confirmed hypothesis (on a representative group) can make that hypothesis a real thesis, an idea that determined us to add another criteria for assessing the researcher's performance, which is his/her visionary and intuitive ability. We emphasize that this does not interfere with the obligation of following the way in which the research results are applied, which depends on the beneficiary, the issuer, or the “contracting authority” (in EU terms). The author of the research should know, or should have a better intuition than the one who evaluates the research, where and when the results should be applied. ‘The SHEUSS offers guarantees of neutrality and objectivity to the people who want to challenge their research. One of the procedures will be based on competition, in which the hierarchy of values will be established by a board of experts, board that is set to be competent in the matter at hand, The problem of assessment remains open; firstly, itis about selecting for recommendation and supporting for publication the ‘most valuable papers accepted by the competition. Secondly, alongside the internationally accepted criteria, the synthesis of the current specialized literature (assessing the current level of knowledge), and the personal contributions, in the sense of novelty and progress, there are added also specific criteria, as mentioned above. We admit to be in a dilemma that can be synthesized in two questions ~ Who is qualified to decide what other criteria must be added for the assessment of scientific research papers? - Who can guarantee for the competence and fair play of the assessment board? We hope to overcome this difficulty through our sincere intention to help promote the scientific papers of real value, We also fight for diminishing the importance of the number of published works over their quality, and for cteating academic promotion criteria that are based on real competence, and loyalty. 5. Scientific Research and Top Athletic Performance The current level of top athletic performances imposes, alongside team work, also the managerial contributions” of the beneficiary, and own or contracted scientific contributions. Scientific research is called to create the "green pill"; joke aside, itis called upon to identify solutions when the training process, or the athlete, does not perform according to expectations. Scientific cesearch is rarely involved in finding avant- garde ways for an athlete or a team to maintain their supremacy in a certain sport. For each sport, we can identify different factors of influence, with elements that can constitute many various themes for a scientific research. The most studied factors are related to the set of means (establishment, dosage, association, and succession of means) in different circumstances, to the biologic factor (motor function, neuro-endocrine~ metabolic function, psychological, etc.), to the capitalization of athletic training during competitions (technique, tactics, and strategy), etc. The avant-garde research in top professional sports can also refer to various themes, from stem cells, endorphins, eutrophic models, to social impact, equipment, accessories, ete. is interesting the more and more accentuated tendency to use predictive models in order to know through computer simulation the future behaviour of an athlete, for example, with pseudo-real biological characteristics put in extreme conditions. The experimental methods are losing ground because of the risk restrictions in applying certain dependent variables in pupils, top athletes, special needs people, etc, and LadorL, Bazele Teoretice ale Managementului in Spon, Bd, Universiti Pitesti, 2000 18 Vol Hf, Nr.1, 2011 because of sportive health insurance demands, written agreements, and others. The SHEUSS ties to be an interface for scientific research and top athletic performance, starting from identifying the problems of top performance sports, especially university sports, on one hand, and on the other hand, assessing the rescarch potential, consulting and orientating research themes towards solving these problems, solutions that would satisfy the urgent current needs. We believe that the research themes of Physical Education and Sports doctoral studies should serve (in this order): advanced science, the field of study, the institution, the scientific advisor of the thesis, and only lastly, the interests of the PhD late. We have to clarify the fact that practical applications have another proferential order; first, there should be sports, education, health, in their current forms, of bio-socio-cultural integration, whereas the preferences of the candidate, o of the researcher in our field, who in one way or another gets to choose his/her own research theme, will be taken into consideration only as proofs of experience, abilities, and vocation. This Society intends to make an inventory of the causes for various failures, or involutions in the performances, recorded in national teams, clubs, or by individual athletes, in order to manage the research and logisties human resourees. We will use PERT, or algorithmic methods, which means research for organizing and improving the interface process itself. 6. Management and Marketing in Science and Sport The financial and organizational problems felt in the scientific research and in sports, have multiple causes, of which only a part are managerial in nature. An effective management can handle 2 squander, but bringing a good profit depends only on the investments. The SHEUSS aims to create a management and ‘marketing plan focused on both the sports science problems, and on the top athletic performance problems. There is enough reason for us to believe that some involutions recorded during prestigious athletic competitions originate in a deficient management and communication, ot a bad understanding from the past of certain deciding boards. Our Society, not being subordinated or financially dependent of these deciding boards, can effectively argue the importance of athletic prestige, of the ambassador role the great champions have, and to demand, in the name of the members it represents, for someone to take responsibility, oF to «diminish the losses. For example, a top athlete who cannot defend his/her titles in front of his/her opponents by not being present in a competition, most of the times because of bureaucratic reasons, or because the funds were mismanaged, represents a loss for the Romanian athletic prestige. From our theoretical point of view, the above example represents a failure in the management, and the SHEUSS has among its objectives the prevention of such situations. In essence, what we mean is that sports management for top performance, as well as the management of excellent scientific projects, should put prestige in front of economic details. Regarding the management of communication and relations, SHEUSS expresses its conviction that top performance sports have certain particularities that are different from other professions, such as diplomacy in verbally communicating with the athletes (the psychogenic effect), protecting the athletes from that part of the media that sensationalizes everything and offends, realistic planning and structuring the objectives for a top performance, with predictable peaks, etc. The management and marketing department of our Society has already an action plan, obviously focused on science, human excellence, and university sports, but it also targets the world of publishing, the lobby, and promotion on the national and international stages. 7. Offers, Support, Promotion, and Collaboration through the SHEUSS ‘The main two things SHEUSS has to offer are communication, and transparent cooperation. Our Society is open to everyone of good faith who wishes to and can do something for the recognition of human excellence, science, and sports values. Its founders firmly believe that progress, in all of the above fields, will be based more and more on private and non-governmental actions. Moreover, the BU openly encourages, private and social initiative. ‘Any journey begins with a first step; we took this step, and now we are waiting to coagulate the necessary forces for various ambitious projects that are now just wishes. We will not attain these goals by ourselves, but through us, and our Society, it will be possible for others to get a part of the material and financial support needed for the researchers in this field, scientific competitions, university sports, awards and training camps for student athletes, etc. Also, we will try to collaborate with, and attract several personalities from the scientific field, management, great athletes, sponsors, in short, excellent people. We do not "make" human excellence, it exists anyway, but sometimes it has a latent form, even around us; this we aim to promote for the good of everyone. We also hope to create a "white book" of the Romanian university sports, maybe also a national registry of human excellence, based on the harmony between mental and physical top performance, Through its international partnerships, affiliations, and collaborations, our Society wants to be a window open to excellence, as it is seen in developed countries, and an exponent for 19 Lador I et al/ANUAR STUNTIFIC Romanian excellence. References 1. Gagea, A., 22011), Tratat de cercerare stiinfficd in educayie fzicé si sport, Bditura Discobolul, pp. 19-90; 2.Gagea, A., (1999), Metodologia cercettrii sriinjifice tn EFS, Bdituca Fundagiei Rominia de maine, Bucuresti, pp. 23-27; 3.Gagea, A, et al. (2010) Recreational Sport Culture in Romania and some European Countries, RCIS/section!/4 -vol.31, ISI Thomson Index; 4,Lador, I,L, Voicu A., (1996), Elemente de management si legistatie tn sport, Editura Inter tonic, Cluj Napoca; 5. Lador 1, (2000), Bazele Teoretice ale Managementului in Sport, Ed. Univessitafi Pitesti 6.Remnant, P., Bennett, J, trans., (1996), New Essays on Human Understanding. Cambridge Univer Press. Wiener IfL6 (part), completed in 1704, G.W. Leibniz, Nowveau essais sur Ventendement humain; 7, *** (2011), White Papers on Sport, Developing the European Dimension in Sport, EC, EU Lisboa Treaty. Cercetare, comunicare gi publicistici prin Societatea Stiintei, Excelenfei Umane si Sportului Universitar Lador Ioan Ion ', Gagea Adrian”, Pierre Joseph de Hillerin*, Dobrescu Tatiana‘, Mihailescu Nicolae®, Stroe Corneliu Adrian ® * Societatea $tiinfei, Excelenfei Umane si Sportului Universitar, Bucuresti, Romania * Institutul Najional de Cercetare Stiinyificd * Universitatea “Vasile Alecsandri” din Baciu, Romania Rezumat Societatea Stintei, Excelenfei Umane si Sportului Universitar (SSEUSU) din Rominia este o societate academics de tip ONG (infiinjatt prin Hotardre udecdtoreasca), bazata pe transparent si pe principivl partiiparii benevole, The Society isan open platform to public and private sectors stakeholders in respect of the Society's statutes. The main targets of the Society are referring to the finan excellence as a core part of a system on which the input is a sot of scientifically research and accurate knowledge and the output represents the human performance, as top sport is showing. In this paper, the scientifically research activities, dissemination and publication under the auspicious of the Society are discussed. Cuvinte cheie: cercetare, comunicare, publicised, societate ONG 1. Explicitare si argumente Societatea Stiingei, Excelenjei Umane si Sportului Universitar (SSEUSU) din Roménia este 0 societate academic’ de tip ONG (infiinjat’ prin Hotttare Judecttoreasc8), bazat pe transparenfa si pe principiul participdrié benevole. SSEUSU are la baz conceptul sistemic referitor la excelenf’, ca expresie concisa a calitafii, a performanfei, iar tn general, a unor valori. In opinia noastr’, conceptul de excelenfa umané provine din transformarea si evolufia prin exigent a vechiului aforism latin "mens sana in corpore sano” in cel de "excelenfd tn minte $i corp”. Veem s& spunem ca excelenia umand, in cuvinte simple, inscamn’ 0 asociete si manifestare armonioas& a unor fnsusiti mentale gi fizice, a unor atitudini si aptitudini, a talentului reconsiderat la nivel de ansamblu pentru Mntreaga fiinfé umand, in acest ansamblu, formele de manifestare ‘mentale, precum inteligenfa si eruditia ocupationalg, i formele corporale, precum calitifile motrice din sport si aspectul fizic, sunt cele mai evidente, iar formele sale spirituale, morale si emofionale sant mai greu de decelat, dar, oricum, nu excluse, La fel, atunci cand vorbim de inteligenfZ, noi avem in vedere cel putin trei ingrediente; memoria, atenfia si, mai ales, de creativitatea. Cum poate fi evaluat excelenfa umana? Paradoxul const® in utilizarea stiinfei atdt ca instrument, cat $i ca "mésurd” in evaluare. Cea ce se stic, de la Leibniz" incoace, este faptul cit numai cantitatea poate fi misuraté, iar calitatea poate fi evaluat prin valori empirice conventionale. Oricum evaluarea este post * Citar de Remnant, Peter, and Bennet, Jonathan, trans., 1996. New Essays on Human Understanding. Cambridge University Press. Wiener IIL.6 (part), completed in 1704, G.W. Leibniz, Nouveau essais sur I” entenidement humnain, 20 Vol Hl, Nr.J, 201 Jfactum, ceea ce Tnseamn’ c& sistemul Ia care ne referim (cauzt, proces si efect) include gi valorificarea, Prin uurmare, excelenfa umand trebuie legat de o forma de manifestare, iar noi am ales sportul universitar; © adevitrat, 0 forma oarecum restrictiva, dar practic’ gi elocventé prin faptul c& mediul academic desivarseste, cel mai adesea, valoarea intelectual si tot mediul academic, prin sistermul siu de sport universitar, protejeaz’ studenfii de concurenta profesionistilor din sport. Se pare ci felul suprem al sportivilor a incetat de mult ‘mai fie participarea ia Jocurile Olimpice; acum conteazi medalia olimpici, pentru care sportivii trebuie si depund un efort colosal, si aloce sau st sacrifice durate imense pentru antrenamente, ceea ce impieteaz supra gestiunii armonioase a timpului necesar pentru a fi destinat 5i altor preocupari. Se poate discuta lejer despre un sport de performanti profesionist, mascat sau nu, la care studentul care-gi face, in primul rand, datoria academica poate accede mai greu, prin urmare, performanta sa sportiva se cuvine sf se exprime ‘comparativ cu alfi studenfi in cadrul competifilor sportive tezervate tniversitarilor. Aceasta nu fuseamnd ci, de exemplu, un student nu poate deveni campion olimpic Picnd in acelagi timp performanta academicd sau coupafionali, dup cum reciproca este, gi ea, valabila. Oricum, in mod protector, sportul universitar poate evidentia la studentii merituosi si excelent pregatifi intelectual, cealalté parte a excelenfei umane, cea conporali. Conceptele de dezvoltare armonioasd gi cel de constitufie esteticd au evoluat gi ele, cum ar fi, de exemplu, cele din aprecierea frumusefii feminine. De Ia modelul simplist "90-60-90", sugerdind 0 proporfie otientativii a perimettelor de la coapse, talie gi bust, s-a ajuns la concursuri de framusefe feminina, la care, pe ling’ aluc’, sau adugat crterii de gestic’, de dicfie si chiar de cunostinte generale gi mod de gandire. De asemenea la culturism, unde, de la simplul criteriu al muschilor enormi $i reliefati se observa o tendinfa de evaluare prin criterii complexe, de armonie in modelare corporal, de integrare ocupationald, far factori de rise, precum ar fi anabolizantele sau excesele in antrenamente. Vrem si spunem c& excelenja incearci si devina o valoare umanii prin integrare, nu prin diferenfiere. Suntem datori s& precizim, totugi, ct mu halim diferenja excesiva, tn sensul cf, de exemplu, cineva care a rfzbit in arti sau stint, focalizindu-si tntreaga energie printi-un ecart ingust, dac excelent de intens si profund, sau c& altcineva daca este un excelent atacant in fotbal gi atfita tot, n-ar merit& intreaga noastra considerafie. Excelenga se poate adresa si unei colectivitasi, jn intelesul de echipa (adesea interdisciplinara) sau institujie, de componenfi de excelent umand. Marile descoperiti sau creafii stiinfifice sunt astizi rodul colectiv, al unor forfe convergente. Este ugor de remarcat 4 premiul Nobel este atribuit, in ultima vreme, unor colective, dar este oarecum trist pentru noi s’ observim ca, inci, in excelenta stintificd din Roménia, Iucrarile de unic autor sunt punctate mai bine decat cele colective. Din aceiagi perspectiva sistemicd, stiinfa include principalele idei (ipoteze) si fapte (pseudo-cunost ‘ned incerte, nevalidate si nesistematizate (intrérile), preocupari de cercetare si sistematizare a cunogtintelor dupa principii si legi props specifice (blocul functional); precum si fondul de “know-how” (tezele), inclusiv totalitatea efectelor de ameliorare sau creafie (descoperire $i inventiile) cu scop de progres (iesirile). Apoi, datorité progresului tehnologic extraordinar, stiinfa a dobandit prin feed-back un instrument deosebit de eficient, devenind, asa numita, stiinjd avansard. fn stiinta avansaté instrumentul principal este tot un sistem, de aceast® dati empiric, bazat nu numai pe rational, ci si pe intuitiv. De regula, acest sistem are forma specifica de model predictiv, tn care anumite restrict bazate pe cunostinfele anterioare sunt subestimate deliberat, tocmai pentru a descituga creativitatea. Ar mai fi de subliniat faptul cd, pe langi interesul pentru aplicatiile sale, stiinta mai are o motivatie elevata, orientata spre 0 caracteristic’ esengialli a spiritului uman, Este vorba, eredem noi, despre curiozitatea stiinfficd, despre dorinta de a infelege, despre bucuria cunoasterii, despre acel “motor” onorabil al speciei umane cate a facilitat evolutia omului de la forma primitiva de viefuire la forma modem de conviefuire. Din acest punct de vedere se cuvine sit aducern un omagiu excelenfei umane. nfe) 2. Comunicare si relafi Ar fi ji ‘argumentiim de ce comunicarea este esentialé. In schimb, suntem datori sé explicim stridania noastré de a deschide cit mai multe canale de comunicare cu societiti similare gi organisme intemafionale. Relafiile internationale cultiva si cumuleaza prestigiul, in condiiile asocierii, afilierii sau Parteneriatelor cu societifi si organisme cunoscute si recunoscute pentru prestafii morale si performante, Excelen{a umang nu este nummai o finta pentru noi, ci este gi un mijloc de a ajunge la excelenfa profesionala a Societifii noastre; iat de ce, printre obiectivele noastre se afl comunicarea gi diseminarea acelor rezultate ale membrilor nostri sau ale sprijinitorilor nostri care fintesc, la randul lor, excelenfa. Osmoza bidirectional 2 informatiilor ce se preconizeazi prin aceste relajii intemafionale are in vedere beneficii de cunoastere si recunoastere reciproca, (direct spus) de prestigiu,, de cumulare de forfe intelectuale si posibilitati logistice, precum si de diseminare a ideilor si rezultatelor membrilor SSEUSU, de fapt a tuturor specialistilor din domeniu care recunosc menirea acestei societiji. Practic, in planul nostra strategic figureazé parteneriate, ternationale 21 Lador I et a’ ANUAR STUINTIPIC colaboriri si afilieri cu: European University Sport Association, Committee for the Development of University Sports of FISU, Excelentia in Education, Excellence in Sport Performance, International Universities Association of Physical Culture and Sport ete., participtiri la manifestiti stiintfice specifice, cum at fi World Congres of Excellence in Sport, proiecte de burse la diferite consorfii universitare, precum International Education, Culture and Sport Center SU, premii, ca de exemplu, Sport Excellence Awards etc. ‘Ayem deja 0 aplieatie de proiect multinational de grant cu European Commission of Sport (anit four) s1 suntem fn ciutarea unor parteneriate de cercetare internationale si de sponsotizare din fonduri publice sau private. In planul nostru strategic mai figureazX sprijin pentru diseminarea unor lueriri de cercetare premiate prin competifii nafionale si invitarea mor specialist la seminacille stiinfifice ale Societifii noastre. 