Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fluid Mechanics
by A. K. Choudhary and Om Prakash1
Created by
Priyanka Saini
B.Tech
Electronics Engineering
Uttarakhand Technical University
College Teacher
Mr. Naresh Kumar
Cross-Checked by
K. V. P. Pradeep
May 8, 2014
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Fluid Mechanics
Author: A. K. Choudhary and Om Prakash
Publisher: S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi
Edition: 2
Year: 2009
ISBN: 81-85749-65-5
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
2 Properties of Fluids
13
4 Measurement of Pressure
31
5 Fundamentals of Flow
40
6 Orifices
58
71
11 Flow Measurement
89
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
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pressure
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8
9
9
10
10
11
11
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.22
3.23
3.24
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
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28
29
29
31
32
33
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
53
54
55
55
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.22
5.23
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11.a
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14.a
7.14
7.15.a
Find Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge in the pipe . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate various Coefficients . . . . . . .
Coefficient of velocity . . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficient of velocity . . . . . . . . . . .
Various hydraulic coefficients . . . . . . .
Various hydraulic coefficients . . . . . . .
Coefficient of discharge . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficients of orifice . . . . . . . . . . . .
Various hydraulic coefficients . . . . . . .
Meeting point of two jets . . . . . . . . .
Discharge through the orifice . . . . . . .
Discharge through orifice . . . . . . . . .
Calculate percentage error . . . . . . . . .
Discharge through orifice . . . . . . . . .
Discharge through orifice . . . . . . . . .
Find time taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time of emptying the tank . . . . . . . .
Time required to bring down the level . .
Time required to empty the tank . . . . .
Relation between CGS and MKS unit . .
Kinematic viscosity and Reynolds number
Calculate reynolds number . . . . . . . .
Head Lost due to friction . . . . . . . . .
Difference in elevations . . . . . . . . . .
Head Lost due to friction . . . . . . . . .
Loss of head due to friction . . . . . . . .
Various losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Intensity of pressure . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge and velocity . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the pressure . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge through 300mm pipe . . . . . .
Discharge in pipe line . . . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of pipe line . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge in pipe line . . . . . . . . . . .
Difference in water level . . . . . . . . . .
6
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56
57
58
59
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
64
65
65
66
66
67
68
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
77
77
78
79
80
81
81
82
83
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19.a
7.19
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
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84
84
85
86
87
87
89
89
90
91
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
96
Chapter 2
Properties of Fluids
// Example 2 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
V =10; // i n m3
W =80; // i n kN
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y a c c e l e r a t
w_water =9.81; // s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f w a t e r
format ( v ,6) ;
w = W / V ; // s p e c i f i c w e i g h t i n kN/m3
disp (w , S p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f l i q u i d i n kN/m3 : ) ;
