Ana Vera

Period 4A
1. Why is it necessary for the trachea to have rings of cartilage in its walls?
It is necessary because it helps prevent from crushing and choking.
2. What is the purpose of the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland?
Its purpose is to control the rate of metabolic processes and influence physical development.
3. Why do the lungs have a large number of blood vessels?
Because the lungs give oxygen to the blood and remove CO2.
4. Explain what must happen for the lungs to expand, allowing you to inhale.
Diaphragm has to relax for the lungs to expand.
5. Why is it necessary to close the opening of a puncture wound in the chest?
So the blood and oxygen will escape from the body.
1. What is the purpose of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart in mammals?
The purpose is to reduce friction in tissues around the heart. The outer coat is tough and
thickened, loosely cloaks the heart. The inner coat is double with one layer closely adherent to
the heart.
2. Why do arteries have an interior ring of smooth muscle?
The muscle helps move the blood along and maintain blood pressure.
3. Which arteries sometimes become blocked in a human and are then "bypassed" by using veins
from the patient's legs?
Cardiac arteries
4. What are the two major veins of the pig's heart that return deoxygenated blood from the body?
The anterior and posterior vena cavae are the major veins.
5. Why is pulmonary circulation bypassed in the unborn fetal pig, and how is it bypassed?
The pulmonary circulation is bypassed because blood doesnt need to go to the lungs since the
fetus isnt breathing in the womb. The fetus' mother is providing all of the oxygen needed by
using the umbilical artery.
1. What are the main functions of the liver in mammals?
It filters blood; makes proteins; stores and processes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and turn
them into glucose. Also, it eliminates harmful by products of our bodily functions.
2. What is the stomach muscle that controls the passage of food into the small intestine?
Lower esophageal sphincter
3. What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli of the small intestine?
The purpose of the villi and microvilli is to increase the surface area so that it can absorb.
4. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
The primary function is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested wastes.
5. What is the purpose of rugae in the stomach lining, and what glands are found between them?

The purpose is to help make stomach distension easier and smooth out the stomach as it fills. The
glands are gastric pits, which open to the gastric glands.
1. If a mammal drinks large amounts of saltwater, what will this do to its urinary output?
The mammal will try to get rid of the excess salt by excreting excess water.
2. Why is there an advantage for female pigs to have long uterine horns and a small uterine body,
whereas in humans the situation is reversed?
The advantage is so that they can have more babies at one time.
3. Why is it important for the testes in pigs and other mammals to completely descend into the
scrotum?
It is important because the production of sperm requires a lower temperature than body
temperature so it is necessary for the testes to be removed from the general mass of the body.
4. Explain the function of the nephrons in the pig kidneys.
The function of the nephrons in the pig kidneys is to remove impurities and water in the blood.
5. What is the unique difference between female egg production and male sperm production in
mammals?
The difference is that the female egg production takes place in the ovaries and the male sperm
production takes place in the testicles.