3. Cercetare si excelent uman Cercetarea stiinfificd este una din sursele fondului de “know-how” ale stiinfei. Totodati, cercetare stlintficd este si un instrument de perfectionare a aplicafiilor stiintifice, in mod particular, de asistent& stiinfifica tn sportul de performanfai, Avem in vedere demersuri de consiliere gi cercetii aplicative la cluburi sportive, loturile nationale sau olimpice, dar in mod special la cluburile sportive universitare. fn curs de oficializare se afl posibilitatea ca SSEUSU sa fie insdrcinata cu gestiunea managerial a Centrului de Cercetdri pentru Saneitate si Performantat prin Sport al Universitajii de Medicina si Farmacie "Carol Davila” din Bucuresti. Accast& prestigioasi universitate are statut de Excelent Academic, ceea ce implicit sarcini imperioase de cercetare ce avangardi. Pe langi temele de cercetare de avangardii deja angajate, UMF are planul siu convergenfa unor preocupati de cercetare medicala de fa laboratoarele facultétilor cu preocuparile de cervetare din sport de Ia Catedra de Educatie Fizic’ si Sport. Numitoral comun este sanitatea, atft ca aspect curativ, cft $i profilactic, iar unul dintre mijloacele comune poate fi exercitiul fizic adecvat si asociat cu alte demersuti sau terapii. SSEUSU avanseaza ideea completirii setului de vectori curativi de revenire la starea de siindtate (vectori cu otiginea tn zona patologic’ si adresa fn zona normalului habitual) gi a setul de vectori profilactici de potenfare a sinitifii, (vectori cu originea si adresa in zona normalului habitual) cu setul de vectori formativi (cu originea in zona normalului habitual gi adresa in normalul de excepfie). Pract este vorba de demersuri care fintesc nu numai atingerea sau conservarea stnititii, ci si obfinerea unor sti biologice de excepfie, aya cum se Mntampl& fn sportul de performangs. Sportivul de performanti dobiindeste Parametri fiziologici, biochimici, psihici etc. de excepfic, care-i permit atingerea unot limite umane extraordinare, in sensul depisirii cadrului normal (séricio sensu, paranormal). Interesant este faptul c& depisirea acestor limite impinge starea organismului sportivului tot in zona patologicului, ca un fel de cere vicios; prin urmare se impune un control biologie cat mai obiectiv al ratei de progres, concomitent cu evaluarea factorului de risc, ca form special a grijii pentru stndtatea ulterioari a sportivului. in Medicina Sportiva preocuparile formative sunt mai pufin vizibile decat cele de recuperare sau refacere, iar preventia se bbazeazi pe alte standarde decat cole de sinatate public’. Din punctul de vedere al specialistilor din sport, preocupirile predominante se refer& la mijloacele de antrenament, in general, de cele de pregttire sportivs, iar starea i reactivitatea factoral biologic sunt considerate ca apanaje al medicinii sportive. Pentru excelenta in cercetare se cere o viziune interdisciplinara, in care starea gi reactivitatea organismului uman ar uma si fie tratate sistemic, integro-corclativ, in strénsi legitura cu efortul prestat (setul de mijloace, dozarea iterarea, asocierea si succesiunea acestora) si cu valorificarea potenfialului biomotric specific in competifit (controlul emofiilor, tehnica, tactica etc.), Dar nu numai sportul de performanta focalizeaz& atentia noastra; suntem Ia fel de interesaji de sportul recreativ si de sportul adaptativ (pentru persoane cu dezabilititi). De fapt, studi recente relevl faptul, oarecum surprinzator, cA, in majoritatea férilor din UE, proportiile celor care practicd sistematic cele trei forme de sport sunt relatiy constante, Astfel, 8-10%, practic& sport de perforant’, 8- 10% practic& sport adaptativ, iar marea majoritate cca 80-84% practica sport reereativ (leisure). Trebuie si subliniem c& in aceast& statistic este vorba numai de persoane cu preocupiri ocupafionale, iar proportia nu include pe cei care nu fae nici un fel de sport. Astfel, in Franta cca 13% nu fac nici un fel de sport, pe clind in Roménia, este invers, cca 87% nu fac nici un fel de sport. Sportul recreativ poate fi sintetizat, sub forma de operatori teoretici sau expresii de lexic comun, ca 0 activitate sportiva practicata sistematic, cu plicere si cu constienta beneficiilor: de refacere a potentialului ocupational, in sensul refacerii capacitiii de munca, a echilibrulai metabolic, eficienfei creative, aptitudinale etc., de ameliorare, menfinere sau potenfare a sinatigii, aspectului, infitisarii si gesticii (ooking), de atingere a unui confort psihic gi fizic, a plicerii, in sensul siu cel mai larg, de hobby sau stil de viaf4 (liveability). Este cunoscut faptal ci intre inteligenta, ‘mentali si cea motric& nu s-a identificat nici un fel de corelafie, probabil c& situatia este similar’ iin ceea ce # Gagea, A, gi col. Recreational Sport Culture in Romania and some European Countries, RCIS/section1/41- yol:312010, [81 Thomson Index Vol MI, Nr.1, 2011 priveste excelenfa. Ne punem intrebarea, in legtur& cu statistica de mai sus, daca nu cumwva sportul reereativ ar potenta, prin insagi virtufile sale, excelenfa umanii, in sensul de caracteristici amalgamate de creativitate $i performan(a profesional’, de stndtate si rezistenta la factori perturbatori, de aspect (looking) si aptitudin fizice armonioase. In fine, credem c& preocupirile noastre de cercetare se vor concentra atiit pe asistenta stiintfied, (in sportul de performantt sau in optimizarea mijloacelor de kinetoterapie) cat gi pe incercari de argumentare stiinfifiea a unor ipoteze, a unor intrebairi si rAspunsuri, legate de excelenja umand si sportul reereativ, 4, Stiinta sportului si publicist Chiar dacd termenul de stiinfa a sportului mai este incd discutabil, cert este faptul ci in Comisia European (White Papers on Sport"), acesta a fost adoptat iar pentru un polilog international eficient este necesar si-| utilizim si noi. SSEUSU Tsi propune si consitieze, promoveze si sprijine publicarea si editarea acelor Iucrari stiinfifice care au un nivel stiinfific sau de impact social si profesional ridicat, Vrem si subliniem, inca de la inceput, cd SSEUSU nu se erijeazi in unie decident al valorii si nici nu contesta sau concureaza alte foruri decidente oficializate deja, Ceea ce incearci Societatea noastra este idea de a consolida criteriile academice postulate international, de a elimina arbitrajul si de a diminua importanja itatii fn fafa calitafii, Fri Indoiala cA publicarea tn edituri gi periodice prestigioase gi indexate ofera vizibilitate internayionala”, iar citéxile oferd “critica” prescriptiva sau constructiva, prin urmare garanteazi un anumit nivel calitativ ‘prin exigenta referentilor, iar numérul de publicatii de acest tip exprima amplitudinea preocuparilor publicistice si, indirect, a celor de cercetare stiintific’. in fond, si noi sustinem utilizarea criteriilor comunititii stiingifice internafionale: gradul de sintezd a cunostingelor actuale despre subiectul abordat si contributia personald, in sensul de nowlate si progres. Ne permitem, totusi, 88 adugém aspecte specifice domeniului nostru, cum ar fi faptul c& aplicarea cunostintelor noi, a rezultatelor veridice din cercetarile serioase, are prioritate fafa de publicare. Din acest punct de vedere se cuvine sa finem cont de necesititile stringente, de problemele specifice gi locale pentru care se cer solutit stingifice. Cercetirile stiinfifice, peste tot in lume, au o comanda economica sau social’; sincer spus, este vorba de profit, inclusiv al celui mai pufin vizibil, precum profitul de livability” (standard de viata). Aga dar, apare un criteriu adiacent al evaluiiii, cel de importantd, actualitate si dimensiume @ problemei. Cercetétorul este chemat nu numai s& rezolve problema si si identifice solufii rezonabile, dar gi s& caute modalitafi adecvate, in sensal conceptelor potrivite gi a procedeelor de argumentare a solufiilor provizorii (ipotetice). La fel de important este managementul cercetarié si logistica necesard intengiei de confirmare sau infirmare a ipotezelor. Se stie cd ipotezele confirmate nu ridici solufia la rang de tezit. Numai validarea in practicé (pe populatia statistic’) a ipotezei confirmate (doar pe un esantion reprezentativ) poate face ca o ipotezi sé-si piarda prefixul (bipo) si sd devind tez’, idee care ne determina pe noi s& adlugim la criteriile de evaluare a prestajiei cercetatorului $i capacitatea sa vizionard si intuitivd. Subliniem c& aceasti not nu interfereazt cu obligafia urméirii modului de aplicare a reaultatelor cercetiii, care de jure et de facto depinde de beneficiar, de emitent sau de “qutoritatea contractanta” (in termeni agreafi in EU). Autorul cercetiii ar trebui s& stie sau si intuiasca, mai bine deeat evaluatorul cercetirii, unde si cénd s se aplice rezultatele SSEUSU incearca si ofere garanfii de neutralitate gi obiectivare acelora care dorese s&-si expund critic ¢1 competitiv rezultatele cercetarilor proprii. Unul dintre procedee va fi, ia continuare, cel comperifional, in care ierarhia valorict va fi stabiliti de 0 comisie de experti, comisie care primeste aprioric girul de competenfi. Problema evaluat ramane deschisa; in primul cand este vorba de a selecta pentru recomandare si sprijn in publicare a celor mai valoroase lucréri dintte cele cate accept competi hal dole rind, pe Tanga criterile international acceptate, cel de sintezi a literaturii de specialitate (de apreciere a nivelului gnoseologic actual) gi cel de contributii personale, in sensul de noutate si progres, se mai adaugi criterii conventionale precum cele specifice, menfionate mai sus, Recunoagtem ca am ajuns la un impas, sintetizat prin dowd tntrebiiri ~ Cine este abilitat i decida ce alte criterii trebuie adaugate la evaluarea competifionala a lucririlor de cercetare stiinfifica? = Cine gireaza competenta gi fair-play-ul comisiei de evaluare? Sperm si trecem de aceasti dificultate, bazindu-ne pe intenjia noastr’é nestrimutati de a ajuta promovarea acelor lucrivi stiinfifice, care sunt cu adevarat valoroase. Mai militim pentru diminuarea importanfei numrului de lucrari publicate i beneficul calititit lor si pentru Intocmirea unei grile de promovare academic sau profesionala bazate pe competenti reala gi loialitate " White Papers on Sport in Developing the European Dimension in Sport, EC , EU Lisboa Treaty, 2011 2B Lador bet al ANUAR STUINPIPIC 5. Cereetare § ified si performangi sportiva Nivelul actual al performan{elor sportive impune, pe King’ prestafiile “team-work”, si contributiile manageriale" ale beneficiarului si contributiile cercetiicilor stiintifice proprii sau contractate. Cereetarea stiinfificd este chemati s& fabrice "pilula verde”, de fapt, elimingind gluma, este chemati si identifice solutit atunci_céind procesu] de antrenament sau sportivel nu evolueaz’ conform asteptirilor, Rareori cercetarea stiinfificd este implicata in gisitea unor modalitéfi avangardiste de menfinere a unei supcemafii inte-un anumit sport, in fiecare ramurd sportiva se pot identifica grafuri conexe de factori, a ciror elemente pot constitui tot atitea teme de cercetare stinfific. Factorii cei mai studiafi se refer la adecvarea seturilor de mijloace, (dozarea, iterarea, asocierea gi succesiunea mijloacelor) in diverse circumstante, la factorul biologic Cfunctia motric’, neuro-endocrino-metabolic, psihics etc.), la valorificarea pregatirii sportive in competitii (tehnicg, tactic’, strategie) ete, Cercetarea de avangarda din sportul de performanta poate si se refere gi ea la © multitudine de teme, de la celule stem, endorfine, modele eutrofice i pani la impactul social, echipamente, accesorii etc. Interesanta este tendinta, din ce in ce mai accentuata, de a se folosi metode predictive de cunoastere prin simularea computerizat’ a comportamentului virtual, de exemplu al unui atlet fictiv, avéind caracteristici biologice pseudo-reale, rulate in condifii de limits. Metodele experimentale pierd teren prin restricfile de rise 7a aplicarea unor vatiabile dependente la elevi, sportivi de performanti, persoane cu nevoi speciale etc, si prin cerinfele de asigurliti sportive de sfinatate, acorduri sctise $i altele. S§EUSU incearci s& fie 0 interfai a cercetitit stiinfifice si performanfei sportive, plecdnd de la identificarea problemelor sportului de performanta, in special al celui universitar, pe de 0 parte si de la evaluarea potenfialului de cercetare, consilierea si orientarea temelor de cercetare spre solutionarea acestor probleme, solufii care si satisfacd necesitifile stringente si actuale, pe de alta parte, Considerim ci temele de cercetare ale studiilor de doctorat din Educatic Fizic& si Sport gi alte domenii conexe ar trebui sé serveasc (in urmiitoarea ordine): stiinfa avansati, domeniul, institufia, conductitorul de studii doctorale, iar abia in ultimul rnd interesele doctorandului, Suntem datoti si preciziim c& aplicafiile practice au o alt ordine preferenfiali; pe primele locuri ar trebui s& fie sportul, educatia, sanatatea, in formele lor actuale si de integrare bio-socio-culturala, iar preferingele doctorandului sau ale cercet&torului din domeniul nostru care, ntr-un fel sau altul, are privilegiul si-si aleagi singur tema de cercetare vor fi Iuate tn calcul doar ca argumente de experienti, abilitéti si vocafie. Societatea noastré intenfioneaza si inventatieze cauzele unor esecuri sau involufii in performanti seminalate la nivel de lot national, cluburi sau chiar sportivi in scopul gestionaiii resurselor umane de cercetare gi de logistica. Se vor folosi metode PERT sau algoritmice, ceea ce ‘nseamné, de fapt, cercetare de organizare si optimizare a insisi procesului de interfatare. 6. Management si marketing in stiinga si sport Problemele financiare si de organizare resimfite gi la nivelol cercetarii stiintifice gi la cel sportiv au multiple cauze, dintre care doar o parte sunt de natur& managerial. Un management eficient poate gestiona eventuala risipé, dar nu poate aduce profit decat pe misura investiiilor. SSEUSU fgi propune elaborarea unui plan de management si marketing focalizat att pe problemele stiinfei sportului cit si pe problemele performantei sportive, Exista suficient temei faptic si se considere cf unele involufii sermnalate la nivelul competifiilor sportive de prestigiu au sorgintea in deficiente de management gi de comunicare sau infelegere din partea unor foruri decidente. Societatea noastra nefiind subordonata sau dependenta financiar de aceste foruri decidente poate fi in miisur’ si argumenteze importan{a prestigiului sportiv, a serviciului de ambasadori pe care-I fac marii campioni si si solicite, in numele celor pe care le reprezinté, asumarea rispunderii sau diminuarea pierderilor. De exemplu, un sportiv de performanfi care nu poate si-si apere titlurile sau performantele in fafa adversarilor prin neprezentare in competitie, de cele mai multe ori din motive de birocrafie sau de gestiune deficitari a fondurilor, reprezint& o pierdere pentru prestigiul romnese. Din punctul nostru de vedere teoretic faptul din exemplul de mai sus este un egec managerial, iar practic SSEUSU are printre obiective $i evitarea unor astfel de situatii, In esenfa, vrem s& spunem ci managementul sportului de performanti, precum gi cel al demersurilor stiinfitice de excelent, are in vedere prioritatea prestigiul fn fata economicului. fn privinfa managementului comunicarii si a relafitlor interumane, SSEUSU i exprima convingetea c& sportul de performant’ are particularititi deosebite de alte preocupari sau profesii, particularititi cum ar fi, de pild&, diplomafia comunicirii verbale eu sportivii (efectul psihogen), protectin fafi de acea parte a mass media care alearga dup senzafional si care jigneste, planificarea si egalonarea realisti a obiectivelor de performanté, cu varfuri de forma predictibile etc. Managementul gi mnarketingul Societéfii noastre are deja un plan de acfiuni, evident cu focalizare pe stiingl, pe excelenti ™ Lador I, Bazele Teoretice ale Managementului fn Sport, Ed, Universiti Pitesti, 2000 24 ui Vol ltl, Nr.1, 2081 tumana gi sport universitar, dar finteste gi publicistica, lobby-ul gi vizibilitatea (promotion) in fafa forurilor nationale gi internafionale, 7 Oferte, sprijin, promovare gi colaborare prin SSEUSU Prineipala oferta a SSEUSU este cea de comunicare si cooperare transparent. Societatea noastr’ este deschisd tuturor celor de buna credin{& care doresc si pot si fact ceva pentru recunonsterea valorilor de excelenfa umanz, sting si sport. Fondatori ei au convingerea c& progresului din toate dome mai sus se va. ba in ce fn ce mai mult, pe acfiuni private si nongavemamentale. De altfel UE ‘incurajeazi fats initiativa privata si sociala. Orice drum incepe cu primul pas; noi am facut acest pas gi asteptim ca din mers si coagulim forjele necesare pentru obiective ambitioase, care acum sunt doar deziderate. Nu noi singuri vor fnfiptui acest objective, ci cu noi si prin Societatea noastra se va putea realiza gi o parte din sprijinul material sau financiar de care au nevoie cercetitorii din domeniu, competifile stiinfifice, sportul universitar, premiile si cantonamentele studenfilor sportivi etc. De asemenea, vom facerca si colaboram si si atragem in jurul ideilor noastte personalititi si competente stiintifice, manageriale, sportivi de vazi, celebritayi din alte domenii sponsori, in general, oameni de omenie, de excelenta. Nu noi “Fabrica” excelenta umana, ea exist’ oricum, dar uneori are o forma latenti chiar in jurul nostru; pe aceasta din urmi ne propunem s-o potenfim, s-0 promovim, spre binele tuturor. Sperim si realizim si o "carte alb&” a sportului universitar roménesc, poate si un registru nafional al excelenfei umane, intr-o anumité form& agreatd de atmonie dintre performanta mentalé si cea corporal. Prin parteneriatele, afilierile si colaborarile internationale, Societate noastrai se doreste a fi 0 fereastra deschist spre excelenta, aga cum este ea vazutii i firile cu civilizafie avansatti si un exponent al excelenfei roméinesti Referinfe bibliografice 1, Gagea, A., (2011), Tratat de cercetare stiinificd tn educatie ficicd si sport, Bditura Discobolul, pp. 19-90; 2. Gagea, A., (1999), Metodologia cercetarii sriinffice in EFS, Béitura Fundatiei Roménia de maine, Bucuresti, pp. 23-21; 3. Gagea, A, et al. (2010) Recreational Sport Culture in Romania and some European Countries, RCISisection1/41-vol 31, ISI Thomson Index; Lador,L, Voieu A., (1996), Elemente de management si legislajie tn sport, Editura Inter tonic, Cluj Napoca; 5. Ladir L, (2000), Bazele Teoretice ale Managementului Sport, Ed. Universi Remnant, P., Bennett, J, trans, (1996), New Essays on Human Understanding. Cambridge University Press, Wiener 11.6 (part), completed in 1704, G.W. Leibniz, Nouveau essais sur entendement hnumain; 7, = (2011), White Papers on Sport, Developing the European Dimension in Sport, BC, BU Lisboa Treaty. 25 Vot Ht Nr. 12011 ANUAR STIINTIFIC Yolumul Formula $tiffc National Competitional ‘The kinesitherapeutic management applied in the functional recovery of the knee in profesional athletes after traumatic meniscus lesion Burcea Claudia-Camelia! ‘,,Carol Davila” University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Bucharest, Romania Abstract ‘The dynamic of the sport activity lead to the increase in the traumatic risk within the active population, accounting for the high rates of the meniscus lesion. ‘This is how the need for a functional rehabilitation in these patients increased as well. The functional recovery of the knee is a comprehensive medical act; after trauma it has to be administered a painkiller and anti-inflammatory medication, surgical operation in order to repair the lesion and to regain mobility in the Joints and the lost muscular strength. In this process, kinesitherapy holds a central position, as the beneficial effects of physical training may not be obtained by other means. Key words: menisus lesions, clinical management, kinesitherapeutic program, functional recovery 1. Introduction The traumatic pathology of the knee joint is always present, due to its increased rate and especially to the dynamic of treatment principles. The way of display in the bibliography of the traumatic lesions of the ‘meniscus is rich, proving continuous and sustained preoccupation from the specialists. The bibliography used for documents comprises treaties, monographies, recent works of Romanian and foreign authors, along with others viewed as classics. The initial purpose of eatly mobilization of the knee joint is to minimize scar tissue formation, which subsequently produce negative effects on normal joint mobility, namely: delay regaining stability and mobility not only prevent pathological scarring, but even lead to major functional complications; healing process can affect the joint capsule, with invasion and deposition of scar formation in intercondilian space, which can prevent knee flexion; low elasticity of joint tissue and can worsen femuropatelar quadriceps hypotrophy with locking knee extension joint cartilage degeneration and increases the risk femuropatelare; organized scar tissue can ultimately lead t0 2 deficit in knee extension, 5-10 degrees flexion and decreasing amplitudespatients will present such complications will tolerate heavier functional recovery programs because of discomfort and pain. 2, Materials and methods The purpose of this work is to perform a clinical management of knee traumatisms in the selected subjects and the optimization of the intervention strategies by kinesitherapy in the functional recovery of the knee after waumatic meniscus lesions to expedite a safe and sound return to functional performance undergoing injuries, The rehabilitation program is structurate in steps according type of the injury. ‘The objective of the work is to build-up a pattem for active kinesitherapeutic intervention based on: + identification of the means of physical education and sports used in the functional recovery of the knee in professional athletes + establishing of the kinesitherapeutic objectives for recovery + conversion of the most effective kinesic operational structures into functional recovery programs + establishing the associative procedures and techniques to be implemented into the kinesic program + establishing of tests and assessment methods of the quality and effectiveness of the recovery programs applied ‘+ staging the recovery protocols + drawing-up of global, operational projects and of differentiated units of re-education, treatment and recovery Premises of the research ‘In the recovery process is necessary to act by all optimal therapeutic means in order to regain the E-mail claudia_burcea@ yahoo.com 26 burceu C. /ANUAR STUINTIFIC physical stamina and the mobility capacity interrupted before the accident. + In the intervention and recovery process precise tasks fall on kinesitherapy: to assess, to adapt, to choose and to systemize the means of combination of all the appropriate procedures and techniques for solving the type of traumatism aimed at. Hypotheses of the research The Ist Hypothesis: If the kinesitherapeutic existent operations and procedures are focused on concrete operational objectives then the quality and effectiveness of the recovery process of the knee after the ‘traumatic meniscus lesions will increase substantially. The 2nd Hypothesis: If the each operational objective has a control or test method then can be calculated the quality and effectiveness of the intervention and recovery operations applied. ‘The 3rd Hypothesis: Establishing the rigourous stages of the recovery, from the immediate moment of the urgical procedure up to the athletes’ reintegration into the professional activity is mandatory in order to successfully carry out an intervention by Kinesitherapy in the recovery of the knee stability in the professional athletes with traumatic. meniscus lesions. Research methods used in the research + Study of the bibliographic material + Conversation method ~ anamnestic interview + Observation method + Experiment method + Statistical- mathematical method ‘The batch of subjects. Both batches were made-up of 10 subjects each, profesional athletes suffering from meniscus lesions. The circumstances having lead to the traumatic incident were, in all the cases, the sports, activity. The selection of the cases was carried out based on the main diagnosis for which the subject came for treatment and upon the consent for inclusion into the research batches (experimental or control). The athletes’ kinesic recovery was carried out in the kinesitherapy room within the “Carol Davila” University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Biucharest. ‘The main assessment methods used + There were analyzed the subjects’ demographic features: gender, age, marital status, sport played. + The methods of clinical assessment were used in this study for the clinical diagnosis of the meniscus lesions and their position the following tests and manoeuvres for provoking pain. Were used: the Oudard ign ~ “the meniscus scream”, McMurray test, Apley grind test, Steinman test, hyperflexia test by Cailliet, Bragard test, Payr test, Bohler test, Rocher test, Cabot triad, Turner test, Ciaklin test. + Joint amplitude testing + Propriaception testing + Lysholm score + Noyes questionare ‘The assessment of