mass_density = w *1000/ g ; // kg /m3
disp ( mass_density , Mass d e n s i t y o f l i q u i d i n kg /m3
: );
16 specific_gravity = w / w_water ; // u n i t l e s s
17 disp ( specific_gravity , S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y : ) ;
// Example 2 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
p1 =750; //N/cm2
p2 =1400; //N/cm2
dvBYV = -0.150; // i n %
format ( v ,9) ;
dp = p2 - p1 ; // i n N/cm2
dp = dp *10^4; // i n N/m2
K = - dp /( dvBYV /100) ; //N/m2
disp (K , Bulk modulus (N/m 2 ) : ) ;
// Example 2 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
A =0.2; //m2
dy =0.02/100; //m
du =20/100; //cm/ s
mu =0.001; // Ns /m2
tau = mu * du / dy ; // i n N/m2
F = tau * A ; //N
disp (F , F o r c e r e q u i r e d i n N : ) ;
Power = F * du ; // Watts
disp ( Power , Power r e q u i r e d i n W : ) ;
// Example 2 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
format ( e ,10) ;
mu =0.1; // Ns /m2
Sp_gravity_liquid =2.1;
mass_density_water =1000; // i n kg /m3
rho = Sp_gravity_liquid * mass_density_water ; // kg /m3
v = mu / rho ; //m2/ s e c
10
12
disp (v , K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y o f l i q u i d i n m2/ s e c :
);
// Example 2 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
format ( v ,6) ;
d =2; // i n mm
d = d /1000; // i n m
sigma_water =0.073; //N/m
sigma_mercury =0.510; //N/m
// Waterg l a s s c o n t a c t
w1 =9.81; //kN/m 3 ( s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f w a t e r )
w1 = w1 *10^3; //N/m3
theta =0; // i n d e g r e e
h =4* sigma_water * cosd ( theta ) / w1 / d ; // i n mm
disp ( h *1000 , c a p i l l a r y r i s e f o r w a t e r g l a s s c o n t a c t
i n mm : ) ;
// Mercuryg l a s s c o n t a c t
w2 =13.6*9.81; //kN/m 3 ( s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f m e r c u r y )
w2 = w2 *10^3; //N/m3
theta =130; // i n d e g r e e
h =4* sigma_mercury * cosd ( theta ) / w2 / d ; // i n mm
disp ( h *1000 , c a p i l l a r y r i s e f o r m e r c u r y g l a s s
c o n t a c t i n mm: ) ;
// Example 2 . 7
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
format ( v ,5) ;
d =6; // i n mm
d = d /1000; // i n m
sigma =0.0755; //N/m
// At e q u i l l i b r i u m : p %pi r 2= s i g m a 2 %pi r
r = d /2; // i n m
p =2* sigma / r ; //N/m2
disp (p , I n t e n s i t y o f p r e s s u r e i n N/m2 o r P a s c a l s :
);
12
Chapter 3
Hydro Static Pressure
// Example 3 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =30*10^ -2; // i n m
F =9810; // i n N
A = %pi * D ^2/4; // i n m2
p = F / A ; // i n N/m2 o r Pa
p = p /1000; // kPa
disp (p , I n t e n s i t y o f p r e s s u r e a t t h e bottom o f
c o n t a i n e r i n kPa : ) ;
13
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
h =1.5; // i n m
w_w =9.81; // i n kN/m3
w_g =1.26; // i n kN/m3
w_m =13.6; // i n kN/m3
f = h * w_w ; //kN/m2
disp (f , I n t e n s i t y o f
column i n kN/m2 :
f = h * w_w * w_g ; //kN/m2
disp (f , I n t e n s i t y o f
column i n kN/m2 :
f = h * w_w * w_m ; //kN/m2
disp (f , I n t e n s i t y o f
column i n kN/m2 :
p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d by w a t e r
);
p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d by g l y c e r i n e
);
p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d by m e r c u r y
);
// Example 3 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
p =2; // i n kN/m2
w_w =9.81; // i n kN/m3
w_alcohol = w_w *0.789; // i n kN/m3
w_m =13.6; // i n kN/m3
H = p / w_alcohol ; // i n m
disp (H , Depth o f a l c o h o l i n m e t e r : ) ;
P_head_w = p / w_w ; //m
disp ( P_head_w , P r e s s u r e head i n t e r m s o f w a t e r i n
meter : );
14
15
16
oil )
disp ( H_oil , P r e s s u r e head o f w a t e r i n t e r m s o f o i l
i n meter : );
S_oil =0.825; // ( s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f o i l )
S_mercury =13.6; // ( s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y )
Hmercury =70/100; //m( P r e s s u r e head o f m e r c u r y )
