Ss Sheet | /} Course and Section OH-'05 ~ vot Names_Tom Bertalan Date_Iq SAN Zoo larvin (oats, Bach Youre - 7 ERROR ANALYSIS EXPERIMENT Introduction In this experiment we are interested in learning how to treat data. We will study a mass oscillating on a spring in order to illustrate the concepts that are important. The main point here is that any time a scientist measures a number; he must be able to tell his colleagues the accuracy of that number. Otherwise, there is no way to tell whether the number agrees with the predictions of a theory; there is also no way for another scientist to check the experiment. For example, suppose I measure the circumference of a circle, then its diameter, and divide the circumference by the diameter. The result ought to be m. If my result is 3.15, have I proved that x is not 3.1472? In this case, of course, we know the accepted result. Ifthe uncertainty of my measurement is 0.01 or more, then my result is consistent with the value that we are familiar with, Procedure Your apparatus is a spring with a mass holder hanging from it. You are to measure the period of the spring, which is the time it takes for the mass to make a complete journey from top of its trip, to the bottom, and back to the top. Since the time it takes for one oscillation might be too quick to measure precisely, the best way isto time 5 oscill and then divide by 5 to get the period (the time for one oscillation). 1, Place about 200 grams on the mass holder; set it into oscillation and time its period as described above, To measure time intervals use an online stopwatch (Google ‘stopwatch’ for example). Limit the amplitude of oscillation so that the spring coils remain separated throughout the oscillation. In order to see how results can vary, repeat this measurement a total of 4 times. Record all 4 measurements, and manually calculate the average of these times. Mass (kg) [Ti T Ts Ts ‘Average T 2290 | 0.5 GS 0.8 og GS 2. Now repeat this procedure using different values of added mass in the range of 100 g to 1000 g. ‘This time, however, you only need to make one measurement for the period, ‘not 4 (still measure the time for 5 oscillations and divide it by 5). Do this until you have at least 6 sets of measurements, corresponding to 6 different masses. (Be sure to include the mass of the mass holder in the total mass). Collect the data in the following table. (Calculate 7° as well, you'll need these values for later)Sheet 27 Analy A result that you will leam later in the semester shows that the square of the period is proportional to the mass: T= Bm a We wish to find the best value for the proportionality constant, “B.” METHOD 1: Graphical estimate. ‘On graph paper, plot the data points, 7° vs. m. Now take a ruler and draw the most reasonable line that averages out your data points; use your best judgment to find this line. Next draw another line that is steeper, but is still Barely consistent with your data; finally draw a line that is less steep yet could be said to be barely consistent with your data, Your instructor will indicate just how to do this. Find the slopes of each of your three lines, and write these slopes as Bq, the slope of the “best” line, By, the slope of the steepest line, and Big» the slope ofthe least steep line. Your final result is Q). 6B is the uncertainty in your measurement of B, and is calculated as the average difference between your best slope and the "extreme" slopes. OB = ts {(Bri~ Ba) + (Bo—Biow)} = %4 (Bur Brow). (3) You now have an estimate of the value for B, and also an estimate of the uncertainty (58) in that value. This estimate was not made by any mathematical formula, but rather by judging by eye the range of lines that might represent your data, By, Bis Biow B B Lb Dn 0.4) La Oo. Fe + SG= 2.2 B-5% =OS5Sheet 374 METHOD 2: Linear Regression. ‘The method of linear regression uses a mathematical procedure to find the line which best represents a set of data. “Best” in this case means minimizing the difference between the line and the data. The line will be represented by yrdtBr. O) Without trying to derive the result, we will just tell you that according to linear regression, the best value for the slope of a set of data points is given by Be NOH I- (LAKE) - 1ug BD e , 3) where A=MEN)-OayY = he In this set of formulas, the “/* values are the data values ofthe variable normally plotted along the “x/” axis; in this experiment, these are the masses. The other variable “y,” are the corresponding values of 7°. N is the number of data points (6 or more, in this case). ‘The value for A is given by: 4 LANA NTHN) = 0.10660 4 ” Use these formulas to find the best values for the slope B and the intercept A. To find the uncertainty 5B, we first must find the average variation between the line and the data points given by: Lye - a= By )> 23,7996 it ae 2a Yyrg 74 By 6.684 It then turns out that the uncertainty in B is: w=0,/e = O-Gt4ys 7 (8) Use the above formulas to find the uncertainty in B. 4 A B 4 6B 24s [-Gleso uses oseare [o.K2ues Compare these values of B and 6B to the result you found in Method 1; A/! (Ace -e0hira/sa pPotl nt» Bt dE, METHOD 3. Computer: Use Excel on your computer to find the Line that best fits your data points. Open Excel, insert on the first column the values of m and on the second column 7° (Excel plots on the x-axis the values present on the first column). Select all data, click ‘Chart Wizard’ icon, select XY (Scatter), click next, next, next, finish. Click on the graph and then right click on one of the points in the graph. Add Trendline, tab Options, make sure ‘Display equation on chart’ is selected, click OK. The equation of the line will appear on the graph, Value of 8: |, 4 3%ouy mama 0.150 6.50 0360 u VOOMl4 -104); -pHi9s 6.450 0.550 0650 0.350 0.450 1.46 Sheet “(7 Gu7'.9.133 Gq *OMWO.3 =1.6 Au OW/oS -0.96 Zach Tp yong. @unde Roi MLCorTs © BAMA, ua, EouMass Period Measured Sum(x) Count(Mass) Sum(y) xy sum(xy) x42 Sum(x"2) Regression (y-A-Bx/\2 Sum that<- o15 03 0.09 5.05 9 6.3049 0.0135 4.528675 0.0225 35225 0.109175 1.06481761 3.27762449 025 95 0.25 0.0625 0.0625 0.253025 0.69205761 035 06 0.36 0.126 0.1225 0.396875 053567761 04s 7 0.49 0.2205 0.2025 0.540725 0.39929761 oss | 09 ost 0.4ass 0.3025 0.684575 0.18653761 06s 1 1 06s 0.4225 0.828425 0.11018761 07S 0.93 0.8649 0.648675 0.5625 0.972275 0.16182361 08s 1 1 8s 0.7225 1.116125 0.11015761 1051.2 14a, 1812 1.1025 1.403825. 0.01739761 0 -0.1066 <-estimated A in y=A + Bx 1.4385 <-estimated B iny=A + Bx Sheet 5 of 7Sheet 6 of 7 Period Squared 16 14 12 08 06 04 0.2 Mass vs Period Squared w/ Regression ——Measured — Regression 0.2 04 0.6 08 1 12 Mass (kg)Mass Period Squared Period Sheet 7 of 7 0.15 3.03 03 0.25 0.25 os 0.35 0.36 06 0.45 0.49 o7 Oss ost og 0.65 1 1 0.75 c.s649 0.93 0.85 1 1 1.05 1.44 12 —Period Squared —Trendline Period Squared ° 0.2 04 06 08 1 12 Mass (kg)