the evolution of these parameters lied at the basis of the conversations and conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the kinesitherapeutic intervention carried out in this study. ‘The main kinesitherapeutic objectives in the recovery of the knee: * control pain and inflammatory process, + preventing and fighting vascular and circulation disorders, + preventing and combating vicious positions, joint realignment, + improve muscle tone, + Recovery of muscle strength and joint stability, + asuplizarea soft tissue and joint mobility; + recfstigarea unipodale and safety and stability of bipodale walking + hygiene observance of the knee. Sctiing-up of the kinesitherapeutic strategies aiming at solving the operational objectives: © Accelerated postprocedure stage — days 1-3 © Moderate protection stage — days 4-14 © The final recovery stage ~ days 15-21 21 Vol i, Nr. 1, 2011 Table 1. The kinesiterapeutic intervention plan ‘Receleraied posiprocedure siage Day 1 S minutes kinosithorapy x 5 sessions /day Days 23 10-15 minutes Kinesitherapy x 2 sessions / da ‘Moderate protection stage Days 30 minutos kinesthorapy_x 2 sessions / day Days 5-6 30 minutes kinesitherapy x2 sessions /day Days 7-8 Thour Kinesitherapy /day: Days 9-10 Thour kinesitherapy /day; Days 1-12 hour kinesitherapy / da Days 13-14 Thowr Kinestherapy /day: “The final recovery stags Day 15 2 hours Kinesitherapy /day; S minutes running | Days 16-17 Z hours kinesitherapy /day: 10 minutes running Days 18-19 2 hours kinesitherapy ‘day, 15 minute running Days 20-21 2 hours Kinesitherapy /day; 20 minutes running 3. Results Summarization and statistical analysis Initially, there were analyzed the subjects’ demographic features. AL. In terms of the gender feature, 8 of the subjects of the control group were males, representing 80% of the total and 2 of the subjects were females, representing 20% of the total. It is noticed a higher number of male subjects. We show below a frequency table (table 2) for the feature analyzed. Table 2 Subjects’ gender. Frequency Table ~ control group Subjecis gender ‘Absolute Hequency | Relative frequency Go) Male 6 60% Female 4 40% Total 10 100% A.2. In terms of the gender feature, 7 of the subjects of the control group were males, of the total and 3 of the subjects were females, representing 30% of the total. It is noticed a higher number of male subjects. We show below a frequency table (table 3) for the feature analyzed. Table 3 Subjects” gender. Frequency Table ~ control group ‘Subjecis" gender ‘Absolute frequency | Relative frequency (@) ‘Male 7 70% Female 3 30% Total 10 100% B.L. Under the aspect of age, most of representing 70% the subjects of the experimental group, 8 athletes, representing 80 % of the total number, were aged between 18 and 25 years old. One subject, representing 10% of the total, ‘was aged between 26 and 30 years old. One subject, representing 10% of the total, was aged between 31- 35 years old. We present below the frequency table (table 4) for the feature analyzed. Table 4 Subjects’ age. Frequency table ~ experimental group Age Apso Regueney— | Relate equenay@)] 18-25 years old % 30% 26 - 30 years old 1 10% 35 years old 1 0% 10 100% 28 -burcea ©. ANUAR STTINTIFIC B.2. Under the aspect of age, most of the subjects of the control group, 7 athletes, representing 70 % of the total number, were aged between 18 and 25 years old. Two subjects, representing 20% of the total, was : aged between 26 and 30 years old. One subject, representing 10% of the total, was aged between 30- 35 years old. We present below the frequency table (table 5) for the Feature analyzed. Table 5 Subjects’ age. Frequency table ~ ‘control group Age ‘Absolute fequency | Relative frequency (2) 18-25 years old 7 70% 26-30 years old 2 I 20% 3135 years old 7 10% Total 1 Toe Cul. As for the marital status feature, most subjects of the ex; representing 90% ‘perimental group were persons. We present below the frequency table (table 6) for the feature analyzed. Table 6 Subjects’ marital status. Frequency table — experimental group single, 9 athletes, ‘and only one of them was married, 10%; there are no reports of divorced or widower Waal wate Absolae Hequeney | Reve equenay married 1 10% single 3 30% Total 16 To0% C2. As for the marital status feature, most subjects of the control group wore single, 8 athletes, representing 80% persons. We prese Dal. Under the aspect of the sport played, we notice the all football (2 persons, representing 20% of Table 7 Subjects’ marital status. Frequency table ~ control group and only two of them were married, 20%; there are no reports of divorced or widower nt below the frequency table (table 6) for the feature analyzed. Mavala “Absolute Hequensy. | Relative equency Ge) married 2 20% single % 80% Total io 100% the total), martial arts (I person, representing handball (2 persons, representing 20% of the total), basketball (3 persons, representing tnletes of the experimental group played 10% of the total), 30% of the total), skiing (2 persons, representing 20% of the total). We present below the frequency table (table 8) for the feature analyzed. Table 8 The sport played by the subjects. Frequency table ~ experimental group Spor payed ‘Absolute frequency | Relative frequen Football 2 20% basketball 3 30% Martial arts T 10% skiing 2 20% Tandball 2 20% Total 10 100% D.2. Under the aspect of the sport played, we notice the athletes of the control group played: football (3 persons, representing 30% of the total), n ial arts (3 persons, representing 30% of the total), handball (2 persons, representing 20% of the total), basketball (2 persons, representing 20% of the total), skiing (0 persons, representing 0% of the total). We present below the frequency table (table 9) for the feature analyzed. 29 Vol Ml, Nr 1, 2011 ‘Table 9. The sport played by the subjects. Frequency table ~ control group Sporpayed [Absolute equency— Relaive equa football 3 30% Basketball i z 20% Martial ars 3 30% skiing 0 0% Tanda z 20% Total 10 100% | E, Evolution of the articualr mobility ~ Flexion. Differences between the experimental ~ control group. In the final assessment in day 21 between the athletes in the control group and those in the experimental one there are statistically significant differences in terms of the flexion capacity (p < 0, 05), a better flexion capacity being seen in the subjects in the experimental group. Figure 1 Evolution ofthe mean scores of the results in the Flexion assessment between successive assessments F. Evolution of the proprioception. Differences between the experimental group ~ the control group. In the final assessment in day 21 statistically significant differences were obtained (p = 0,001) between the two ‘groups in terms of proprioception capacity, a better capacity being seen in the athletes in the experimental group. Figure 2 The evolution of the mean scores of the results in the Proprioception assessment between the initial and the final assessments G. Evolution of the Lysholm score. Differences between the experimental group ~ the control group. In the final assessment in day 21 statistically significant differences were obtained between the two groups (p< 0,050); a greater significant Lysholm score was seen in the athletes within the experimental group. Figure 3 Evolution of the mean scores of the Lysholm Score between the successive assessments H, Evolution of the Noyes questionnaire. Differences between the experimental group — the control group. In the final assessment in day 21 statistically significant differences were obtained between the two groups (p < 0, 05); a higher significnat score in the Noyes questionnaire was seen in the athletes within the experimental group. 30 urcea C./ ANUAR STUINTIEIC Figure 4 Bvolution of the mean scores of the Noyes questionnaire benveen the successive assessments, 4. Conclusions ¢ Applying the kinesitherapeutic procedures based on operational objectives clear correlated with the tests of assessing the quality and effectiveness of the recovery process demonstrates an increase of the quality of the recovery of the knee after the (raumatic meniscus lesions in the experimental batch, which verifies hypothesis no.1 ¢ Identifying the tests of assessing the quality and effectiveness of the recuperator process ensure the objective feedback and is correlated with the assessment of the quality and effectiveness of the recuperator process. which verifies hypothesis no.2. © Phasing the kinesic program with the strategy conceming the building-up and adapting of the content of the medical training to subject’s heating possibilities, a fact proven by the qualitative bounce and statistically significant quantitative registered from one treatment stage to the other in the experimental batch, which verifies hypothesis no.3, References 1, Bogdan, R.; Bucur, A.; Chitiac, M. Ciobany, D.; Cristea, D.; Dan, M.; Iane, D.; Lozined, L; Marcu, q Vi; Maenf, P.; Matei, C.; Pasztai, Z.; Pasztai, E.; Pancotan, V.; Petan, P.; Serac, V.; Serbescu, C.; | Tarciu, E., (2006), Kinesitherapy / Physiotherapy, The Publishing House of the University of Oradea, pag: 155-157; 2. Colibaba Evulet, D., (2007), Praxiology and curricular projection in physical education and sports, Universitaria Publishing House , Craiova, pag: 26-261; 3. Epuran, M; Vajialé, G.E., (2008), Research methodology in physical education and sports, The Publishing House of the Tomorrow’ as Romania Foundation, Bucharest, pag: 207-216; 4. Marinescu, R. (2004) Reconstructive surgery of the meniscus — arthroscopic techniques, “Carol Davila” University Publishing House, Bucharest, pag: 108-127. Managementul kinetoterapeutic aplicat in recuperarea functional a genunchiului la sportivii de performant dupa leziuni traumatice ale meniscului Burcea Claudia-Camelia "Universitatea de Medicind si Farmacie , Carol Davila”, Bucuresti, Romania Rezumat Dinamica activitiii sportve a crescut riscul traumatic tn cadtul populatiei active motivand valorile mari ale incidentei leciunilor de menisc. Astiel a ereseut $i necesitatea recuperarii funcfionale la acesti paciengi. Recuperarea functional a ‘genunchiului este un act medial comprehensiv, dup trauma trebuic aplicaté medicatia antialgicd si antiinflamatorie, intervenit chirurgical pentru repararea leziunii gi redobanditt mobilitatea articulard si forta musculara pierduta. In acest proces, kinetoterapia ocupii un loc central, pentru cd efectele benefice ale antrenamentului fizic nu pot fi obtinute prin alte mijloace. | Cuvinte cheie: leciuni de menise, management clinic, program kinetoterapeutic, recuperare functionalat 1. Introducere | Patologia traumatic& a articulafict genunchiului este mereu in actualitate datorita incidentei crescute si mai ales a dinamicii principiilor de tratament. Modul de reflectare in bibliografie a leziunilor traumatice ale meniscului este bogat dovedind preocuparea continu’ si susfinutd a specialistilor. Bibliografia utiliza pentru documentare cuprinde tratate, monografii, Iucriri recente de autori romani si str8ini, aldturi de altele 31 Vol Ml, Nr. 1, 2011 considerate clasice. Scopul initial al mobilizitii precoce a articulafiei genunchiului este minimalizarea formérii fesutului cicatriceal, care ar produce ulterior efecte negative asupra mobilitatiiarticalare normale, si anume: fntarzierea recfistigirii stabilitati si mobilitafii nu namai c& nu impiedica cicatrizarea patologic’, ci duce chiar la complicajii funcfionale majore; procesul de cicatrizare poate afecta si capsula articular’, pi invadarea si depunerea de formafiuni cicatriceale in spaliul intercondilian, care poate impiedica flexia genunchiului; elasticitatea scizuti a fesutului articular femuropatelar poate agrava si hipotrofia evadricepsului cu blocarea extensiei genunchiului si mareste riscul degenerarii cartilajuluiarticulatici femuropatelare; fesutul cicatriceal organizat poate duce in final la un deficit de extensie in articulajia genunchiului, de 5-10 grade si la micsorarea amplitudinii flexiei; pacienfii care vor prezenta astfel de complicafii vor tolera mai gre programele de recuperare functional din cauza disconfortului gi a durerii 2. Material si metod’t Scopul acestei lucriti este reprezentat de managementul clinic al traumatismelor de genunchi la subiectii selectionaji si optimizarea strategiilor de intervenfie prin kinetoterapie tn recuperarea funcfionala a genunchiului dupa leziuni traumatice ale meniscului pentru refntoarcerea in siguran{é la performantele funcfionale dinaintea leziunilor. Metodologia de desfisurate si aplicare a programului de recuperare funcfionala este structurata pe etape, specific’ tipului afectiunii. Obiectivul lucrérii este constcuirea unui model de interventie activ’ Kinetoterapeuticd bazat pe: + identificarca mijloacelor educatiei fizice gi sportului utilizate in recuperarea funetionala a genunchiului 1a sportivii de performanti + stabilirea obiectivelor kinetoterapeutice de recuperare + convertirea celor mai eficiente structuri operafionale kinetice in programe de recuperare functional + stabilicea procedurilor si tehnicitor asociative care vor fi implementate in programul kinetic + stabilirea testelor si a probelor de evaluate a eficienfei programelor de recuperate aplicate + stadializarea protocoalelor de recuperare + elaborarea unor proiecte globale, operafionale si unititi diferentiate de reeducare, tratament recuperare Premise + In procesul de recuperare este necesar si actionim prin toate mijloacele terapeutice optime pentru redobindirea vigori fizice gi capacititii motrice intrerupte de accident. ‘+ in cadrul procesului de interventie gi recuperare kinetoterapiei fi revin sarcini precise: de evaluare, de adaptare, de alegere si sistematizare a mijloacelor, de combinare a tuturor procedurilor gi tehnicilor potrivite pentru rezolvarea tipului de traumatism vizat Ipotezele cercetarii Ipoteza 1: Dact operafiunile si procedurile kinetoterapeutice existente sunt focalizate pe obiective operationale concrete atunci calitatea si eficienta procesului de recuperare a genunchiului dupa leziuni traumatice ale meniscului va ereste simfitor. Ipoteza 2: Daca ficcare obiectiv operational are o probs de control sau test atunci se poate calcula calitatea gi eficienta operafiunilor de interventie gi recuperare aplicate. Ipoteza 3: Stabilirea riguroas’ a etapelor de recuperate, din momentul imediat intervenjiei chirurgicale, pani Ia reintegrarea sportivilor in activitatea profesional este obligatorie pentru realizarea cu succes a interventiei prin kinetoterapie in recuperarea stabilitifii genunchiului la sportivii de performanfé cu leziuni traumatice ale meniscului Metode de cercetare utilizate in cercetare + Studiu! materialului bibliografie + Metoda convorbirii ~ interviului anarnnestic + Metoda observafiei fetoda experimentalui + Metoda statistico ~ matematica Loturile de subiecti. Ambele loturi au fost alcituite din cite 10 subiecfi, sportivi de performangi, cu Teziuni traumatice ale meniscului. Circumstanele de producere a incidentalui traumatic av fost in toate cazurile activitatea sportiva. Selectia cazurilor s-a realizat pe baza diagnosticului principal pentru care s-a prezentat subiectal si acordul pentru includerea intr-unal din loturile cercetarii (experimental sau mattor). Recuperarea kinetic a sportivilor a fost efectuaté in sala de kinetoterapie din cadrul Facultafii de Medicing ~ Universitatea de Medicina gi Farmacie Carol Davila” Bucuresti. Metode de evaluare wtilizate + Au fost analizate caracteristicile demografice ale subiecfilor: gen, varst, stare civila, sport practicat, 32 _ Burcea €./ANUAR STHINTIEIC + Metodele de evaluare clinic’ au fost utilizate in prezentul studia pentru diagnosticul clinic al leziunitor de menise si sediul acestora, An fost utilizate urmitoarele semne gi manevre de provocare a durerii: semnul Oudaed - “fipatut meniscului”, semnul McMurray, semnul Appley, semnul Steinmann, semnul hiperflexiei dupa Cailliet, semnul Bragard, semnu! Payr, semnul Bébler, semnul Rocher, triada semnul Ciaklin + Testarea amplitudinii ariculare + Testarea proprioceptiet * Sor Lysholm * Chestionar Noyes Evaluarea evolutiei acestor paramettii au stat Ia baza discutiilor si conclu intervenfiei kinetoterapeutice efectuate in prezentul studi Principalele obiective kinetoterapeutice in recuperarea genunchiului sunt: + combaterea durerii sia procesuilui inflamator; + prevenirea si combaterea tulburarilor vasculare si a circulatici; + prevenirea si combaterea pozifiilor vicioase, realinierea articulara; + ameliorarea tonusului muscular; + recuperarea forfei musculare si a stabilitafiiarticulare: + asuplizarea fesuturilor moi si mobilitafii articulare; + reciistigarea stabilititi bipodale gi unipodale si siguranfei in mers; + respectarea regulilor de igiend ale genunchiului | Stabilirea strategiei Kinetoterapeutice care vizeazi rezolvarea obiectivelor operafionale: 1 ‘¢ Biapa postoperatorie precoce — zilele 1-3 ] ‘¢ Etapa de protectie moderaté ~ zilele 4-14 ‘© Etapa final de recuperare — zilele 15-21 abot, semnul Turner, ilor referitonre la eficacitatea ‘Tabelul 1 Planul de intervenfie kinetoterapeutica Eiapa pestoperatorie precios Ziva t ‘S minute kinetoterapie x 5 sedinte/2i Zilele 2-3 10-15 minute kinetoterapie x 2 sedinfe /7i Etapa de protectie moderat Zivad 30 minute kinetoterapie x 2 sedinfe zi ele 5-6 30 minute Kinetoterapie x 2 sedinje 74 Zilele 7-8 1 ord kinetoterapie / is Zilele 9-10 Tori kinetoterapie /2i, fele 11-12 | 1 ora kinetoterapie / zi: i Zilele 13-14 Tort kinetoerapie Fai, apa final de recuperare ; Ziva 1S 2 ore kinetoterapie Jz; 5 minute alergare Zilele 16-17 Tore kinetoterapie / zi; 10 minute alergare Zilele 18-19 2 oe kinetoterapie / zi; 15 minute alergare Zilele 20-21 2 ore kinetoterapie / zi; 20 minute alergare. 3. Rezultate Centralizarea si analiza statistic& Au fost analizate initial caracteristicile demogratice ale subiectilor. A.1. in cea ce priveste caracteristica gen, 6 dintre subiec{ii lotului experimental au fost de gen masculin, reprezentfind 60% din total si 4 dintre subiecfi au fost de gen feminin, reprezentind 40% din total. Se observa, un mai mare numér al subiecfilor de gen masculin, Prezentim in continuare tabelul de freevent® (tabelut 2) pentru caracteristica analizaté. ‘Tabelul 2 Genu! subiecfilor. Tabel de frecvenyei- lot experimental ‘Genul subiectilon Frecvenfa absolut | Presvenja relative Go) ‘masculin 6 60% Teminin a 10% Total 10 100% | ; Vol Ill, Wr. 1, 2011 A.2. fn ceea ce priveste caracteristica gen, 7 dintre subiectii lotului martor au fost de gen masculin, reprezentind 70% din total si 3 dintre subiecti au fost de gen feminin, reprezentind 30% din total. Se ‘observ, un mai mare numar al subiectilor ce gen masculin, Prezentim in continuare tabelul de frecvenf’ (abetul 3) pentru caracteristica analiza. Tabelul 3 Genul subiectilor. Tabel de frecventa - lot martor ‘Gena subiscilor ‘Frecvenja absolut | Preevenja relative (2) ‘masculin 7 10% feminin 3 30% Toul 10 100% B.L. Sub aspectul vatstei, cei mai multi dintre subiectii lotului experimental, 8 sportivi, reprezentand 80% din total, au avut varste cuprinse intre 18 si de 25 ani. Un subiect, reprezentand 10% din total, a avut varsta cuprinse intre 26 si 30 de ani. Un subiect reprezentind 10% din total, a avut varsta cuprinsa in intervalul 31- 35 ani, Prezentam in continuare tabelul de Fiecventi (tabelul 4) pentru caracteristica analizatf. ‘Tabelul 4 Varsta subiectilor. Tabel de frecventa— lot experimental Waist Fiecvenja telativa (9) 18 - 25 ani 80% 26 - 30 ani 1 10% 31-35 ani T 0% Total 10 "100% B.2, Sub aspectul varstei, cet mai multi dintre subiectii lotului martor, 7 sportivi, reprezentand 70% din total, au avut vaste cuprinse fntre 18 si de 25 ani. Alfi 2 subiecfi, reprezentind 20% din total, au avut varste ‘cuprinse intre 26 si 30 de ani, Un subiect (10%) a avut varsta cuptinsa in intervalul 31-35 ani, Prezentim in continuare tabelul de frecvenfa (tabelul 2) pentru caracteristica analizata ‘Tabelul § Varsta subiectilor. Tabel de freevenfi — lot martor Vast Fivcvenga absoluid | Freevenga relative Go) T 10% z 20% T 10% 10 160% C.L. fn ceea ce priveste caracteristica stare civil, majoritatea subiectilor lotului experimental au fost 9 sportivi, reprezentind 90% din total si doar un subiect 10%, a fost clistitorit; nu exist cazuri de persoane divorfate sau véduve, Prozentim fn continuare tabelul de frecvenfé (tabelul 6) pentru caracteristica analizata. ‘Tabelul 6 Starea civila a subiectilor. Tabel de frecventa ~ tot experimental ‘Starea civil Frecvenja absolut | Precvenfa relative Gop ‘esitorit U 10% necasatorit 9 30% Total 10 100% C.2. in cea ce priveste caracteristica stare civili, majoritatea subiectilor lotului martor au fost necisStoriti, 8 sportivi, reprezentiind 80% din total si doar doi subiecti, 20% au fost clisttoriti; nu existé cazuri de persoane divorfate sau viduve. Prezentim in continuare tabelul de frecventi (tabelul 7) pentre caracteristica analizata. 34 uycea C./ANUAR STUNTIFIC ‘Tabelul 7 Starea civild a subiecflor. Tabel de frecventa~ lot martor ‘Starea civila ‘FrceVena absolut | Rrecvonfa rolativa (0) eisttorit 2 20% nectsitorie a 80% Total 10 100% D.L. Sub aspectul sportului practicat, observéim cf subiectii lotului experimental practicau: fotbal (2 persoane, reprezentind 20% din total), arte marfiale (1 persoana, reprezentind 10% din total), handbal (2 persoane, reprezentind 20% din total), baschet (3 persoane, reprezentind 30% din total), schi (2 persoane, reprezentind 20% din total), Prezentam in continuare tabelul de frecvenfi (tabelul 8) pentru caracteristion analizat ‘Tabelul 8 Sportal practicar de subiecfi. Tabel de frecvenfa~ lot experimental Sportal practical Frscvenja absolut | Rreevenfa relive Gy Totbal 2 20% ‘aschet 3 30% ate marae 7 10% seh 2 20% bal z 20% Total 10 100% 1.2. Sub aspectul sportuluit practicat, observam cX subiectii lotului martor practicau: fotbal (3 persoane, reprezentind 30% din total), arte marfiale (3 persoane, reprezentand 30% din total), handbal (2 persoane, reprezentind 20% din total), baschet (2 persoane, reprezentiind 20% din total), schi (0 persoane, reprezentind 0% din total), Prezentim in continuare tabelul de frecventi (tabelul 9) pentru caracteristica analiza ‘Tabetul 9 Sportul practicat de subiecfi. Tabel de freevensa — lot martor ‘Sportal practicat ‘Brecvenfa absolut | Frocvenfa relativa (op Totbal 3 30% baschet z 20% arte marfiale 3 30% chi a 0% Thandbal 2 20% Total 16 100% E. Evolufia mobilitiit articulare — Flexia. Diferente grupa experimental - grupa martor. La testarea finala din ziua 21 intre sportivii din grupa martor si cei din grapa experimentald exista diferente s semnificative in ceea ce priveste capacitatea de flexie (p < 0,05), o mai bund capacitate de flex ‘ntalnita la subicctii din grupa experimentala, Figura 1 Bvolujia valorilor medii ale rezultatelor la proba de Flesie tntre testarile succesive F. Evolufia proprioceptici. Diferente grupa experimentala — grupa martor. La testarea final din ziua 21 ‘au fost obfinute diferenfe statistic semificative (p = 0,001) fntre cele dou’ grupe in ceea ce priveste capacitatea de proprioceptie, o mai bun’ capacitate fiind intalnita la sportivii din grupa experimentala. 