H_oil = S_mercury / S_oil * Hmercury ; // i n m( P r e s s u r e head
in terms of o i l )
disp ( H_oil , P r e s s u r e head o f m e r c u r y i n t e r m s o f o i l
i n meter : );
15
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// Given d a t a :
w =9.81; // i n kN/m3
l =3; // i n m
b =2; // i n m
h =1; // i n m
f_bottom = w * h ; // i n kN/m 2 ( P r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y a t
bottom )
p_bottom = f_bottom * l * b ; //kN
disp ( p_bottom , T o t a l p r e s s u r e on t h e bottom i n kN :
);
f_long_vertical = f_bottom /2; //kN
p_long_vertical = f_long_vertical * l * h ; //kN
disp ( p_long_vertical , T o t a l p r e s s u r e on l o n g
v e r t i c a l w a l l i n kN : ) ;
f_short_vertical = f_bottom /2; //kN
p_short_vertical = f_short_vertical * b * h ; //kN
disp ( p_short_vertical , T o t a l p r e s s u r e on s h o r t
v e r t i c a l w a l l i n kN : ) ;
16
s u r f a c e i n kN/m2 : ) ;
h31 =2; //m( f o r l i q u i d )
h32 =0.5; //m( f o r w a t e r )
px1 = p_liquid * g * h31 /1000; //kN/m2
px2 = p_water * g * h32 /1000; //kN/m2
px3 =( px1 + px2 ) ; //kN/m2
disp ( px3 , P r e s s u r e a t a p o i n t 2 . 5 m e t e r b e l o w f r e e
s u r f a c e i n kN/m2 : ) ;
h =2; // m e t e r ( w a t e r l e v e l )
b =8; // m e t e r ( w i d t h o f w a l l )
p_bottom = px1 +( p_water * g * h ) /1000; //kN/m2
p_avg1 =( px1 +0) /2; //kN/m 2 ( t o p 2m l i q u i d l a y e r )
p_avg2 =( px1 + p_bottom ) /2; //kN/m 2 ( t o p 2m w a t e r l a y e r )
F_per_meter = p_avg1 * h *1+ p_avg2 * h *1; //kN
Fwall = F_per_meter * b ; //kN
disp ( Fwall , F o r c e on t h e w a l l i n kN : ) ;
// Example 3 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
b =3; // i n m e t e r
h =3; // i n m e t e r
S_oil =0.8; // ( s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f o i l )
A =1/2* h * b ; // i n m2
x_bar =2/3*3; // i n m e t e r
SW_water =9.81*1000; // i n N/m3
SW_oil = SW_water * S_oil ; // i n N/m3
F_surface = SW_oil * A * x_bar ; // i n kN
17
15 IG = b * h ^3/36; // i n m3
16 h_bar = IG / A / x_bar + x_bar ; // i n m e t e r
17 disp ( h_bar , F o r c e s h a l l a c t a t d e p t h o f
centre of
p r e s s u r e . This depth i n meter i s : );
// Example 3 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
l =3; // i n m e t e r
b =2; // i n m e t e r
p =2*10^6; // i n Pa
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
w = g *1000; // i n N/m3
h = p / w ; // i n m e t e r
xbar =h -1.5; // i n m e t e r
A = l * b ; // i n m2
p_gate = w * A * xbar /10^6; // i n MN
disp ( p_gate , T o t a l p r e s s u r e on t h e g a t e i n MN : ) ;
IG = b * l ^3/12; // i n m3
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string (
h_bar - xbar ) + m e t e r b e l o w t h e c e n t r o i d o f g a t e . )
;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y
GH =4; // m e t e r
IJ =4; // m e t e r
IC =2; // m e t e r
GC =3; // m e t e r
AG =(10 -4) /2; // m e t e r
BH =(10 -4) /2; // m e t e r
EI = AG * IC / GC ; // m e t e r
JF = AG * IC / GC ; // m e t e r
EF = EI + IJ + JF ; // m e t e r
A =(8+4) /2*2; // i n m2
a =4; // m e t e r
b =8; // m e t e r
d =2; // m e t e r
xbar =(2* a + b ) /( a + b ) * d /3; // i n m e t e r
w = g *1000; // i n N/m3
p_gate = w * A * xbar /10^3; // i n kN
disp ( p_gate , T o t a l p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( a ^2+4* a * b + b ^2) /( a + b ) * d ^3/36; // i n m3
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( Depth o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string ( h_bar )
+ meter . );
19
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y
xbar =8; // m e t e r
D =4; // m e t e r
A = %pi * D ^2/4; // m e t e r 2
w = g *1000; // i n N/m3
p = w * A * xbar /10^3; // i n kN
disp (p , T o t a l p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG = %pi * D ^4/64; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( Depth o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string ( h_bar )
+ meter . );
17 // Answer o f t o t a l p r e s s u r e i s wrong i n t h e book .