35 a Vol Mt, Nr. 1, 2011 Figura 2 Evolufia valovilor medit ale rezultatelor ta proba de Proprioceptie Inire testarea inifiala sé testarea finale G. Evolutia scorului Lysholm, Diferente grupa experimental — grupa martor, La testarea final din ziua 21 au fost obfinute diferente statistic semnificative intre cele dowi grupe (p < 0,05); un scor Lysholm setmnificativ mai mare a fost tntAlnit la sportivii din geupa experimentali, Figura 3 Evolujia vatorilor medit ale Scorului Lysholm tnive testavile succesive H. Chestionar Noyes. Diferenfe grupa experimental — grupa martor. La testarea final din ziua 21 au fost objinute diferente statistic semnificative tntre cele dowa grupe (p < 0,05); un scor semnificativ mai mare la chestionarul Noyes a fost intalnit la sportivii din grupa experimentalA. Figura 4 Evoligia valorilor medii ale chestionarului Noyes thre testdrile succesive 4. Coneluzi ¢ Aplicatea procedurilor kinetoterapeutice bazate pe obiective operafionale concrete demonstreazii 0 crestere a calititii procesului de recuperare a genunchiului dupa Ieziuni traumatice ale meniscului pentra lotul experimental, ceea ce verificd ipoteza nr.1. @ Identificarea testelor de evaluare a calitifii si eficienfei procesului recuperator asiguré feedbackul obiectiv si se coreleazd cu aprecierea calitifii gi eficienfei procesului recuperator a sportivii cu leziuni traumatice ale meniscului, ceea ce verificd ipoteza nr2. Btapizarea programului kinetic respect strategia cu privire la construirea si adaptarea confinutului antrenamentului medical la posibilitafile de vindecare a subiectului, fapt dovedit de saltul calitativ si cantitativ semnificativ statistic inregistrat de La 0 etapa de tratament la alta pentru lotul experimental, ceca ce verific® ipoteza nr.3, Referinte bibliografice 1, Bogdan, R,; Bucur, A. Chiriac, M.; Ciobanu, D.; Cristea, Ds Dan, M. lane, D.; Lozine’, L; Marcu, Vas Marcu, P.; Matei, C.; Pasatai, Z.; Pasztai, E Pancotan, V.; Petan, P.; Serac, V.; Serbescu, C.; Tarcdu, E., 22006), Kinetoterapie / Physiotherapy, Editura Universitatii din Oradea, pag: 155-157 2, Colibaba Evulet, D., (2007), Praxiologie si proiectare curricculard in educafie fizic& si sport, Editura Universitaria, Craiova, pag: 26-261 3. Epuran, M; Vajial’, G.E., (2008), Metodologia cercetarii in educatie fizicd si sport, Editura Fundaiei Romania de Maine, Bucuresti, pag: 207-216 4. Marinescu, R., (2003), Chirurgia reparatorie a meni Universitari “Carol Davila”, Bucuresti, pag: 108-127 sului - procedee artoscopice, Editura 36 Vol I, Nr. 1/2011 ANUAR §TIINTIFIC Volunut Forunudd Stinuifie Nasional Competitional Contribution towards development effectiveness of specific 4 actions the attack, the senior teams Cojocaru Adin”, Cojocaru Marilena’, 4 Spiru Haret,University, P.E.S.F., Bucuresti, Romania Abstract Paper entitled Contribution towards development effectiveness of specific actions the attack, the senior teams, trying to ‘outline the parameters of the mode! in the game appeals to the prevailing global and continental elite male and reporting level of our internal front, in the hope sizing objective differences evidenyierii and driving directions to recover the value of distance that separates male volleyball still Romanian practiced by the leading teams at continental and global levels. Starting from the relationship between structure I play (service, taking the service, after removal from service and taking a swing attack, an eminently the attack) and structure Il game (blockage of the takeover attack ater taking clearance from the attack knew the coup attack, more than a stuctura defense), which is 2 / 1, but the defense Rethinking the player with the introduction of free, things have changed. (Cojocarw, A., 2007, pag. 122) In the context of optimizing and increasing the efficiency of training players for the game of attack needed to be rethought and ] structured on the basis of modeling, which is found in a logical relationship between strategy, objectives, content and valuation. Preparing for the attack involves a complex sphere, which requires addressing the multiple plans (physical, driving, technical, tactical, psychological, ete.), being is an important place in the training players supporting the progress of future performance (Cojocaru, A., Tonia, M., 2008, pag. 48.) Key words: volleyball, game, attack, skills 1. Introduction In a modem game of volleyball also practiced the world today, the attack is becoming more aggressive and better organized with increased weight share in the game. Defensive action is approximately 43% of game action, and within line If represents approximately a 14% trying to balance the actions of lock appromaximative 16%. q Combinations of attack is a successful volleyball team, but based mainly on exploiting specific actions ] within the game and I then those of structure II (Serban, M.H. 1999, pag. 86). Defense is organized differently, depending on each attack tactic which adopts a system of defense. 1 Can not talk about attack, no action defense, know the fact that between the two there is a relationship of causality and reversibility. : It is very obvious that the point is based on the one hand to keep the opponent to score, on the other hand, 7 provides defense building attack, which means that lead to the completion phase of the game winning point 4 (Cojocaru, A, Cojocars, M, 2009, pag 98). 2, Material and methods Research hypotheses To analyze actual trends that are manifested in voleibalisticd performance in terms of game development and involvement of players and in the content and effectiveness of enforcement action ; game. > Based on these trends and the factors to prove their usefislness and remain a priority for the future and trying to emphasize the structural and content of the model in the attack game. > In this general context of the analysis, the study's aims is essential to determine to what extent the hypothesis is confirmed that the teams success in the male game is decisive actions related to the effectiveness of attack based on the defense, But check this hypothesis that the effectiveness of the attack game is based on a defense training is critical to overall efficiency of the team can not be achieved only on a very objective tools of analysis and “nels 0735-587868 Email aincojocau@ yahoo.com 7 Cojocare,, MY ANUAR STUINTIFIC evaluation of a methodology to allow evidence of such correlations stuctura and function are established between the constituents of the team Research tasks In the paper we develop several methodological steps, as follows: > seiting objectives that are within concrete tasks which they reach the initial work; > documentation specialist browsing through the bibliography by discuytii methodical with various > specialists and selection of findings of its own experience; > > elements shaping the content of the work and methodology development; ‘materials analysis, interpretation and conclusions detachment; > structuring content and drafting work ‘The method of data processing, Scale assessment of the actions of the game and giving grades is done using the scale developed and presented in the FIVB in ,Manual for FIVB Statistical Match Record (SMR)". Thus the outcome of each action is assessed using a scale of 4-5 degrees, depending on the defense in connection with the attack, based on the scote or control the ball after the team plays the ball or the opponent Assessment was made as follows: ¥ As-4~point won; Y Excellent ~3— gained full control, maintained; Y Good - 2 — gained limited control, maintained; ¥ Insufficient ~ 1 - lost control, without control; Y Mistake ~0— point lost 3. Results Data processing refers to a real image on the effectiveness of the game, By processing and data interpretation are proposed as follows: = determining the number of shates of attack on levels of evaluation; - determining the number of shates of attack to zone in court All these data are necessary and usefal to study composition. In data interpretation must take into account firstly that the takeover of service attack and stroke and raising precede the attack and is more difficult than the decision (ex attack). Perhaps in these cases and raising the appeal of taking action becomes difficult, more difficult than lifting executed after taking the service, and therefore it is sent mostly to the combination of 3 tactical collective attack, while 3 find over the safety man, Recording was done on the first 8 teams that participated in the phases of play-off’s volleyball National Championship. Tabelul no. 1 The efficiency of shares of game for teams division Ay Techipa “| Ridieare | Loviturade | Serviciu 0,40 0,38 0,38 0,35 0,36 034 0,36 0,32 0,361 GTS ii; S03 7 | 072 074 | OST 0,59 7 | 058 | 0,64 | 0,64 16,47 19,7 19s = NESE 176: SACS 194 38 Vol. 11, Nr.1, 2011 ‘The attack ‘The game | Succeeded | ALT 8 18,8 20 13,39 i 75 52.3 f S Polo 103% 0,38 5 0,27 0,15 | 0,13 2025 | 0,29 al Ses) i 8 20,25 4, Conclusions Detailed presentation of the issues addressed in the present paper, based on the materials studied, the observations of my official observer checks and analysis of records made, allow me to formulate the following conclusions: Analysis of the results of investigations on the study to have made based on the insteuments and the proposed methodology, confirms the hypothesis that the effectiveness of attack operations is crucial, determining overall efficiency of the team. ‘The analysis of the attack on the first line, the share of specific actions and efficiency, detached following, findings and conclusions: > the attack there is a large variability in weight on the three moments of action (attack of TL, T2 and T3) dependent register tactical construction counter attack. From this angle, we can not detach maxirmum tend to lock the weight for a specific time of execution, with the most frequently reversed the determination of the effectiveness of weight setting and attack; > attack amounts to the removal efficiency, which means special attention to training actions in the attack game opponent at least equal value; >” service efficiency analysis highlights the lowest index to the other; > remark is quite 2 distance between the index efficiency nationally, compared to the world, which emphasizes the national competition; > instruments of analysis and efficiency evaluation methodology proposed in this work and to have proved accessibility, scientific objectivity and efficiency, considering them in this regard is essential in preparing assessments and games of any team; > scaling the efficiency of execution of actions on a scale in five steps qualitative value, providing an increased degree of objectivity of the assessments by providing a higher level of certainty-mathematical and statistical which allows a ranking value more precise execution of game action. Because volleyball game knows, the last period, a dynamic evolution, it is necessary to search for new methods of investigation of the game of volleyball, which lead to new models of training, according to the competition. References 1. Cojocaru, A. (2007), Model $i modelare in voleiul de performantd, Editura Universitaria din Craiova 2. Cojocaru, A., Ionifd, M., (2008), Volei — aprofundare, Editura Fundafiei Romania de Maine, Bucuresti 3, Cojocaru, A., Cojocaru, M. (2009), Volei antrenament si performanfd, Editara Bren, Bucuresti. 4, *** (1992) Manual for Statistical Match Record. FIVB Fotocopie FRV. 5. Serban, M., (1999), Gandirea— Factor de optimizare a modeléirii. Volei, Editura Printech, Bucuresti Cojacare A. MJ ANUAR STUNTIFIC Contribusii privind dezyoltarea eficienjei acfiumilor specifice atacului in volei, la echipele de seniori Cojocaru Adin', Cojocaru Marilena’, ! Universitatea Spiru Haret, F.E.F.S,, Bucuresti, Roménia 2 Universitatea Spiru Haret, F-EFS,, Bucuresti, Roménia Rezumat Luctatea de fay cu titel Contribusit privind deevoltarea eficienfel actiunilor specifice aracutuitn vole, la echipele de seniori, incearca sd contureze parametrii modelului de joc in atac practicat la nivetul elitei mondiale gi continentale masculine si a raportatii nivelului nostru intern fa/d de acesta, fn speranja dimensiondtit abiective a diferenjelor gi cevidenfieriidirecfilor de acfionare pentru recuperarea distanjei valorice care separd ined voleiul masculin rominese de cel practicat de echipele fruntage ta nivel continental si mondial. Pornind de in raportul dintre structura I de joc (Gerviciy, preluatea din serviciu, ridicare dupa preluarea din serviciu gi lovitura de atac, eminamente o structura de aia) Si sttuctura II de joc (blocajul preluarea din atac, ridicarea dupd preluarea din atac sfi lovituta de atae, mai mult 0 stuctura de apétare), care este de 2/1, dar prin regSindirea apdrérii odat@ cu introducerea juedtorului libero, ucrurile s-au schimbat (Cojocaru, A., 2007, p. 122). in contextul optimiza yi pentru mérirea eficienfei tnstruiri jucdtorilor pentru jocul din atac este necesar ca aceasta si fie tegindita yi structuratd pe baza acfiunii de modelare, in care se regrseste 0 Telaje logicd intre stategi, obiective, confinuturi si evaluare. Pregétirea pentru atac, presupune o ster’ complexd, care solicité abordarea pe multiple planuri (fizic, moiric, tehnic, tactic, psihologic ete.) situinduese pe un loc important in procesul de instewie fa juedtorilor, sprijinind progresul performanjelor viitoare (Cojocaru, A., Ionifd, M., 2008, p. 48.) Cuvinte chei lel, actiuni, joc, atac. 1. Introducere intr-un joc de volei modem asemenea celui practicat astdzi la scard mondiald, atacul devine din ce in ce mai agresiv si mai bine organizat cdpéand pondere maritd in cadrul jocului. Acfiunile defensive reprezintel aproximativ 43% din acfiunile jocului, iar in cadrul acestora in linia a Ia reprezinté aproximativ 14%, tinzand sdechilibreze acfiunile specifice blocajului de apromaxiv 16%. Combinariile din atac reprezintai succesul unei echipe de volei, dar bazat in special pe valorificarea acfiunilor specifice in structura I de joc si apoi pe cele din structura Tl (Serban, M.H. 1999, p. 86). Apattile se organizeazd diferengiat, in funcfie de fiecare acfiune tactied de atac pentru care se adoptd un sistem de aparare. Nu se poate vorbi despre atac, fard acfiunile de apcirare, stiut fiind faptul cd intre cele doud existd 0 relajie de reversibititae si cauzalitate. Este extrem de evident cd realizarea punctului se bazeazd pe de o parte, de a nu Idsa adversarul sa puncteze, iar pe de alté parte apdrarea asigurd construirea atacului, ceea ce tnseamnd cd duce la finalizarea fazei de joc prin castigarea punctului (Cojocaru, A, Cojocaru, M, 2009, p 98). 2. Material si metoda Ipoteze: > Sdradiografiez actualitefile si tendintele ce se manifesta in performanfa voleibalisticd atit in ceea ce priveste dezvoltarea jocului si implicarea jucctorilor cét si in privinfa conyinutului si eficienyei execuy acfiunilor de joc. > Pe baza acestor tendinfe si a elementelor care isi dovedesc utilitatea gi rman prioritare si pentru viitor, incere sd evidenyiez elementele structurale si de conyinut ale modelutui de joc in atac. > In acest context general al analizelor, studiul de fajé si propune in mod esenfial sa verifice tn ce masurd se confirma ipoteza potrivit edreia succesul in jocul echipelor masculine este decisiv corelat cu eficiensa acfiunilor din atae, bazate pe cele din aparare. Dar verificarea acestei ipoteze conform careia eficienya jocului din atac este bazat pe 0 pregatire in apdrare este decisivié penta randamentul global al echipei nu poate fi realizate decat pe baza unui instrumentar foarte obiectiv de analiza yi a unei metodologii de evaluare care sa permit evidenfierea acestor corelafii de stuctura si funcsionalitate care se stabilesc intre componenfii echipei. Sarcinile cercetarié in elaborarea luctérii am parcurs mai multe etape metodologice, astfel: Vol. 1), Nr.J, 2011 > stabilirea obiectivelor din care au decurs sarcinile concrete pe care le atinge Iueratea initial, > documentarea de specialitate realizatd prin parcurgerea bibliografiei, prin discuytii metodice cu diferiji specialist si prin selectia unor concluzii ale experienyei proprii; > conturarea elementelor de conginut ale lucrdti si a metodologiei elabordti; > analiza materialelor, interpretarea gi desprinderea concluaiilor; > structuarea conginutului gsi redactarea Incr Modalitatea de prelucrare a datelor Scala de evatuare a acfiunilor de joc si acordarea calificativelor s-< face folosind scala claborata de FIVB si prezentata fn ,Manual for FIVB Statistical Match Record (SMR). Astfel rezultatul fiecdret acjiuni este evaluatd folosind o scala de 4-5 grade, in funcfie de acfiunea de apérare, in corelayie cu cele de atac, bazatd pe efectul asupra scorului sau pe controlul ulterior al mingii de cétre echipa care joaca mingea sau de dire adversar. Aprecierea a fost Facute dupa cum urmeazd As~4-—punct castigat Excelent ~3 — contcol deplin cftigat, menfinut; Bun ~ 2.— control limitat c@stigat, menyinut; Insuficient — 1 ~ conttol pierdut, fad control; Gregealéi — 0 punct pierdut. SAK K6 3, Rezultate Prelucrarea datelor se referd la 0 imagine realelasupra eficiengei acyiunii de joc. Prin prelucrarea gi interpretatea datelor se propun urmétoarele: = determinarea numdrului de acfiuni de atac pe nivele de evaluate; = determinarea numétului de acfiuni de atac atac pe zone. Toate aceste date sunt necesare si utile in alcétuirea studiului de fafd. La interpretarea datelor trebuie sd se fina seama in primul rnd de faptul ca preluarea din serviciu gi atac premerg ridicarea gi lovitura de atac si este mult mai dificild decat cea de decizie (exemplu: lovitura de atac). Poate cdi din aceste cauze si ridicarea dupd preluarea din atac devine 0 acjiune dificild, mai greu de executat decit ridicarea dupd preluarea din serviciu, si de aceea ea este trimisd de cele mai multe ori spre timpul 3 al combinayiilor tactice colective de atac, timpul 3 find preluat de catre omul de siguranyd. ‘Inregistrarea s-a realizat pe primele 8 echipe, care au participat la fazele de play-off al Campionatului Nasional de volei ‘Tabelul nr. 1 ~ Bficienta actiunitor de joc Ia echipele diviciei Ay masculin {] Ridicare Serviciu | Indice general 0,67 0,40 055 0,64 038 0,63 0,38 0,60 0,35 0,58 036 0,56 0,34 057 0,36 0,62 : 0,32 0,608 0518 0,361 0,752. 0704 0,456 licarea CCojocr.A, BL/ ANUAR STIINTIFIC Lovitura de atac socal Reusit 99% 31-10% 2 iss iss gt 98 Prezentarea detaliatd a problematicii abordate in Iucrarea de fad, pe baza materinlelor studiate, a observayiilor din activitatea mea de observator oficial si a verificérilor si analizei inregistrétilor efectuate, imi permit formularea urmétoarei coneluzit > Analiza rezultatelor investigafilor pe care studiul de fayé le-a realizat avand la bazd instrumentarul gi metodologia propusd, confirma ipoteza potrivit cateia nivelul eficienfei acfiunilor de atac este decisiv, determinant pentru randamentul global al echipei In privinga analizei atacului fn linia fntdi, ponderea yi eficienfa acfiunilor specifice, desprinde urmatoarele constatéti si concluzii > atacul inregistreazd o mare variabilitate tn privinga ponderii celor trei momente de acfionare (atacul din TI, T2 si T3) dependent de registrul tactic al construcyiei atacului advers. Din acest unghi, nu putem desprinde tendinfa de maximatizare a ponderii blocajului pentru un anume moment al execuyie, existind cel mai frecvent raport invers de determinare intre nivelul eficien/ei ridicéri si ponderea atacului; > atacul nu se tidied la nivelul eficienyei tidicétii, ceea ce Mnseamné o atengic deosebita a pregitirii a acjiunilor de atac tn condifit de joc cu adversar de cel pusin aceeasi valoare; > analiza eficiengei serviciului scoate fn evidenyéi cel mai sedaut indice fayaide ceilalfi: > se remarcd o distangé destul de mare intre indicele de eficienja ta nivel nayional, comparativ cu cel mondial, ceea ce subliniazé nivelul competifiei nasionale; > instrumenteral de analizd a eficienjei si metodologia de evaluare propuse in lucrarea de fai si-au dovedit accesibilitatea, obiectivitatea stiinyificd si operativitatea, apreciindu-le din acest punct de vedere indispensabile evaluéailor din pregétirea gi jocurile oricétei echipe > scalarea nivelului eficiengei execufiei acyiunilor pe o grila tn cinci trepte valorice calitative, asigurd un grad crescut de obiectivitate a aprecierilor oferind un mai ridicat nivel de certitudine statistico-matematicat care permite 0 ierarhizare valoricd mult mai exactd a execusiilor acfiunilor de joc. Datoritd faptului ca jocul de volei cunoaste, in ultima perioadd, o evolusie dinamicd, se impune necesitatea edutétii de noi metode de investigajie a jocului de volei, care sd ducd la aparitia unor noi modele de pregéaire, conform cu ceringele competi Referinfe bibliografice 1. Cojocaru, A. (2007), Model si modelare in voleiul de performanjd, Editura Universitaria din Craiova, 2. Cojocaru, A., lonijd, M., (2008), Volei — aprofimdare, Editura Fundayiei Romania de Maine, Bucuresti. 3. Cojocaru, A., Cojocaru, M. (2009), Volei antrenament si performanfa, Editura Bren, Bucuresti 4, *** (1992) Manual for Statistical Match Record. FIVB Fotocopie FRV. 5. Serban, M., (1999), Gandirea — Factor de optimizare a modeléri. Volei, Editura Printech, Bucuresti 2 Volt Nr. 12001 ES ANUAR STEN ETC VolunalForwnute Sie Njlnal Competional Motor memory mracking mhrough electroencephalographic waves Cosma Germina", Orftinescu Dorina®, Enescu-Bieru Denisa” '2.3 University of Craiova, Romania Abstract Memory or the “ninth intelligence”, according to Carter (2005) refers to the process of storing and recovering information from the brain, Memory process is essential for humans, supporting learning and reasoning processes. According 10 various field studies, the EEG waves in the alpha and theta band particularly reflect the memory performance. In otder to detect the motor memory, we have developed case studies, investigating a group of fencers and volleyball players aged 17 by following the balance between alpha 2 and theta bands according to the electroencephalographic record, which provides information related to this neuropsychic process. EEG data analysis inclicates a balance in alpha 2 and theta, the increase in theta amplitude and the decrease in alpha frequency reveal a superior motor memory. Key words: memory, sportsmen, BEG 1. Introduction Field literature confirms the fact that the EEG waves of alpha and theta range particularly reflect the memory performance (Tianbao, Z, 2009). A right performance is related to two types of EEG phenomena: a tonic increase in alpha waves power determining a decrease in theta waves, depending on the type of memory demands. Similar to the brain volume, the increase of upper alpha waves power is manifested from early childhood to adulthood, whereas the opposite process is recorded during the late part of the lifespan, Alpha power is reduced and theta power enhanced in subjects manifesting different neurological disorders. Moreover, after sustained wakefulness, as well as during the transition from waking to sleeping, the ability to respond to external stimuli ceases, therefore, alpha power decreases whereas theta power increases (Klimesh, W, 1996).Event-related changes indicate the fact that the extent of upper alpha loss of synchronization is positively correlated to long-memory performance (semnantics), while theta synchronization is positively associated to the ability of encoding new information (Ray W., 1985) 2, Material and method ‘Testing the electric potential of the cortex, we have recorded, by means of the electroencephalograph, using 16 electrodes, wave activity in different moments. The electroencephalographic records have been performed by employing electrodes placed in the 10-20 system, with bipolar action (requirement imposed by the spectral analysis), the reference being the two ears, applying a time-constant of 0.3 seconds and low-pass filter set at SOHz The system software offers a large seties of tools which can be used for processing EEG records. For our experiment, we have chosen amplitude and frequency brain mappings for a facile cation of patterns specific to commanded actions and frequency analysis meant to reveal certain specific values of spectral synthetic indices. The EEG analysis consisted in the selection of time periods lacking artefacts and followed classical BEG rhythms: delta (2-4H12), theta (4-8H2), alphal (8-10H2), alpha? (10-13H2), beta (20-30Hz) for which the software provides synthetic indices. Considering the goal of our research, we have studied EEG mappings during certain activities able to emphasize potential specific brain pattems. In order to capture the cortical activity, subjects have been recorded during relaxation (eyes closed), while executing a right, left action (recreating the attack striking), then, they have mentally reproduced the movement. In order to detect the motor memory, we have developed case studies, investigating a group of fencers and volleyball players aged 17 by following the balance between alpha 2 and theta bands according to the electroencephalographic record, which provides information related to this neuropsychic process. As we have already mentioned, the increase in theta * No 156 Brest’ Stet, Craiova city, Romania Tel: 4040722400647 Eis germinacoema@ yahoo co Cosme G. fa ANUAR STUINPIFIC amplitude and the decrease in alpha fiequency reveal a superior motor memory (Cosma, 2011). The present paper considers a EEG record corresponding to a volleyball player submitted to the evaluation. 3. Results + TD. (volleyball player) RI- TD. subject, according to @ preliminary investi relatively low values of theta ion, registers a prevalent alpha wave activation with Figure 1. 7:0's, relaxation stage 1 Right A ~ according to the brain mapping, one may notice a decrease in alpha power at the level of the left parietotemporal area with an increase of theta power at the level of the left and right parietotemporal area ‘and a light dectease in beta, which reveals an irregular activity in the same bilateral symmetrical area, Figure 2. Mapping of T.D.’s right activity R2— theta activity decreases whereas alpha wave power increases at the level of the parietotemporal area and soft enhancement in the same area, Figure 3. Mapping of T.D.’s relaxation stage 2 Left A — one may notice an unusual theta increase at the level of the left frontoparietotemporal area with an alpha I and 2 increase at the level of the left centrotemporal region, with a central non-specific decrease of Bl and B2. Vol Ml, Nr.J, 2011 ‘igure 4. Mapping of T.D.'s left activity Left A — one may notice an unusual theta increase at the level of the left frontoparietotemporal area with an alpha | and 2 increase at the level of the left centrotemporal region, with a central non-specific decrease of BI and B2, | Figure $, Mapping of T:D.'s relaxation stage 3 Right Reasoning Mapping — an irregular increase prevailing in the frontal and occipital areas with well- | outlined areas of theta decrease at the level of the left and right parietotemporal region, with a slight right prevalence, a decrease of alpha 1 and 2 wave activity at the level of the right centroparietotemporal area, with a slight irregular increase in beta at the level of the left and right temporoparietal back area, Figure 6, Reasoning mapping TD.'s right activity 4 R4-~ the relaxation stage following reasoning indicates an unusual decrease in theta on the entire area of the encephalon, an increase in alpha 1 in the right parietotemporal area along with a decrease in alpha 1 at the level of the left parietotemporal area and a bilateral frontal and parietal-temporal-oceipital increase in alpha 2. Figure 7. Mapping of T.D.'s relaxation stage 4 4s Coin Ger al/ ANUAR STUNTIFIC Left Reasoning Mapping ~ when pondering the attack strike execution, T.D. subject manifests an imegular increase in the left fronto-parieto-occipital region with alpha wave prevalence on the entire surface of hemispheres registering a minimum level of alpha 1 activation at the level of the right termporoparietal and temporocenttal areas and a minimum bilateral temporocentral activation of alpha 2. Figure 8. Reasoning mapping T.D.’s left activity, R35 — during the final stage of relaxation, one may notice low values for theta waves and high values for alpha | and 2 activity, except for the temporal atea. Concurrently, beta 1 and 2 slightly decrease at the level of the right and left hemispheres, registering a minimurn activation in the left hemisphere at the C3 level. Figura 9. Brain mapping of T-D.’ relaxation stage 5 In conclusion, T.D. subject registers good scores when manifesting nervous processes, pointing out the existence of motor memory of the prevalent segment; the oscillations between alpha and theta waves proving this aspect, 4, Conclusions and Discussions In fencing, as well as in volleyball, a preliminary record analysis of the EEG pattern indicates a spread fronto-parieto-occipital activity for alpha, as well as for beta frequency band, but just for the non-prevalent hemisphere. When generating movement at the level of the right arm, the BEG mapping suffers changes which are spectacular as compared to those registered at the initial moment. Both sports branches register an increase in theta band power, therefore this activity stimulates theta band mapping for fencers in the left frontal-parietal-occipital-temporal region, in well-outlined areas. The right hemisphere does no longer display the same mark for the mentioned band whose activity is irregular in focused areas, such as the prevalent hemisphere. For other frequency bands, one may observe minor changes, for fencers, in alpha 1 and beta 1 activity at the level of the left frontoparietal area and, for volleyball players, in alpha 2 at the level of the right frontal region, This aspect confirms the fact thet, in fencing and volleyball, changes occurring during the right arm contraction have prevailed in theta frequency band, revealing, thus, a superior long-term motor memory for the execution During the second stage of relaxation, R2, theta wave activity, in the areas indicated for fencers, is tempered. On the contrary, for volleyball players, the areas which generate theta spreading, either stay active or enhance their power range, being unable to relax completely and maintaining the start” position. ‘The complete EEG investigation was focused on pointing out certain changes of the power ranges specific to classical rhythms induced through different commands (attack strike, reasoning before acting) and on comparing them to the stages of relaxation between actions, 46 Vo! Ill, Nr, 2011 Thus, as a result of the BEG data analysis, one my notice a balance between alpha? and theta activity, an increase in theta amplitude and a decrease in alpha frequency, the presence of a superior motor memory for all the subjects submitted to our research. References 1, Carter P., (2005), Cartea completa a testelor de inteligenset “Complete Book of Intelligence Tests", Meteor Press Publisher, Bucharest, p. 13. 2. Cosma G., Simion Gh., Orffnescu D., Vasilescu M., Catélin B., (2011), Interdiseiplinary Stadies Revealing Motor Intelligence by Testing Performance Sportsmen's Motor Memoty, Sport Medicine Journal, Suplement 4 - 4" International Conference ,, Physical exercises a complex and modem way to promote healthy living” , p. 636 3. Klimesh W., (1996), Memory Processes, Brain Oscillation and EEG Synchronization, International Journal Psychophysiology, 24, p.61-100 4, Ray WJ. and HLW. Cole, (1985), BEG Alpha Activity Reflects Attention Demands, and Beta Activity Reflects Emotional and Cognitive Processes. Science 228 pag. 750-752. 5, Tianbao Z, Hong Z., (2009), An Analysis of Improving Memory Performance Based on EEG Alpha and Theta Oscillation, Computer and Information Science Journal, vol.2, no.1, p.108-112. Depistarea memoriei motrice prin intermediul undelor electroencefalografice Cosma Germina', Orfzinescu Dorina’, Enescu-Bieru Denisa? ‘Universitatea din Craiova, Romania Rezumat Memorin sau ,noua inteligenfi", in opinia Tui Carter P. (2005) se refer ta procesul de depozitare si eouperare @ informatio dia creer. Prosesul de memocare este escnfal pentru ca oamenii s favete gi si gindeasc. Studie de Spevaltate atest laptu cd undele EEG din banda alfa si theta reflects, tn special, performanta memorei. In vederea Glpistirit memoriei mote, am realizat studi de caz,investigind un lot de seximeri si voleibaligi cu vrsta de 17 ani, turmstind in iregisttarea electroencefslografica balana existent inte aa 2s theta, cea care ne ofr informati asupra acest proces neuropsiic. fn urma analizaitdutelor BEG, se observ o balan asupra alfa 2 si theta, cresterea de theta ca amplitudine si scdderea ca frecvent a undei alfa demonsirnd exstenfa unei memorii motice superioare Cuvinte cheie: memorie, sportivi, EEG, 1. Introducere Studiile de specialitate atest faptul c& undele EEG din banda alfa si theta reflecté, in special, performanfa memoriei. (Tianbao, Z, 2009). O performanté corecta se afla in strinsi legaturs cu dou’ tipuri de fenomene EEG: o crestere tonic’ a ponderii undelor alfa determina o scidere a undelor teta, in funcfie de tipul solicitarilor de memoriei. fn mod aseménitor volumului cerebral, ponderea undelor alfa superioare integistreazi cresteri inci de Ia inceputul copilirie pani la maturitate, in timp ce procesul invers se ‘Gnregistreaza tarziu, la finalul viefii. Ponderea undelor alfa este redusa si ponderea undelor theta sporitd in cazul subiectilor care manifesta tulburari neurologice diferite. Mai mult, dupa 0 perioada lipsita de somn, precum si in momentul trecerii de la starea de veghe 1a cea de somn, capacitatea de reacfionare Ia stimulii extemi se intrerupe, astfel ponderea undelor alfa se reduce, tn timp ce cea a undelor teta creste (Klimesh, W, 1996). Schimbirile de situatie indic& faptul c# amploarea desincronizarii undelor alfa supericare este corelati ‘in mod pozitiv cu performanja (semantic) memorie de lung durata, in schimb sincronizarea teta relafioneaza pozitiv cu capacitatea de a codifica informatii noi. (Ray W., 1985) 2. Material si metodii Testarea potenfialului electric al cortexului s-a realizat prin intermediul electroencefalografului, folosindusse 16 electrozi in vederea inregistririi undelor in diferite momente. Inregistrarile electroencefalografice s-au realizat cu electrozii plasafi in sistemu! 10-20, acfionfind bipolar (cerinj& impust de analiza spectrala), referinfa fiind cele 2 urec! nd o constant’ de timp de 0.3 secunde si un filteu ttece-joc de SOHz. 47 Conn G. a ANUAR STUNTIFIC Software-ul sistemului oferd o larg’ serie de instrumente ce pot fi utilizate in prelucrarea EEG-urilor. Pentre cercetarea noastra au fost alese mappinguri cerebrale de amplitudine si frecvenféi pentru identificarea facili’ a apatifiei pattern-urilor specifice actiunilor comandate si analiza in domeniul frecventei, pentru depistarea in cadrul indicatorilor sintetici spectrali a unor valori specifice, Analiza EEG a fost flicuti selectind perioadele lipsite de artefacte, urmarindu-se ritmurile clasice EEG: delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8H2), alphal (8-10H2), alpha2 (10-13Hz), beta(20-30Hz) pentru care programul ofera indicatoti sintetici. Avand in vedere scopul studiului nostru, au fost inregistrate trasee EEG fn timpul unor activitifi care si pund in evident eventualele pattern-uri cerebrale specifice. Asttel, subiectii au fost inregistrati surprinzandu-se activitatea corticala in momente de relaxare (cu ochii fnchigi), in timp ce executan o acfiumne dreapta, respectiy stdnga (au imitat lovitura de atac), apoi au reprodus migcarea realizaté mental fn vederea depistirii memoriei motrice, am realizat studii de caz, investigand un lot de scrimeri gi voleibalisti cu varsta de 17 ani, urmavind in inregistrarea electroencefalografica balanta existenta intre alfa 2 si theta, cea care ne oferi informatii asupra acestui proces neuropsihic. Asa cum am menfionat, cresterea de theta ca amplitudine si seaderea ca frecventi a undei alfa demonsiteaz’ c& exist 0 memorie motricé supetioari.(Cosma, 2011) in Iucrarea de faf2, prezentim o integistrare EEG a unuia dintte voleibalistii testafi 3. Reultate + TD. (volei) R1- Subiectul T.D. prezinta la inceputul testi o predominanta activare a ifa, cu teta Ia valori relativ mici. Figura 1. Relaxare I T.D. A.dr. - se observa pe mappingul cerebral o sciidere alfa in zona parietotemporala stinga cu 0 crestere teta fn zona parietotemporala atit stinga cat si dreapta, cu o ugoara scdere beta neuniforma in aceeasi zond bilateral simetric’. Figura 2, Mapping acjiune dreapta TD. R2- acti ‘in aceeasi zon’ tea teta scade, existind o crestere a undelor alfa in zona parietotemporala si o crestere usoari 48 Vo! Il, Nr.1, 2011 Figura 3, Mapping relaxare 2 T.D. Asig.- se observa o crestere nespecificd teta in zona frontoparietotemporala stinga cu 0 crestere centrotemporal stinga alfa atat 1 cat gi 2, cu o sctdere nespecificd central BI si B2. Figura 4, Mapping acfiune stanga T.D. ; R3- se observa in timpul relaxarii 3 0 scidere important teta cu o crestere alfa 1 frontocentralt atat | stfnga cft si dreapta si 0 scidere alfa 2 in aceleasi zone, cu o minim’ scadere beta pe intreaga suprafati, important’ fiind scaiderea beta? fn zona central, q | a | Figura 5. Mapping relaxare 3 T.D. | Gar. 0 crestere neuniforma predominant frontal si occipital cu zone bine conturate de sciidere teta ] parietotemporalé stinga gi dreapta, cu 0 usoara dominant& dreapta, o scdere centroparietotemporali dreapta a undelor alfa 1 si alfa 2, en 0 usoard crestere beta neuniforma in zona temporoparietald posterioar’ att stdinga cat si dreapta, Figura 6. Mapping Gandire actiune dreapta TD. 49 (Comma Ge a ANUAR STHINTIEIC R4 - se evidenfiaza in timpul relaxarii de dup Gur. 0 scidere teta nespecificl pe tntreaga suprafagt a encefalului, o ctestere alfal parietotemporala dreapta si scidre alfa 1 parietotemporala stinga si o crestere frontala si patietotempoccipitala bilateral alfa 2. Figura 7, Mapping relaxare 4 T.D. Gstg - in momentul gindirii execufiet loviturii de atac, subiectul TD. prezint& o 4 crestere neuniformi frontoparietoccipitald stnga, cu o predominan{a alfa pe intreaga suprafafai a emisferelor existiind zone de minimé activare temporoparietala si temporocentrala dreapta pentru alfa 1 si o minim activare temporocentald bilateral& pentru alfa 2. Figura 8. Mapping Gandire acfiune stéinga T.D. RS — se observa in momentul relaxtii finale valori minime teta cu valori mari alfa | si 2exceptiind zona temporal. Totodata beta 1 si 2 scade usor fn emisferul sting si drept, existand tn emisferul sting o minimi | activare la nivelul C3. Figura 9. Mapping cerebral RS T-D. in coneluzie, subiectul T.D. inregistreaz’ rezultate bune la nivelul manifestirii proceselor nervoase, evidenfiindu-se existenta memoriei motrice a segmentului dominant oscilatiile dintre undele alfa gi teta certificdnd acest aspect. J 50 1 Vot ill, Nr.J, 2011 Coneluzii si discutit Atat in scrim efit gi in volei, patternal BEG la inceputul integistratilor a atatat 0 activitate fronto- patieto-occipitalé rispandit att pentru banda de frecventé alfa, cit si beta, dar doar pentru emisferul nedominant. Momentul generirii migcirii la nivelul braului drept genereazé modificdti EEG, spectaculoase fati de momentul inifial. Ambele sporturi prezinté o crestere a activitafii de patere a bandei theta, astfel aceasti activitate giseste banda theta ca fiind foarte bine reprezentaté penteu scrimeri Ia nivel frontal, parietal si occipito-temporal sting, tn zone bine conturate. Emisferul drept nu mai poarti aceeasi marci pentru banda Amintitd, ea fiind nesistematizat& in zone concentrate, ca in emisferul dominant. Se poate observa, pentru celelalte benzi de frecvenfa, modificiri minore ale alfa | si beta I fronto-parietale stangi pentra scrimeri si alfa 2 in regiunea frontal dreapta, pentcu voleibalist. Este susfinut’ astfel, afirmatia cd pentru scrimi gi volei, modificttile tn timpul contraetiei brajului drept ‘aw fost majoritare in banda de frecventi theta, avand 0 memorie motric’ de lung duratt superioard pentru migcarea efectuats. ‘Momental de relaxare R2 tempereazi activitatea theta tn zonele amintite pentru lotul de scrimeri, hucra care nu se observ Ia voleibalisti, la care, contrar, zonele de activare theta fie rimén active, fie si cresc specttul de putere, nereusind s& se relaxeze complet, rimandind in starea de ,,start”. Yntreaga testare prin EEG a urmirit evidenfierea unor modificiri ale spectrelor de putere aferente ritmurilor clasice, induse prin diferite comenzi (lovitura de atac, gindirea efectusrii miscatii fir executarea ei), comparativ cu. momentele de relaxare dintre acfiuni. Astfel, in urma analizirii datelor EEG, se observa 0 balanfi asupra alfa 2 si theta, cresterea de theta ca amplitudine si scéderea ca frecventi a undei alfa demonstrind existenfa unei memorii motrice superioar’, fapt constatat de noi la tofi subiectii testa Referinte bibliografice 1. Carter P,, (2005), Cartea complete a testelor de inteligenti, Editura Meteor Press, Bucuresti, p. 13 2. Cosma G., Simion Gh., Ortinescu D., Vasilescu M., Catilin B., (2011), Interdisciplinary studies revealing motor intelligence by testing performance sportsmen’s motor memory, Sport Medicine Journal, Suplement 4 - 4" International Conference ,, Physical exercises a complex and modern way to promote healthy living”, p. 636 3. Klimesh W., (1996), Memory processes, brain oscillation and BEG synchronization, International Journal Psychophysiology, 24, p.61-100 4, Ray W.J. and H.W. Cole, (1985), EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes. Science 228 pag. 750-752. 5, Tianbao Z, Hong Z., (2009), An analysis of improving memory performance based on BEG alpha and theta oscillation, Computer and Information Science Journal, vol.2, n0.1, p.108-112. 51 Vol I Nr, 12011 ANUAR STIINTIFIC Volumul Forwnului Suinfific Nafional Competiionat The Manual therapy in pain management and the reduce mobility in the lumbar spine Cretu Antoaneta'*, Gherghel Liliana Carmen? '? National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania Abstract ‘The back pain is the second reason of the upper respiratory pathology as the cause of absence work. Back pain is also the most common cause of disability in patients younger than 40 years, ‘The term “manipulation” can be used in clinical practice to mean passive movement procedures of any kind 1f pain and range of motion limitation in the lumbar segment, approaches/strategies focusing on soft tissue mobilization and joint mobilization/maniputation to normalize segmental mobility. Such proceedings followed by mobility exercisos 10 miaintain the improvements gained from the manual procedures, Key words: manual therapy, low back pain. 1. Introduction Defining the terminology is well contoured within the concept ~ Maitland (Bronfort G, 1999). Mobilization - passive movements performed in such a manner and speed that at all times they are within the control of the patient so that movement can be prevented if the patient so chooses (Bronfort G, 1999). Manipulation - 2 passive movement consisting of a high velocity, small amplitude thrust within the joint’s anatomical limit performed at such a speed that renders the patient powerless to prevent it (Bronfort G, 1999). Manipulation under an aesthetic is a medical procedure performed with the patient under an aesthetic and used to stretch a joint to restore a full range of movement by breaking adhesions. In the low back pain patients present one or more of four symptoms: back pain, leg pain, neurologic symptoms and spinal deformity. In 90% of patients, low back pain resolves within 6 weeks (self limited). In another 5% of patients, the pain resolves by 12 weeks after beginning. Less than 19 of back pain is due to serious spinal disease (e.g., tumor, infection) (Fritz JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE., 2003). Less than 1% of back pain stems from inflammatory disease (theumatologic work-up and treatment required), Less than 5% of back pain is true nerve root pain (Fritz. JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE., 2003). The below description is consistent with descriptions of clinical patterns associated with the vernacular term “Lumbar Facet Syndrome”. ‘The suspected cause of this disorder is a movement abnormality where one segment of the spine is unable to either flexion, extend, side bend or rotate in a normal pain free manner on its adjacent vertebrae. There is anatomical evidence that this movement abnormality is caused by either a displacement of fibro-fatty tissue within the outer borders of the facet capsule or posttraumatic fibrosis of the facet capsule. “Lumbar Facet Syndrome” evolving three stages: Acute Stage -The patient's reported complaint of unilateral low back and/or buttock pain increases at the end ranges of left or right side bending. Limited ot pain-limited lumbar inclinometer measures are common, Unilateral posterior-to-anterior pressures at the involved segment reproduce the patient’s pain complaint. Motion restrictions are present at the involved segment. Sub Acute Stage - The patient's unilateral symptoms are reproduced only with overpressures at end ranges of left or right side bending. Improved segmental mobility is commonly associated with improving * 0723383103 anloanetacretu@ yahoo.com 92 Creu, Gherghel Ly C./ ANUAR STUNTIPIC symptomatology. Settled Stage - ‘The patient's unilateral symptoms are reproduced only with end range overpressures in either a combined extension and side bending motion or a combined flexion and side bending motion. 2 Material and method Hypothesis - we consider that if pain and lumbar segment mobility limitation, if the approaches/strategies focusing on soft tissue mobilization and joint mobilization/manipulation, then pain and regain segmental mobility involved will be installed early and clear. ‘The study was performed on a homogeneous lot of 20 patients diagnosed with lumbar facet syndrome in the settled stage, divided into 2 groups: 10 patients used physical therapy program composed of basic means: therapeutic exercise, massage, 10 patients representing the target group received manual therapy and the Kinetic program, Parameter measured in the physical examination was the patient's dis scale from 0 - no pain, 3 ~ severe pain manifested during maneuvers of: Lumbar Side Bending - Performance Cues: “Do you have any discomfort at this moment?”. Demonstrate as you say “Bend to the side as far as you comfortably can and return?”, “Did that motion cause an increase in your pain?”, “When during the movement did you notice an inerease in your pain?” (Freddy Kaltenborn PT, 1993), Unilateral Posterior-to-Anterior Pressures ~ Performance Cues - Localize pressure to one transverse process (Figure 1). Sink deep enough to incriminate or "clear" the segment, When using thumbs - contact same side. When using a “dummy” thumb under - contact opposite side — fingers face away from iliac crest ~ using a flat relaxed hand. comfort (pain intensity), rated on a Figure no. 1 Unilateral Posterior Figure no. 2 Transverse process - to-Anterior Pressures Assessment in flexion Transverse process - Assessment in flexion - Performance Cues - Ensure that spinal extensors are relaxed (arms hang toward the floor). Keep thumbs at same level of the segment’s transverse process. Match right and left thumb Posterior-to-Anterior Pressures pressure intensity. Determine symmetry of depth. Determine symmetry of resistance (Figure 2). Determine symptom response. Intervention Approaches/Strategies - Settled Stage Goal: Restore normal, pain free responses to overpressures of combined extension and side bending and/or combined flexion and side bending. Normalize lumbar, pelvis, and hip muscle flexibility and strength deficits. Manual Therapy - soft tissue mobilization primarily to multifidus and rotatores of the involved segment. Joint mobilizationmanipulation using isometric mobifization and contract/relax procedures to the involved segment to reduce associated rotatores or multifidus muscle guarding Passive stretching - procedures to restore normal lumbar segmental mobility. ‘Therapeutic Exercise - Instruct in exercise and functional movements to maintain the improvements in mobility gained with the soft tissue and joint maniputations (John Bourdillon FRCS, BA Day MD, and Mark Bookhout MS, PT, 1992). Manual Therapy for Lumbar Spine Segmental Recovery Flexion - Soft Tissue Mobilization: Quadratus Lumborum (Figure 3), Erector Spinae/Thoracolumbar Fascia, Segmental Myofascia. Joint Mobilization/Manipulation: Lumbar Side bending in Neutral, Lumbar Side bending/Rotation in Flexion. Recovery Extension - Soft Tissue Mobilization: Psoas (Figure 4). Joint Mobilization/Manipulation: Lumbar Rotation in Neutral, Lumbar Side bending/Retation in Extension, 33 Vol Hl, Nr. 1, 2011 Figure no. 3 Quadratus Lumborum Figure no. 4 Psoas - Soft Tissue “Soft Tissue Mobilization Mobilication Recovery - Lumbar Segmental Rotation Forward bend to midrange of involved segment (Figure 5). Rotate until motion just begins at the involved segment (Figure 6). Keeping involved segment perpendicular, Figure no. § Forward Bend up to igure no. 6 Rotate Down 10 the Involved Segment Involved Segment Ensure that forces and contacts on the rib cage (not humerus) and ilium (not trochanter) are comfortable. Contract/relax, oscillation, and high velocity-low amplitude procedures can be employed as indicated Utilize compression, slight lumbar side bending, slight lumbar flexion or extension to create a “crisp” barrier at the involved segment prior to manipulation procedures (Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Irrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A., 2004). Recovery - Lumbar Segmental Flexion, Left Side bending, and Left Rotation - Position the upper knee anterior to the bottom knee to allow the pelvis to rotate (Figure 7). Flex up from below to the involved segment, Flex down from above to the involved segment. Retract the upper shoulder (don't pull the bottom. arm). Keep the involved segment perpendicular to the table. Push the pelvis superiorly and anteriorly to promote the side bending and rotation (Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Irrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A., 2004). Recovery - Lumbar Segmental Extension, Left Sidebending, and Left Rotation - Localize to the involved segments by(Bronfort G., 1999) ~ anterior translation of spine; ~ extension of the leg near table; = extension of the trunk, simultaneous counter rotation with side bending of the trunk and pelvis (maintain perpendicular at the involved segment) (Figure 8). Figure no.7 Lumbar Left Rotation/ Figure no, 8 Lumbar Left Rotation/Side Sidebending in Flexion bending in Extension 3 Results Jf pain and range of motion limitation in the lumbar segment, approaches/strategies focusing on soft tissue mobilization and joint mobilization/manipulation to normalize segmental mobility, Such proceedings followed by mobility exercises to maintain the improvements gained from the manual procedures. ‘The patient discomfort have been appreciated by their answer to the intensity of the pain generated by various maneuvers. thas been used for this purpose a questionnaire that included the following questions: ,,Do you have any discomfort at this moment?”, Demonstrate as you say “Bend to the side as far as you comfortably can and return?", “Did that motion cause an increase in your pain?”, “When during the movement did you notice an increase in your pain?” The patients responses to these questions by quantifying the intensity of pain on the a scale from 0-no sa iis Crow. Gherghet LC./ ANUAR STUNTIFIC [-mild pain, 2-moderate pain, 3-severe pain, have been centralized and interpreted in percent (Table 1). ‘Table no, 1 intensity of pain Group O-no T-mild | 2—moderate | 3—severe pain pain pain pain r[TFTr F 1 Fr TF Control 0 | 20% | 20% | 30% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 10% ‘Target (0 | 40% | 20% | 40% [20% | 20% [60% | 0 | oatenan | Lautpan | 2vosertenan | zsevernain | Figure no.9 The evolton af pain intensity From the presentation in charts (Figure 8) can be observed the results sensible differentiated the evolution of the two groups of patients. Such, if the response on the intensity of pain rated to level 3 (severe pain) can be observed a difference of 20% for the group which benefited from manual therapy. 4 Conclusions ‘The back pain is the second reason of the upper respiratory pathology as the cause the absence from work. Dysfunction of the movement of the one vertebrae of the lumbar spine appears inside the lumbar facet syndrome — due to the facet irregularities, muscle imbalances or trauma, Apptoaches/Strategies in lumbar mobility dysfunctions focusing on soft tissuc mobilization and joint mobilization/manipulation to normalize segmental mobility, followed by mobility exercises to maintain the improvements gained from the manual procedures, ‘The association of the manual therapy with the classic kinetic program has as finality an evident improving of pain and the regain mobility of the involved segment. As prophylaxis, physical therapist will instruct the patient to make efficient, pain free, motor performance of movements. Also the physical therapist has to advice the patient to avoid the movments which can be the reason of the current episode of low back pain. ‘The improvernent of patient discomfort has as_result the early reintegration in social and professional life reducing the absenteeism from work References 1. Bronfort G. (1999) ~ Spinal manipulations: current state of research and its indications. Neurologic Clinies 2. Childs JD, Fritz IM, Flyan TW, lirgang J, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A. (2004) ~ Which patients with low back pain benefit from spinal manipulation? Validation of a clinical prediction rule. Ann Intern Med. 3. Freddy Kaltenbom PT (1993) ~The Spine: Basic Evaluation and Mobilization Techniques 4, Fritz IM, Delitto A, Erhard RE (2003) ~ Comparison of classificaiton-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain. Spine 5. John Bourdillon FRCS, EA Day MD, and Mark Bookhout MS, PT (1992) ~ Spinal Manipulation 55 Vol ll, Nr 1, 2011 Terapia manual’ in managementul durerii si al deficitului de mobilitate al coloanei vertebrale lombare Cretu Antoaneta', Gherghel Liliana Carmen? '2 Universitatea Nationaléi de Educagie Fizicd si Sport, Bucuresti, Romania Rezumat Daretite de spate repreznis al doilea motiv dup patologia respirator, ca © eauzk a absenteismull de a mane Durerea de spate este, de asemenea, cea mai frecventi cauzii de invaliditate la pacientii sub 40 de ani. ‘ermenul de ,manipulare” poate fi ullzat in pratica cliied penru a infelege procedurile de mobilizin pasive de orice fol In cazul dureit si a imitiit de mobiltate a segmentului lombar, abordirlefstrategile pun accent pe terapi vin mobilizarea feslurilor moi si mobilize ariculad/manipuare, penta a recistiga mobilitatce po segment implica, Acestprocedou este urmat de excriti de mobiltte pentru a menfneMnbundai ce sa cstiga pin procedurite manual, Cuvinte cheie: ferapie manuald, durere lombaré joasa 1. Introducere ine cont Definirea terminologici este cadrul conceptului ~ Maitland (Bronfort G., 1999) Mobilizare - migcate pasiva efectuata astiel incdt aceasta poate fi controlati de pacient in orice moment (Bronfort G, 1999). Manipularea - migcare pasivi constind din: vitezt mare pe amplitudine mica, in limita articular’ anatomic’, efectuati brusc, fri sé poatd fi controlatd de pacient (Bronfort G., 1999). Manipularea sub anestezie este 0 procedur’ medical efectuat® cu paciental sub anestezie si este utilizat’ pentru a fntinde structurile articulate, pentru a restaura o amplitudine complet de migcare prin ruperea aderentelor. ‘in durerea lombar& joas& pacienfii prezint& unul sau mai multe din cele pata simptome: dureri de spate, durere iradiati pe membrul inferior, simptome neurologice, deformarea coloanei vertebrale. La 90% dintre pacienfi, durerea lombard joasi se amelioreazii in termen de 6 siptimani, la 5% din pacienti, durerea se amelioreaza la 12 siptdimini de la debutul durerii, Mai putin de 1% din durerile de spate se datoreaz unor serioase probleme ale coloanei vertebrale (tumorii, infectii). Un alt procent de 1% din durerile de spate se datoreazi patologiei inflamatorii (reumatism). Mai pujin de 5% de duteri de spate este cauzata de afectarea siructurilor nervoase (Eritz IM, Delitto A, Erhard RE., 2003), Descrierea din aceasti lucrare este in concordant cu descrierile formelor clinice asociate cu termenul de »sindrom lombar de fateta’. Cauza suspectitit acestei tulburitii este reprezemtata de 0 anomalie de migcare, la nivelul unui segment al coloanei vertebrale, nu se pot realiza migoarile de flexie, extensie, indoire lateralt sau rotatie, fird prezenfa durerii la nivelul vertebrelor adiacente. Existii dovezi c& aceasté anomalie de miscare este cauzati de 0 deterioreare a fesutului fibros la nivelul capsulei, sau de fibroz& posttraumaticd a capsulei. Sindromul fajetar evolueazit in trei etape: Etapa acutdé - pacientuluit acuz durere lombart joasd unilaterala gi/sau dureri la nivelul fesei, dureri care se accentueaz pe finalul migcdrit de inclinare laterala (stinga sau la dreapta). Limitarea de mobilitate articulara apare Ia nivelul segmentului lombar. Presiuni unilaterale efectuate posterio - anterior Ia nivelul segmentului implicat produc durere. Restrictiile de migcare sunt prezente la nivelul segmentul implicat. Etapa subacutd - simptomele pacientului prezente unilateral, numai in cursul efectuarii de presiuni Ia sfarsitul cursei de miscare - inclinare stinga sau la dreapta. imbunatatirea mobilititii pe segmentul implicat este frecvent asociatd cu ameliorarea simptomatologiei Etapa stabilé - simptomele pacientului prezente unilateral apar numai in cursul efectuirii de presiuni Ta sfairsitul cursei de migcare fn cazal extensici combinate ct inclinare laterald sau flexie combinat& cu tnelinare lateral, 2, Material si metoda Ipotezti ~ considerim ca in cazul durerii si a limitirii de mobilitate a segmentului lombar, daci in cadrul abordirillor/strategiilor se pune accent pe terapia manual prin mobilizarea fesuturilor moi si mobilizare 56 requ, Ghergel L, C./ANUAR STUINPUFIC articulari/manipulare, atunci ameliorarea durerii si recdstigarea mobilititii pe segmentul implicat se vor instala precoce gi evident. ‘Studiul s-0 efectuat pe un lot omogen de 20 de pacienti diagnosticafi cu sindrom lombar de fafeta in etapa stabilé, divizat in 2 grupe: 10 pacienti au folosit programe de kinetoterapie alcztnite din mijloace de bazi: exercifi terapeutice, masaj; 10 pacienfi, reprezentand grupul finté au beneficiat si de terapie manual’, tn cadrul programului kinetic. Parametrul evaluat in cadrul examenului fizic a fost reprezentat de disconfortul pacientului (intensitatea durerii), cotata pe o scala de la O — fara durere, la 3 —durere sever’, manifestata pe parcursul unor manevre: Inclinare lateralé ~ Indicii de realizare: ,,Ai vreun disconfort in acest moment? “. Se demonstreazi miscarea pacientului gi se explica ,,Inclin’-te intr-o parte fn masura fn care te simti confortabil si poti reveni”; Care _migcare duce la cresterea durerii?”; ln ce moment, pe parcursul migcirit afi observat 0 crestere a durerit? ” (Freddy Kaltenborn PT,1993). Presiuni unilaterale postero- anterioare — Indicii de realizate: Presiunea este localizatt la nivelul spinelor transverse (Figura 1), suficient de profund pentru a incrimina sau ,degaja” segmentul. Se poate realiza cu policele in contact de aceeasi parte a coloanei vertebrale, sau se poate folosii policele cu contactul de o parte sialta a coloanei vertebrale, Degetele sunt departate pe creasta iliac’, folosind o suprafata pland, mana este relaxatl, Se consemneazi apavifia/sau nu a durerii. Figura nr. Presiuni unilaterale Figura nr. 2. Evatuarea osterio- anterioare proceselor transverse in flexie Evaluarea proceselor transverse in flexie — Indicii de vealizare: Extensorii spinali trebuie s& fie relaxagi (bratele pacientulni atarn spre podea). Se menfine policele la acelasi nivel al segmentului pe spinele transverse, Policele de Ia méina dreapta si sting exercit’ o presiune de intensitate egala, profunzime si rezistenfa simetrica (Figura 2). Se apreciaza rispunsul dureros. Metodele de interventie/strategii terapeutice tn etapa stabil Scopul: Restaurarea rspunsurilor normale far durere Ia efectuarea presiunilor finale combinate cu extensie gi inclinare Iateral& si/sau combinate cu flexie si inclinare laterald; recdstigarea flexibilititii gt a fortei musculare lombare, pelvine gi a goldului. Terapie manual — mobilizarea fesutului moale cu accent Ja nivelul segmentului implicat (muschii tmultifizi si rotator). Mobilizare/manipulare articular’, folosind contracfii izometrice si tehnica hold/relax ta_nivelul segmentului implicat pentru a reduce statea de contactie a muschilor rotatori si multifizi, Tehnici de tntindere pasiva pentra a restabili mobilitatea normalai a segmentului lombar. Exercifiiterapentice ~ exercifii si migcari functionale pentru a mentine/ tmbundtétii mobilitatea dobandita a fesutul moale (Iobn Bourdillon FRCS, EA Day MD, and Mark Bookhout MS, PT, 1992). Terapia Manual Refacerea flexiei - Mobilizarea jesuturilor moi: pitrat lombar (Figura 3), erectori toracolombara, miofascia pe segmente. Mobilizare articulard/manipulare: tnclinare laterala in segmentul lombar in pozitic neutr’; inclinare lateral fn segmental lombar/rotafie in flexie. (Freddy Kaltenborn PT, 1993). Refacerea extensiei - Mobilizarea tesuturilor moi, psoas (Figura 4). Mobilizare articularWmanipulare: Rotafie lombark in pozifie neutr®, inclinare lateral lombarirotatie tn extensie, vertebraliffascia igura ne.3. Mobilizarea fesuturilo Figura nr.4. Mobilizarea fesuturilor moi - patratud lombar imi - psoas 31 Vol Ml, Nr: 1, 2011 Refacerea rotafiei in segmentul lombar - Flexia coapsei va realiza mobilizirii usoare pe segmentul implicat (Figura 5). Rotafia bazinului se realizeaz pind cind mobilizarea segmentului implicat se inifiaz’ (Figura 6) pistrarea segmentului implicat perpendicular. Figura nr.5. Flexia coapsei transmite Figura nr.6, Rotayia bazinuluitransmite ‘mobilizarea segmentulud implicat miscarea segmentulud implicat Forfele si contactal sunt la nivelul coastelor, (nu humerus) $i itiam (nu trohanter) si sunt confortabile. Contractie/relaxare, oscilatie, si viteza mare-amplitudine redusi, aceste proceduri pot fi utilizate in conformitate cu indicatiile kinetoterapeutului Se realizeazA presiuni in ugoara rotafie, usoard flexie Lombard sau extensie pentra a pregiti segmentul in ‘cauzi fnainte de procedurile de manipulare (Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Irrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A., 2004). Refacerea flexiei lombare, inclindrii laterale sténga $i rotafie stanga Pozitia pitt superioare a genunchilor situaté anterior, permite prin partea inferioar a genunchilor realizarea migcdrit de rotatie a pelvisului (Figura 7), Se retrage partea superioard a umarul (muse tragefi bratul), Se péstreaz segmental implicat perpendicular pe mas’. Se impinge pelvisul in sens supero-anterior pentru a promova inclinatea lateral si rotajia (Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Irrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A., 2004). Refacerea extensiei lombare, inclinare laterald sténga si rotatie stiinga Pozitionarea segmentelor implicate (Bronfort G., 1999): - translarea anterioara a coloanei vertebrale; - extensia membrului inferior situat pe mas’; - extensia a trunchiului; rotatie sinmultand contrar inclindii laterale a trunchiului si a pelvisului, se menfine perpendicular pe masi segmentul implicat (Figura 8). Figura nr-7. Rotayie lombara stdnga Figura nr.8. Rotayie lombara ‘Anelinare laterald in flexie stangafinclinare lateral in extensie 3. Rezultate Jn cazul duretii si a limitérit de mobilitate a segmentului lombar abordirile/strategiile pan accent pe terapia manual prin mobilizarea fesuturilor moi si mobilizare articular/manipulare, pentru a recdistiga mobilitatea pe segmentul implicat, urmata de exercitii de mobilitate pentru a menfine/imbunititi ce s-a c€stigat prin procedurile manuale. Disconfortul pacientului s-a apreciat prin raspunsul acestora, referitor 1a intensitatea durerii provocate prin diverse manevre. S-a folosit in acest scop un chestionar ce a cuprins urmatoarele intrebairi: Ai vreun disconfort (durere) in acest moment? “, ,,lnclin’-te intr-o parte in masura in care te simfi confortabil gi poti reveni”, Care migcare duce la cresterea durerii?", ,,in ce moment, pe parcursul migcArii ati observat o crestere a durerii?. Raispunsurile pacien{ilor la tatrebari, prin cuantificarea intensitajii durerii, pe o scald: 0-fir durere, 1- durete usoari, 2-durere moderat’, 3-durere sever’, au fost centralizate gi interpretate in procente (Tabelul 1). 58 Grup 2-durere | 3-durere moderati sever a Control_|_0| 20% |_20% | 30% | ~30% |~40% [50% | 10% o[ 40% | 20% | ~40% | 20% [20% [60% | 0 al 2 oh Figura nr-8, Bvolujia incensitayit durerii Din prezentarea grafiea (Figura 8) a rezultatelor se poate observa evolufia sensibil diferentiatd a pacientilor celor dou grupe. Astfel, in cazul rispunsului privind intensitatea durerii cotati la nivelul 3 (durerea sever) se poate observa o diferentit de 20% in favoarea grupului care a beneficiat de terapie manuala. 4, Conelw Durerile de spate reprezint& al doilea motiv dupa patologia respiratorie, ca o cauza a absenteismului de munca Disfunefiile de mobilitate la nivelul vertebrelor lombare apar in cadrul ,sindromului lombar de fateta”, din cauza incongruenfelor de la nivelul fatetelor articulare, a dezechilibrelor musculare sau 2 unor ‘taumatisme. ‘Abordirile/strategiile tn disfuncfiile de mobilitate lombari pun accent pe terapia manual prin mobilizarea fesuturilor moi si mobilizare articulari/manipulare, pentru a recdstiga mobilitatea pe segmentul implicat, urmati de exercitii de mobilitate pentru a menfine/imbundtifi ce s-a castigat prin procedurile manuale, Asocierea terapiei manuale Ja programul kinetic clasic duce la ameliorarea evident a durerii gi recdstigarea mobilitatii segmentului implicat in scop profilactic kinetoterapeutul va instruii pacientul pentru a realiza migciri eficiente, far’ durere gi evitarea migcairilor care par si fie cauza unui episod acut de dureri de spate. ‘Ameliorarea disconfortului. pacientilor va determina o reintegrare socio-profesionalA precoce, reduciind absenteismul de la munca. implicit la Referinfe bibliografice 1, Bronfort G. (1999) ~ Spinal manipulations: current state of research and its indications. Neurologic Clinies 2. Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Inrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A. (2004) ~ Which patients with low back pain benefit from spinal manipulation? validation of a clinical prediction rule, ‘Ann Intern Med. 3, Breddy Kaltenborn PT (1993) — The Spine: Basic Evaluation and Mobilization Techniques 4, Fritz JIM, Delitto A, Erhard RE (2003) - Comparison of classification-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain. Spine 5. John Bourdillon FRCS, EA Day MD, and Matk Bookhout MS, PT (1992) Spina! Manipulation 59 Vol It Nr. 12011 ANUAR STIINTIFIC Volunul Forunului Stinjific Nayional Competitional Methodological interventions in learning artistic beam jumping at juniors team IV, levels I and I - Farul Constanta amian Mirela", Stinculescu George”, Gevat Cecilia’, Larion Alin‘, Popescu Raducu’, Damian Cosmin®, Damian Roxana’ 3 12.445 Ovidius University of Constanja, Roménia 4 ° Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania 7.S.8.C, no. of Constanja, Romania Abstract ‘This study examines the effect of applying special methods (difficult conditions-tourniquet) at the atistic gymnastics team "Patul” Constanta. They aimed at developing dynamic force, force support, mobility and elasticity of legs muscles to best achieve the artistic beam jumping technique. The research took place on 20 gymnasts divided into two groups: experimental (n= 10; x#s= 9.42: 0.516) and control (0= 10; x=s= 9.320.675). Exercises with the tourniquet were applied for six months between 15 September 2010 - 5 March 2011 and included four periods of training, AC final testing, the results of the research revealed the following: 1. Increasing mobility with 1.O7em. at split test on the right leg (p< 0,005), with 1.48 cm. p < 0,005) at the split on the left leg for the experimental group to the control group and a lack of significance p> 0,05 at the split side; 2. Increasing force support at 90° x4s=0.66230,073see; pe 0,005 for the | experimental group and a lack of significance at p> 0,05 to maintain the preferred lez over 90°; 3. The exccution | chnique at developpe jumping on the right leg is improving in the experimental group, the average grade being x: §,58930,769 (p< 0,0005), and on the let leg the average grade is x5 6,726:0,633 to the control group where x: 5.439% 0,363 (p <0,0008). Key words: artistic gymnastics, balance beam, artistic jumps, training 1. Introduction The scoring code developed by the International Federation of Gymnastics (2009) after each Olympic cycle highlights significant changes as a result of the analysis of technical executions to each device. Thus, the elements performed by gymnasts are penalized in a large proportion in the future Olympic cycle, and the increasingly difficult jumps, which are performed less often, automatically receive a higher ranking and substantial bonuses. The coaches’ desire for each gymnast to have included in her exercise difficult combinations consisting of acrobatic elements related to artistic jumps or the performance of some difficult artistic jumps which can bring a considerable points bonus raises difficulties in the preparation and classification of gymnasts according to their age categories. At beam, the artistic jumps are particularly difficult to perform due to the configuration of the device. The preparation of motric qualities necessary fora proper technical performance of artistic jumping on beam “conditions and determines mastership” (Menhin, I. 1972, p. 9). Force can be defined as “the human body's ability to make efforts to overcome, maintain or give up, in relation to an external or intemal resistance, through the contraction of one or more muscle groups” (Dragnea, A. et ai. 2006, p. 126). Force is applied to the execution of each movernent, being one of the most important qualities. Learning the technique of gymnastics elements depends to a large extent on the level of muscle strength, Vitorio, C and Thompson, P., (1993) quoted by Rafi, G., (2006, p.58) refer to the elastic force as a form of explosive force of great importance in jumping, and Verkhoshansky, Y.V., (1988) distinguishes four types of explosive force: explosive tonic, explosive-ballistic tonic, reactive-ballistic and fast. Altogether, explosive strength, strength support (Macovei, S., 1999, p. 65), mobility and muscle elasticity determine the achievement of artistic jumps on beam at the highest level * tel: s40-703-202-579 ail: damanulel22008@ yahoo.com Danan et al/ ANUAR STHNTIFIC 2, Material and method This chapter provides the goals, objectives, premises, hypotheses, research methods used and the data related to target group, taken measurements, variables used and applied intervention. The research aimed to develop the technical execution level of artistic jumping on beam, which is correctness, amplitude, springiness, maximum opening in accordance with the requirements of the scoring code. ‘The research hypothesis ~ the application of an exercises program with elastic bands will lead to an improvement of strength support indices and mobility and muscle elasticity with positive effects on the technical execution of artistic jumping on beam. The experiment was conducted in women’s artistic gymnastics team, Junior IV of “Farul” Constanfa Club, n= 20 gymnasts. There were two groups: experimental (n= 10) aged xts= 9.4: 0.516 and control ( 10) aged xs= 9.340.675. The two groups of gymnasts have a level of sports training of 3-4 years. ‘The pedagogical experiment lasted six months, from 15" September to 15” March comprising four preparatory stages. They totalled 844 hours of general training from which research allotted 72 hours and 16 ‘minutes of actual repetition of the drive systems suggested by us, as follows: stage I - 40 uaining sessions x 25-minute workouts; stage II - 45 training sessions x 35-minute workouts; stage TIT ~ 6 training sessions x 30-minute workouts; stage IV — 45 training sessions x 35-minute workouts, Initial and final tests took: into account: anthropometric measurements, motric tests — high jump, high jump on the springboard, long jump, the maintaining force of the leg raised at 90°, the maintaining force of the leg raised over 90°, coxo-femoral mobility at the ground level, coxo-femoral mobility in high level in all directions. To assess the level of technical training, the following jumps were performed: sissone, develope jump ‘on two feet on the competition beam. The level of execution was arbitrated and grades were given by four international judges. ‘The average of the four grades awarded was calculated. ‘The action systems proposed: wall bar exercises, artistic jumping exercises from the classification program were performed with a tourniquet tied on both ankles. 3. Results The force support of the preferred leg at 90° At initial testing, the average of the experimental group compared to the average of the control group is, cantly different statistically at p > 0,05. At final testing, the experimental group average is of x25= 0,662 40,184sec to the control group average of x8s= 0,519 + 0, 12sec, the difference between the averages being statistically significant at p < 0,05, and Cv indicates a lack of homogeneity for both groups. At the test of maintaining the leg raised over 90° at both initial testing and final testing there were no statistically significant differences and we argue this lack of significance in that the gymnasts are in the initial phase when this quality of force is less manifested. Coxo-femoral mobility ‘The data recorded at the split on the right, left leg, as well as at split side at initial testing does not show statistically significant differences, and at the final testing, the difference is statistically significant only on the right leg (p < 0.0005). Sissone jump / right leg At initial testing, we record the same lack of statistical significance. ‘Table no. 1 Representation of group development at sissone jump ‘Sisson Jun 7 Ty Sissone Tianpr Right eg _ Lefileg. Gr Ep. Ge Gbps (Gn XaDs | 72472 | 6,76640,843 | 619 =0,697 | 607120665 0,848. Se G% | 11,701 D459. T126 | 9,079 t 1272. = 0391 P 720,05 pons Final testing. The experimental group has an increase in average which reaches 8,714 pet. + 0,809, a group with good homogeneity, so that the difference in points from the initial testing is of 1,467 points. The 61 Vol. 1H, Nr.t, 2011 ‘control group has a relatively small evolution from the initial testing, the average now being 7,034 pet. 0,527, homogenous group from a value point of view with a difference of 0,268 points from the first test. ‘Table no. 2 Representation of group development at sissone jump Sissone jump (right leg ‘Sissone jump lefeleg Gr. Exp. Gr Gr Exp. GC. X=Ds_| 871420809 | 7,03420,527 | TA4020,676 | 6,31520,724 9,284. 7492 = 3009. 465 3.6L z B= 05 ‘The difference between groups at final testing of 1,68 points is statistically significant at p < 0,0005 in favour of the experimental group, which confirms the effectiveness of the program. Figure no. 1. The evolution of the arithmetic mean at sissone jump / Pad: if Sissone jump / left leg At initial testing, the average obtained by the experimental group 6,19 0,697 and the difference between averages to the control group 6,071 pet. + 0,665 is not statistically significant at p> 0.05. However, the final testing indicates statistically significant differences at p< 0,005 in favour of the experimental group. Developpe jump / right leg Initial testing. The average recorded at initial testing by the experimental group is of 7,251 pet. £0,935, and the variability coefficient of 12,895 reveals a relatively homogenous group. The control group shows an average of 7,105 20,941 points, and a variability coefficient of 13,244 also indicating that this group is relatively homogenous. The difference between averages is statistically insignificant. Table no. 3 Evolution of average at develope jump Open jamip7 Right le Gap. GiC. Cr W2Ds_| 725120935 | 7.105004 620950,934 Om D5 Tad TSA n 0348 ee ? P2005 Final testing. Following the final testing, the progress made by the experimental group is noted, the average amounting to 8,6013 pot.+I,07, the mean difference between tests being of 1,352 points, The contro! group does not show a remarkable progress, the average being of 7,2390,881 points, The difference between averages is statistically significant at p< 0,005. ‘Table no. 4 Evolution of average at devetoppe jump Open jump 7 E Open jump Right le deftteg = Gr Exp. CG | Gr Byes Gnas Keds | 56032107 | 723940881 | 7a0si | 6,39530.863. Crh | 1238 TAIT Tad TSs AS AOS t 3112 22156: ae 2 Damian M. era ANUAR STUNTIFIC 4, Conclusions and discussions ‘The hypothesis was confirmed, the action systems of increasing difficulty leading to statistically significant improvements in favour of the experimental group. If at the initial testing we found deficiencies in prepating gymnasts from both groups, at the final testing we noticed an improvement of the averages’ values in the experimental group. This shows an increase in the quality of artistic training of these gymnasts, the mean difference between the two groups at final testing being statistically significant in favour of the experimental group. ‘The control group went on an equal footing with the experimental group regarding the average values in all tests, the difference between averages being statistically insignificant. However, at final testing, the difference is statistically significant in most tests in favour of the experimental group. ‘The difference of individual values is also evident in the case of sportswomen, values which can be explained by the fact that, at this age, the amount of elements that a gymnast will have to accumulate in a relatively short time is spectacular. That is why, coaches should take into account the particularities of each sportswoman since it is well-known that not every program is appropriate to each gymnast. For this reason, it was decided that, depending on the typology of each gymnast, the exercise program should be applied differently. In conclusion, following the positive results from most of the gymnasts in the experimental group, we ‘can confirm that the program implemented by us has brought significant improvements, in the sense of obtaining evident performances which can be seen in the execution of exercises. References 1. Damian, M. (2005), The technique and methodology of artistic elements on beam and floor, Ovidius University Press, Constanta 2. Dragnea, A.C., Mate-Teodorescu, 8. (2002), The theory of sport, FEST Publishing House, Bucharest 3. Macovei, $. (1999), Rhythmic gymnastics and flexibility, ANEFS Publishing House, Bucharest 4. Menhin, I. (1972), Preparation of force in gymnastics, Stadion Publishing House, Bucharest. 5. Rafi, G. (2006), Skills in motric activity, EduSoft Publishing House, Back 6. Verkhoshansky, Y.V., (1988), Fundamentals of the Special Physical Preparation of Athletes, Fizkultura I Sport, Publishers, Moscow 7. M*B.LG., (2009) ~ Score code Interyentii metodice in favatarea sZriturilor artistice la bam’, la echipa de junioare IV, nivel I si I ~ Farul Constanta Damian Mirela’, Stéinculescu George”, Geyat Cecilia’, Larion Alin’, Popescu Raducu®, Damian Cosmin®, Damian Roxane’. 42.345 Universitatea Ovidius Constanta, Romania ° Universitatea Transilvania Brasov, Roménia 7C.8.S.nr.1 Constanta, Romania Rezumat fn acest studiu se analizeaza efectul aplicirii unor metode speciale (condifii ingrewiate-garou) la echipa de gimi autistica “Farul” Constanfa. Acestea au vizat dezvoltarea forfei dinamice, a forfei de sustinere, a mobili lasticitifii musculare la nivelul membrelor inferioare penteu realizarea optima a tehnicit sSrturitor artistice la barn Cercetarea a avut foc asupra a 20 gimnaste constituite in dou grupe: experiment (a = 10; cu varsta x8 = 9.44 0.516) $1 contral (n= 10; cu varsta xxs = 9.3 + 0.675). Exercfile eu garou au fost aplicate timp de 6 luni, LSseptembrie 2010 - 15 martic 2011 gi au cuprins 4 perioade de pregitire. Rezultatele ceteetirii au seos tn evidengl Ia testare final&: 1 Miritea mobilitafii cu 1.07em, la proba sfoara pe piciorul drept (p < 0,000), ex 1.48 em. (p < 0,005) la sfoar’ pe piciorul sting in favoarea grupei experiment fat de grupa control gi lips a semnificatict p> 0,05 la sfoard lateral; 2 “Miitea fori de sustneze la 90° xis = 0.66240.0738er; p< 0,005 peniro grupa experiment si o Tips a semnificatei la p> 0,05 la proba de menfere a piciorului preferat peste 90°. 3.Tehnica de execute Ia proba siritura developpe pe piciorul drept se imbunétijeste Ia grupa experiment, media notelor fiind xs = 8,58930,769 (p < 0,0005), iar pe piciorul sting media de xs = 6,72620,633 fat de grupa control unde xs = 5,439%:0,363 (p < 0,0005). Cuvinte cheie: ginnasticd artsticd, barna, siriwri artistic, pregative. 6 Vol. 1, Nr.1, 2011 1. Introducere Codul de punctaj elaborat de Federatia International de Gimnastic& (2009) dupa fiecare ciclu olimpic aduce in prim plan modificiti importante ca urmare 2 analizei execufiilor tehnice la fiecare aparat, Astfel, clementele executate de gimnaste intt-o proportie mare se declaseaza in viitorul ciclu olimpic, iar sditurile cate sunt executate mai rar, de dificultate sporiti, primesc 0 clasare superioara gi automat bonificatit substanfial. Dorinja antrenotilor ca fiecare gimnasti s& aiba incluse in exercifiul su combinatit dificile aledtuite din clemente acrobatice legate de sirituri artistice sau execufia unor sitituri artistice de dificultate ce pot aduce, un bonus de puncte considerabil ridica dificultiti in pregatirea si clasificarea gimnastelor la categoriile de vsti. respectiva (Damian, M., 2005), La aparatul bari sdriturile artistice sunt deosebit de dificil de executat datorité configurafiei aparatului Pregitirea calitifilor motrice necesare unei bune execufii tehnice a siriturilor artistice Ia barna condifioneaza si determin’ miestria” (Menhin, I. 1972, p.9). Forfa poate fi definité ca find ,capacitatea organismului aman de a realiza eforturi de invingere, mentinere sau de cedare, in raport cu 0 rezistenté extern sau intern’, prin contractia uneia satt mai multor grupe de musculare.” (Dragnea,A. si colab. 2006, p.126). Forfa este foarte solicitata la executarea fiecarei migcdii, fiind una dintre cele mai importante calitaji. Insusirea tehnicii elementelor de gimnastici depinde in mare masura de nivelul forfei musculace. Vitorio, C. si Thompson, P., (1993) citati de Rata, G., (2006, p.58) fac referiri la forta elastica tot ca o forma de forfa exploziva de mare importanti in s&rituri, iar Verkhoshansky, Y.V., (1988), deosebeste 4 tipuri de fort exploziva: tonic exploziv, tonic exploziv-balistic, reactive-balistic si rapid’. Impreun&, forta exploziva, forta de sustinere, (Macovei, S., 1999, p. 65) mobilitatea si clasticitatea musculard, conditioneaza realizarea sdriturilor artistice de fnalt nivel la bana. 2. Material si metod Cercetarea a urmirit dezvoltarea nivelului de executie teh prin aceasta corectidudine, aplitudine, detent, deschidere maxima codul de punctaj.. Ipoteza cercetirii- aplicarea unui program de exercitii cu benzi elastice va conduce la imbunatafirea indicilor forfei de sustinere si a mobilititii si elasticita{ii musculare cu efecte pozitive asupra execufiei tehnice a sariturifor artistice la barn’ Experimental s-a efectuat la echipa de gimnastici artisticd feminina, junioare IV a Clubului Farul Constanta, n= 20 gimnaste. $-au constituit dou’ grupe: experiment (n= 10) cu vrsta de xis= 9.4 0.516 gi control (n= 10) cu vista de x:s= 9.320.675. Cele dowd grupe de sportive au un nivel de pregatire sportiva de 3-4 ani. Experimental pedagogic s-a desftigurat pe parcursul a 6 luni, 15 septembrie 2010-15 martie 2011, cuprinzind 4 etape pregititoare. S-au insumat 844 de ore de pregittire general din care s-au distribuit cercetitii noastre 72 de ore si 16 minute de repetare efectiva a sistemelor de actionare propuse de noi, astfelzetapa I: 40 de antrenamente x 25 de minute; etapa a Il-a: 45 de antrenamente x 35 de minute; etapa a TIL-a : 6 antrenamente x 30 de minute; etapa a TV -a: 45 de antrenamente x 35d e minute. Testele aplicate initial si final au avut in vedere: misurdtori antropometrice; probe mottice: séritura th {naljime, sSritura fn inalfime de pe trambulind, séritura tn ungime de pe loc, forfa de menfinere a picioruluit ridicat la 90°, forta de menfinere a piciorului ridicat >de 90°, mobilitate coxo-femurali la nivelul solului ta toate planurile, mobilitate coxo- femuratd in plan ridicat pe toate directiile. Pentru evaluarea nivelului de pregatire tehnicd s-aur executat siriturile: sissone, sAritura developpe de pe dou’ pe dont picioare pe bara de concurs. S-a arbitrat nivelul execufiei si s-au acordat note de 4 arbitre internationale, S-a calculat media celor 4 note acordate. Sistemele de actionare propuse: exercifii la bara de perete, exerci la centru gi sériturile artistice din programa de clasificare au fost executate cu un garou legat de ambele glezne, turilor artistice la barna, infelegind conformitate cu cerinfele impuse de 3, Reaultate Forfa de sustinere a piciorului preferat la 90° La testarea initial media grupului experiment fat de media grupului control nu prezint& diferente semnificative statistic la p > 0.05. La testarea final, media grupei experiment este de x#s= 0,662 #0,184sec. fai de media grupei control de x:ts= 0,519 + 0,12sec, diferenta intre medii find semnificativa statistic la p < 0,05 iar Cv indic& o lips a omogenit%ii pentru ambele grupe. La proba de sustinere a piciorului peste 90° atat la testarea inifiala cft si la testarea final nu ‘au inregistrat diferente scmmnificative statistic si argumentim aceasti lipsi de semnificafie prin faptul ci 64 Dain BM, eral/ ANUAR STUINTIPIC gimnastele sunt in faza initial cand aceasta calitate a forfei se manifesta mai putin. Mobilitate coxo-femurata Datele inregistrate ta sfoara pe piciorul drept, stang si la sfoa testarea inifiald nu prezinta diferente semnificative statistic, iar la testarea final statistic numai la proba pe piciorul drept ( p< 0.0005). Saritura sissonefpicior drept La testavea iniiala Tnregistrim acceasi lateral, Ja venga este semnific: ipsa de semnificatie statstia. ‘Tabel nr. 1 Reprezentarea evolutici grupului la saritura sissone ‘Siritura sissone 7 ‘Stritora sissoneT picior drept. picior stan Gr. Bxp. | Gr. Contr. | Gr Exp. | Gr. Contr Xe | 727% | 67660843 | 619 =0,697 | 6,071%0,065 Ds_| 0,848 Cee Co% | 1701 12,459 126 9,079 n 1,272. 0,391 ‘ pl p>005. 22005. ‘Testarea final. Grupul experiment are o crestere a mediei ce ajunge la 8,714 pct. + 0,809, un grup cu ‘omogenitate bun, astfel c& diferenfa de puncte fafa de testarea inifiald este de 1,467 puncte. Grupul martor are 0 evolutie relati mic de la testarea inifialé, media acum fiind de 7,034 pet. + 0,527, grap omogen ca si vyaloare, cu o diferenfii de 0,268 punete de la prima testare. Tabel nr.2 Reprezentarea evoluiei grupului la sdvitura sissone ‘Saritura sissone [picior drept__['Saritura sissoue /plctor sting Gr Exp. Gr, Contr. GrExp. Gr Cont. EDs | &714=0,509 | 7,03430,527 | 7,446%0,076 | O,31540,724 | O% 9284 7492. 59079 AL AGS: t 5502 a ? P= 0,0005, 220,005, a Diferenfa dintre grape la testarea finala de 1,68 pet. este semnificativa statistic In p< 0,0005 in favoarea grupului experiment, ceea ce confirm’ eficienta programului Figura ne. 1, Evolufia medi aritmetice la sdvitura sissone / Pdr. Siritura sissone / piciorul sting La testare inifiala media obfinuta de grupul experiment 6,19 0,697 si diferenfa intre medii fafa de grupul control 6,071 pet. + 0,665 nu este semnificativs statistic Ia p>0.05. ‘Testarea finald indic& insa diferenfe semmificative statistic la p <0,005 in favoarea grupului experiment Saritura develope / picior drept Testarea inifiali Media inregistraté Ia testarea inifial’ de grupul experiment este de 7,251 pet. #0,935, iar coeficientul de variabilitate de 12,895 scoate in evident un grup relativ omogen. Grupa control prezinté o medie de 7,105 40,941 pet., si un coeficient de variabilitate de 13,244 ce indicd faptul ca si acest grup este relativ omogen. Diferen{a intre medii este nesemnificativa statistic, Vol, 1M, Nr.t, 2011 ‘Tabel nr. 3 Bvolufia mediei la sdritura developpe Siritara deschis7 Sears desis picior drept _ picior sting Gi. Bap. Gr. Cont Gr Exp Gr. Cont Weds | 7251 20,935 | 710520947 | 63278105 | 62090934 O% P2395 T2dd 16,596. 1508 c 0,348 0.266 a p>OO5 p>005 ‘Testarea finala. in urma testicii finale se remarcd progresul realizat de grupul experiment, la aceasta proba media urcind la 8,6013 pet+1,07, diferenta mediei dintre testiri fiind de 1,352 puncte. Grupul control nu prezinti un progres deosebit, media fiind de 7,2390,881 pt., iar diferenta intre medii fiind semnificativa statistic la p <0,005 ‘Tabel nr. 4 Evolupia mediet la saritura develope ‘Siritura deschisaT Saritaraderchisa picior drept = pieiorsiong Gr. Exp. Gr. Contr Gi Exp. | Gr. Contr XaDs | 860541,07 | 7,23930,881 | 7Azrsl | 63950803 v% 12,438. 1217. I5ATS | 13.495, n S12 2456, Ipoteza s-a confirmat, sistemele de actionare cu ingreuieri conduciind la progrese semnificative statistic ‘n favoarea grupet experiment. Dac& la testarea initial am constatat carenfe in pregétirea gimnastelor din ambele grupuri, la testarea final se observa o imbun&tZtire a valorilor mediilor la grupul experiment, ceea ce denotl o crestere a calititit pregitirii artistice a acestor sportive, diferenfa mediilor intre cele dou’ grupuri la testarea final semnificative statistic la toate probele fn favoarea grupului experiment. Grupal control a pomnit de pe pozitii egale cu grupa experiment in ce priveste valorile mediilor la toate probele, diferenfa intre medii find nesemnificativa statistic. La testarea final diferenta insi este semnnificativa statistic la majoritatea probelor in favoarea grupei experiment. Diferenfa valorilor individuale este si ea evident in cazul sportivelor, valori care pot fi explicate prin faptul ci la aceasta varsti bagajul de elemente pe care 0 sportiva va trebui si-l acumuleze fntr-un timp relativ seurt este spectaculos, de aceea antrenorii (rebuie s& fin cont de particularitijile fiectrei sportive tn parte, cunoseaindu-se deja faptul ci nu orice program se potriveste fiecdrei sportive. Din acest motiv s-a luat decizia ca, in functie de tipologia fiecdrei gimnaste, programul de exercifi si fie aplicat difereniat. in concluzic, tn urma rezultatelor pozitive objinute de majoritatea sportivelor putem confirma faptul c programul aplicat de noi a produs imbunatfi ‘unor performanfe evidente care se pot observa in executia sportivelor. Referinte bibliografice 1. Damian, M., (2005), Tehnica si metodica elementelor artistice de la barnd si sol, Edit. Ovidius University Press, Constanfa Dragnea, A.C., Mate-Teodorescu, S., (2002), Teoria sportului, Edit. FEST, Bucuresti Macovei, S., (1999), Gimnastica ritmicd si suplefea, Edit. ANEFS, Bucuresti Menhin, 1, (1972), Pregdtirea de forft in gimnasticd, Edit.Stadion, Bucuresti Rafi, G., (2006), Apritudinile tn activitatea motricé, Edit.-EduSoft, Bact Verkhoshansky, Y.V., (1988), Fundamentals of the Special Physical Preparation of Athletes, Fizkultura I Sport, Publishers, Moscow 7. * LG, - (2009), Codul de punctaj ‘grapul experiment semmnificative, fn sensul inregistr’ aya 66 Vol HIT Nr. 12011 ANUAR STHN7IFIC Volumut Forunudut Stinyifie Najional Competitional Subjective assessment of fatigue in 12-13 years old pupils Gidu Diana Victoria '", Ene-Voiculescu Carmen ®, Straton Alexandru *, Panait Liviu *, Petrescu Andrei * "2345 Qyidius University, Constanja, Romania Abstract ‘Tho aim of this study is to test the ability of self-esteem subjective degree of fatigue in 12-13 years old pupils. ‘Therefore, the heart rate (HR) of our pupils was recorded after different times of physical education lesson (immediately after minutes 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50). AC the same time with HR evaluation, pupils were instructed to indicate a specific figure on the Borg Scale, The results showed that pupils at this age have the tendency to underestimate the intensity of effort, Key words: subjective assessment of fatigue, Borg Seale, pupils, 12-13 years old 1. Introduction Subjective fatigue level perception recorded during the course of exercise is a trained capacity. However, for a long time, the fact that pupils can achieve mote or less correct self-esteem degree of fatigue that come from performing a particular exercise was ignored. In 1973, psychologist Gunnar Borg proposed a scale to estimate subjective perception of physical fatigue (appendix 1). Borg scale (Borg scale or RPE = Rate of Perceived or Exertion) is a valid reliable instrument on which could be realized a subjective assessment of effort intensity (G. Dumitru, 2006). ‘A number of studies (Dumitru, G., 1993; Chen M. J Fan, X, Moe, S. T, 2002; httpywww.cde.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/measuring/exertion.html) have showed that subjective estimates of the effort is correlated strongly with effort loads, heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (Vs) and pulmonary ventilation 2. Material and method ‘The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of fatigue self-esteem capacity during physical ‘ion lessons for pupils with 12-13 years old. Hypothesis It was assumed that middle school pupils are able to correctly assess the degree of fatigue resulting from the effort performed during physical education lessons. In the first phase, the experiment consisted in an application of an opinion questionnaire that contained ‘questions about how pupils felt physical exertion during the physical education lesson. The second phase of the experiment was conducted one week after the application of questionnaires, and consisted in the assessment of heart rate (AR) of the pupils, after different times of the lesson (immediately after minutes 15, 25, 35, 45 and 50). In the moment of HR evaluation, the Borg Scale was presented to pupils. According to preliminary briefing, the pupils indicated a certain number on the scale that best describes the perceived fatigue after effort performed, until that moment, “The study was conducted on 24 pupils (12 girls, with a mean age of 12.41 +: 0.29 years and 12 boys with ‘a mean age of 12,55 + 0:30 years), from Nicolae Tonitza School in Constanta. ‘The statistical treatment of data we used the following parameters: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the difference meaning between average and Bravais-Pearson correlation coefficient. The threshold for significance alfa was set at p<0.05. 3. Results edu Analysis of questionnaire responses revealed the following: in item 2, "How do you think are physical education classes? a) very difficult b) difficult c) moderate d) mild e) very light ", 35% of the girls considered that physical education lessons were mild, while 20% of them said the opposite; the remaining * emails ompiap@ynhoo.comy tel: +40°722 190836, 61 Gin 0. ok ANUAR STHINTIPIC 45% were undecided. 70% of the boys indicated that physical education lessons were light, and only 15% of the boys considered that physical education lessons were heavy; the remaining 15% of the boys were undecided. So, for 53% of the sixth grade pupils, physical education lessons were not considered exhausted, while for 18% of them, this was not true (fig. 1). Gheavy B 19RD undeciieal Fig. 1. Responses of the sixth grade pupils to item no. 2 In question no. 9, “During physical education lessons I feel tired: a) fast b) faster c) moderate d) difficult ©) very hard”, 30% of the sixth grade girls said that the effort in physical education lessons induced a faster fatigue, while 25% of them said the opposite. In boys, only 15% of them believed that the effort in physical education lessons induced a faster fatigue and 65% of them were not suppottive for this affirmation. Overall, in the sixth grade, 45% of pupils surveyed said that physical education lessons were not so demanding as to lead to rapid fatigue, and only 23% of them, said that the opposite was valid (fig. 2). rast heavy Oi moderate Fig. 2. Responses of the sixth grade pupils 10 item no. 9. For both sixth grade girls and boys, the tendency was to under-appreciate the level of exercise performed, regarding the subjective perception of effort intensity on Borg scale. The real HR values evaluated by the experimenter was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the subjective HR estimated by the pupils, after various moments of the lesson (fig. 3). ee ee 1001 Lo A gnc Girls Boys Fig. 3, Real and subjective HR (beatshuin) of six grade pupits recorded during various ‘moments of physical education lesson. 68 —iriririrrE Vol Itt, Nr. 1, 2011 Correlations made between pupils responses to the questionnaire and the actual intensity of effort in physical education lesson (based on the real HR) were not significant (fire = 0.434, thoys = 0.058). Also, between the questionnaire responses and exercise intensity perceived by subjects based on subjective HR values, correlations were not significant (tare = -0.021, tips = -0.036), although both types of data were subjective estimates. Results confirm that at this age (12-13 years old), pupils does not have a good self- esteem capacity of performed exercise intensity 4, Conclusions The hypothesis is not confirmed, because 12-13 years old pupils, regardless of gender, trend to underestimate the intensity of effort realized in physical education lessons. Therefore, physical education teachers must educate the ability, in pupils, of exercise intensity correct self-estimation, in other words to appreciate how their body responds to exercise. References 1. Borg G. (1973). Borg's Perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL: 29-37. 2. Chen M. J., Fan X., Moe S. T, (2002). Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20 (11): 873-899. 3. Dumitru G. (1993). Control medical. Note de curs. Constanya. 4, Dumitru G. (2006). Activitatea fizied tn Europa. hitp:thvww.medicinasportiva.ro/ sport’ articole/Activitatea_ fiziea_ in_ Buropa_ I_ OMS_ si_ activitatea_ fizica_ in_ Europa_ S.html, accesat de pe Internet pe 10.05.2011. 5. Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale). Centers for Disease Control and. Prevention, hitp:/Avww.cde.gov! physicalactivity/ everyone/ measuringlexertion.html, accesat de pe Internet pe 14.08.2011 Aprecierea subiectivé a oboselii la elevii de 12-13 ani Gidu Diana Victoria ', Bne-Voiculescu Carmen *, Straton Alexandru *, Panait Liviu *, Petrescu Andrei * 12845 Universitatea Ovidius, Constanja, Romania Rezumat ‘Studiul de fay pi propune sd testeze capacitatea subiectivd de autoapreciere a gradului de oboseald la elevii de 12-13 ani, Pentru aceasta, frecvenja cardiac (FC) a elevilor a fost recoltat dupa diferite momente ale leofiei de educafie fica Gmediat dup minutele 10,20, 30, 40 si 50). fn acta inp cu tnegisrarea FC de edie exporimentatr,elevi trebuiau si indice o anumitd cifrd de pe Scala Borg. Rezultatcle au ardtat cd la aceasta virstd elevii au tendiga de a sbevalu infensitatea efor Cuvinte cheie: aprecierea subiectiva a obosealit, sala Borg, elev, 12-13 an. 1. Introducere Precepfia subiectivd a gradului de oboseald inregistratd pe parcursul desfapurdtii unui efort fizic este 0 capacitate antrenabild, Totus, multd vreme s-a ignorat faptul ed elevii pot realiza o antoestimare cat de cat corectd a gradului de oboseald a care ajung tn urma efectuceit unui anumit efort fizic. ia anul 1973, psihologul Gunnar Borg a propus o scald de percepfie subiectivd a oboselii fizice (Anexa nr.1). Scala Borg (Borg scale sau RPE = rate of perceived exertion) este un instrument valid, demn de fneredere pe baza céreia se poate realiza o evaluare subiective' a intensitafii efortului (Dumitru G., 2006). O serie de studi (Dumitra G., 1993; Chen M.J, Fan X., Moe, S.T., 2002; httpyiwww.ede.gov/ physicalactivity/ everyone/ measuring/ exertion himl) au demonstrat cd estiméhile subiective ale efortului se coreleazdi putemic cu inedreatura de efort, cu frecvenfa cardiacd (FC), ca VOz-ul si cu ventilayia pulmonard. 2, Material si metoda Scopul acestei lucrati este acela de a determina capacitatea de autoestimare a gradului de oboseald, pe parcursul lecfiei de educate fizied, la elevii de 12-13 ani. 69 Ghidu 0. e131. ANUAR STUNTIFIC Ipoteza Se presupune cd, elevii de gimnaziu sunt capabili sd/aprecieze corect gradul de oboseald rezultat {in urma efortului prestat pe parcursul lecfiei de educayie fizied Experimental a constat, in prime’ fazd, tn administrarea unui chestionar de opinie, care conginea si fntrebeti referitoate la modul fn care subiecjii resimt solicitarea fizicd'in timpul orei de educayie fizicd. A Tea fad a experimentului s-a desfapurat la 0 sdptdimand dupa administrarea chestionarelor, si a constat in tecollarea frecven(ei cardiace (FC) a subiecfilor, dupa diferite momente ale lecfiei (imediat dupd minutele 15, 25, 35, 45 si 50). fn momentul recoltdtii FC, elevilor li se prezenta scala Borg, Conform instructajului prealabil, ei indica o anumitd cifrd de pe scald, care descria cel mai bine senzafia de oboseald perceputdl dupé efortul prestat pand'in acel moment ‘Studiul a fost realizat pe un numér de 24 de elevi (12 fete, cu o medie de varsta de 12,41 0,29 ani si, 12 baiefi, cu o medie de varsta de 12,55 + 0,30 ani), de la $e. Gen, Nicolae Tonitza, Constanfa. Sn tratarea statisticd a datelor am utilizat urmétorii parametrii: media aritmeticd, deviasia standard, semnificayia diferenjei dintre medi si coeficientul de corelafie Bravais-Pearson. Pragul minim de semnificayie alfa a fost stabilit fa p<0,05. 3, Rezultate Analiza réspunsurilor la chestionar a relevat urmétoarele: la itemul 2, “Cum fi se pare cd sunt orele de edlucafie fizica? a) foarte grele b) grele c) moderat d) usoare e) foarte usoare”, fetele considerd in proporfie de 35% cif orele de educafie fizicd sunt ugoare, tn timp ce 20% dintre ele susfin contrariul; restul de 45% sunt indecise. La béiefi, un procent de 70% indied orele de educafie fizicd, ca fiind usoare; si doar 15% le considerd grele (restul de 15% sunt indeciyi). Agadar, pentru 53% dintre elevii de clasa a VI-a orele de educafie fizicd nu sunt considerate epuizante, in timp ce pentru: 18% dintre ei, acest iucru nu este valabil fig. 1). Ggrk — Busoare —_Clindecis Fig. 1 Raspunsurile elevilor de clasa a VI-a la itemul nr. 2. La fntrebarea nr. 9. “In timpal lecfiei de educayie fizied simt edi obosesc: a) foarte repede; b) repede; c) moderat; d) grew; e) foarte greu”, 30% dintre fetele de clasa a Via suin cd, pe parcursul orelor de educayie fizied obosesc repede, in timp ce 25% dintre ele afirmd contrariul. In cazul béiefilor, procentul celor care considera cd obosesc repede la orele de educayie fizicd este de doar 15%, iar 65% dintre ei nu susfin acest Juctu, Per total, la nivelul clasei a Vi-a, pentru 45% dintre elevii chestionayi, orele de educayie fizied nu sunt att de solicitante tnedt sei conducd la oboseald rapidd si, doar pentru 23% dintre ei, contrariul este valabil fig.2). repede Higreu Cmoderat Fig. 2 Raspunsurile elevilor de clasa a Vi-a a itemul nr. 9, 70 Vol Hl, Nr. 1, 2011 {in ceea ce priveste percepyia subiectivai a intensitefii efortului pe baza scalei Borg, si la clasa a VI-a, atat la fetel, c€t si Ja baiegi, se remarcd tendlinga acestora de sub-apreciere a efortului fizic prestat, Valorile FC reale (cea recoltatd de experimentator), fiind semnificativ mai mari (p<0,001) decat cele ale FC estimatd de subiecfi, dupé diferitele momente ale lecfii (fig.3) eget 200 Lace oe 150 Lye aH 9 Fo resla ero rea aH we 100 ge . are oo 7 subicetve sof=——____ailectiva oc el 10" 20° 30° 40" 50° Tame ay oak be Baiepi Fig. 3 FC reala si PC subiectiva (batdifmin) turegistrate pe parcursul orei de educate fica, {a elevii de clasa a VI-a. Corelayiile realizate intre réspunsurile subiecfilor la chestionar si intensitatea reald a efortului din ora de educafie fizica (pe baza FC reale, recoltate) nu au fost semnificative (trae=0.434, taans#0,058). Nici in cooa ce priveste réspunsurile la chestionar si intensitatea de efort perceputd de subiecti pe baza valorilor FC subjective, corelafiile nu sunt semnificative fc=-0,021 $1 thaai=-0,036, desi ambele tipuri de date sunt cstimari subieotive, Rezultate obfinute confirma faptul edi la aceastd varstdi(12-13 ani), elevii de nu dispun de 6 bund capacitate de autoevaluare a intensitajii efortuluit prestat. 4, Coneluzit Ipoteza nu este confirmatd deoarece, elevii de 12-13 ani, indiferent de sex, prezintd tendinga de a subevalua intensitatea efortului pe care il presteazd. Totusi, este indicat ca profesorul de educayie fizicd sa educe {a elevi capacitatea de antoestimare a intensitéfii efortului fizic, practic sd aprecieze felul cum organismul lor rdspunde la efort. Referinye bibliografice 1, Borg G. (1973). Borg’s Perceived exertion and pain scales, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL; 29-37. 2. Chen M. J., Fan X., Moe S. T. (2002). Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20 (11): 873-899. 3. Dumitru G. (1993). Control medical. Note de curs. Constanja. 4. Dumitra G. (2006). Activitarea fizicdé in Europa. hitp:/!www.mnedicinasportiva.ro! sport aiticole/Activitatea_ fizica_ in_ Europa_ 1, OMS_ si activitatea_ fizica_ in_ Europa_ 5.html, accesat de pe Internet pe 10.05.2011. 5, Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cde.gov/ physicalactivity/ everyone! measuring/exertion.html, accesat de pe Internet pe 14.08.2011 n Vol IH Nr. 12011 ANUAR STIINTIFIC Volunuel Forumudui $tiingifie Nagional Competifionat Physical Exercise for the Benefit of Society Hanfiu Jacob” "University of Oradea, Romania Abstraet Providing optimal conditions for children’s body growth and development, the quality of any individual's life, prolonging active life, elderly people's independence from the others, social integration, inclusion of persons wit disabilities, all these are benefits coming from practising physical activities that have been abserved by researchers, persons working in the ficld of health or even by non-specialists. ‘The present article is part of a study carried on in 5 schools from Oradea, Romania, upon a randomized sample of 346 subjects aged 15 to 18 years, regarding the attitude towards the practice of physical activities, how they integrate socially and the influence of friends on students” atuitude towards physical exercise, In onder to reach the aim of our research, we used a questionnaize including questions regarding the subjects’ health, behaviour and the manner of spending their free time. As a result of processing the information provided by the subjects’ answers we found out that the Oradea students do not practice physical activities in a rythmic regular way, and ‘the majority of their friends do not encourage theit practising physical exercice. Keywords: physical activity, physical exercise, public health, social inclusion 1. Introduction In accordance with the estimates of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 600,000 persons dic prematurely every year in Europe due to a sedentary life style (Cavill, Kahimeier and Racioppi, 2006, p 5). Unfortunately, the number of the physically inactive persons, especially young people, is ever growing, Such results, coming from numberless studies in the field, have become a major cause for concern, thus the European Parliament has cleveloped a series of action plans meant to improve the situation. Scientists and doctors, experts from various fields of activity, and even non-specialists accept that the regular practice of physical activities brings important long term benefits to health. This concems not only the absence of disease, but a positive concept of "physical, social and emotional well-being” (WHO's Constitution, 2006). Providing optimal conditions for children’s body growth and development, the quality of any individual’s life, prolonging active life, elderly people's independence from the others, inclusion of persons with disabilities, are other benefits coming from practising physical activities. At the opposite pole there are the effects of physical inactivity, representing as a danger for both individuals and society. Sedentary life is regarded as a risk factor in cardio-vascular diseases, a reason for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and many other diseases. (Cavill, Kahlmeier and Racioppi, 2006, p 6) The specialists suggest that in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases, cancer, depression and anxiety, patients should be prescribed moderate intensity physical exercises, carried 3-5 times a week for 30- 60 minutes. In order to prevent type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity optimal benefits could be obtained if moderate intensity physical exercises are done for 5080 minutes daily. (Borms & Oja, 2004, p 447) ‘The number of overweight and obese children, as well as that that of children with a low health quality ever increasing nowadays, the main reasons for this situation being physical inactivity and unhealthy eating habits. The World Helath Organization, the European Parliament and other institutions with attributions in the field have highlighted the situation and have suggested activities meant to reduce the number of sedentary children, (World’s Global Strategy, 2004), 2. Material and Method ‘The present article is part of a study carried on in 5 schools from Oradea, Romania, upon a randomized sample of 346 subjects aged 15 to 18 years. The structure of the group, presented according to classes of study and gender is presented in Table 1. The results were provided by the subjects’ answers to some items sma facobantv@ gu.com n Hana 1/ ANUAR STUINTTPIC included in a questionnaire on health and physical activity. ‘The questions chosen for this article were those regarding the attitude of the students towards the practice of physical activities, how they integrate socially tnd the influence of friends on students’ attitude towards physical exercise. Table nr. 1 The Structure of the Questioned Group Gender Gass | Total | Total | Total elevi XK] XEp XIE survey | in scoall COLEGIUL M wl 3] 10] 36 = TRANSILVANIA” | F 13] 13 | 13 | 39 5 817 COLEGIUL — L: [M a3 |_| 12/36 BLAGA” FE ia in] 13) 38 74 1207 ‘COLEGIUL —.M. [_M | 16 =| 33 EMINESCU” FE 2s | 16 | =| 4a 7 1450 LICEUL 30. [Mi uf 9] i] 34 GHIBO” E Wl) wl 7 [s3 84 208 COLEGIOL yA. [Mi =| -[18| a8 LAZAR” F | -| 18] 18 36 668 TOTAL chestionare (G5 aa saes ee) ‘Total clevi in geoli SINE eis 350] Results In order to find out how many days a week do the subjects practice physical activities, they were asked the following question: On how many of the past 7 days did you exercise for at least 20 minutes or participate in physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, ‘swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aevobic activities? From the frequency of the answers there results that 10,7% of the respondents did not practice any kind of physical activity, 19,7% did execise once _a week and only a 7,8% practice such exercises daily (Table 2), as recommended by specialists and doctors for this age group (Cavill, Kahimeier and Racioppi, 2006, p 4). Table nr. 2 Physical Activities Done in the Past 7 Days ‘Procentaj | Procentay,| Procent | valid) i 10.7 10.7 197 19.7 20,5) 20,5 185 18.5 5; 8 72 7.8, one) ercises Done in the Past 7 Days Pereent | -Valin “| Cumulative s Percent | Percent 26,3 26.3, 26,3 18,5, 18,5, 44,8. 15,9) 15.9 OT 12,1 12,1 728 95 95 82,4 64 64 88,7 46 4.6 934 6,6, 6.6 100.0, AO B
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