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// Example 3 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y
D =4; // m e t e r
xbar =(10+7) /2; // m e t e r
A = %pi * D ^2/4; // m e t e r 2
w = g *1000; // i n N/m3
p = w * A * xbar /10^6; // i n MN
disp (p , T o t a l p r e s s u r e i n MN : ) ;
BC =3; // m e t e r
AB =4; // mete
sin_theta = BC / AB ;
IG = %pi * D ^4/64; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar * sin_theta ^2+ xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string (
h_bar ) + m e t e r . ) ;
20
// Example 3 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
a =3; // m e t e r
b =4; // m e t e r ( a l t i t u d e )
S =1.2; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
theta =30; // d e g r e e
d =2.5; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y
AG = b /3; // m e t e r
xbar = d + AG * sind ( theta ) ; // m e t e r
A =1/2* a * b ; // m e t e r 2
w = S * g *1000; // i n N/m3
p = w * A * xbar /10^3; // i n kN
disp (p , T o t a l p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG = a * b ^3/36; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar *( sind ( theta ) ) ^2+ xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( Depth o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string ( h_bar )
+ meter . );
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format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
a =8; // m e t e r
b =6; // m e t e r
h =3; // m e t e r
CD =2; // m e t e r
theta =30; // d e g r e e
A =( a + b ) /2* h ; // m e t e r 2
AB =( a +2* b ) /( a + b ) * h /3; // m e t e r
x1bar = AB ; // m e t e r
BC = AB * sind ( theta ) ; // m e t e r
BD = BC + CD ; // m e t e r
xbar = BD ; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y
w = g *1000; // i n N/m3
p = w * A * xbar /10^3; // i n kN
disp (p , T o t a l p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( a ^2+ b ^2+4* a * b ) /( a + b ) * h ^3/36; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar *( sind ( theta ) ) ^2+ xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( Depth o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i s + string ( h_bar )
+ meter . );
// Example 3 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
l =2; // m e t e r
b =2; // m e t e r
p_i =98.1; //kN/m 3 ( P r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y )
w =9.81; //kN/m2
BC =1; // m e t e r
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AB =2; // m e t e r
theta =30; // d e g r e e
B = p_i / w ; //m
BD = BC * sind ( theta ) ; //m
xbar =10+0.5; // m e t e r
A = l * b ; //m2
p = w * A * xbar ; //kN
IG =(2* l ^3) /12; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar *( sind ( theta ) ) ^2+ xbar ; // i n m e t e r
DI = h_bar - xbar ; //m
FC = DI / sind ( theta ) ; //m
FB = FC + BC ; // m e t e r
P = p * FB / AB ; //kN
disp (P , F o r c e i n kN : ) ;
RB =p - P ; //kN
disp ( RB , R e a c t i o n a t h i n g e B i n kN : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r due t o
l i m i t e d a c c u r a c y u s e d i n t h e book a s compared t o
SCILAB .
// Example 3 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
l =4; // m e t e r
b =2; // m e t e r
h =1.8; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
xbar =6 -2 // m e t e r
A = l * b ; //m2
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
23
// Example 3 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
b =2; // m e t e r
d =3; // m e t e r
h =2; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
xbar =2+3/2; // m e t e r
A = b * d ; //m2
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp (P , T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( b * d ^3) /12; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( h_bar , P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r
: );
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format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
b =4; // m e t e r
d =4; // m e t e r
h =8; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
xbar =8; // m e t e r
A = b * d ; //m2
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp (P , T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( b * d ^3) /12; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( h_bar , P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r
: );
// Example 3 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =1.5; // m e t e r
BE =2; // m e t e r
AD =0.75; // m e t e r
CE = AD ; // m e t e r
BC = BE - AD ; // m e t e r
FG = CE + BC /2; // m e t e r
xbar = FG ; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
A = %pi * D ^2/4; //m2
AB = D ; // m e t e r
sin_theta = BC / AB ;
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
25
19 disp (P , T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
20 IG =( %pi /64* D ^4) ; // i n m4
21 h_bar = IG / A / xbar * sin_theta ^2+ xbar ; // i n m e t e r
22 disp ( h_bar , P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r
: );
// Example 3 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
b =3; // m e t e r
a =3; // m e t e r
S_oil =0.8; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f o i l
w =9.81* S_oil ; //kN/m2
xbar =1/3* b ; // m e t e r
A =1/2* a * b ; //m2
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp (P , T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( a * b ^3) /36; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( h_bar , C e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Total hydro static pressure and centre of pressure
1 // Example 3 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7) ;
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// Given d a t a :
a =2; // m e t e r
b =1; // m e t e r
d =2; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
xbar =2+ a /2; // m e t e r
A = a * b ; //m2
P = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp (P , T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
IG =( b * d ^3) /12; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
disp ( h_bar , P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r
: );
// Example 3 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2; // m e t e r
l =4; // m e t e r
A = r * l ; //m2
xbar =2+ r /2; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
PH = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp ( PH , H o r i z o n t a l component o f r e s u l t i n g P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
PV =2* r * l * w + %pi * r ^2/4* l * w ; //kN
disp ( PV , V e r t i c a l a l component o f r e s u l t i n g P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
IG =( l * r ^3) /12; // i n m4
h_bar = IG / A / xbar + xbar ; // i n m e t e r
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disp ( h_bar , P o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f h o r i z o n t a l
component o f p r e s s u r e i n m e t e r : ) ;
x =(2* r + %pi * r ^2/4*(4* r /3/ %pi ) ) /(2* r + %pi * r ^2/4) ; //
meter
P = sqrt ( PH ^2+ PV ^2) ; //kN
disp (P , R e s u l t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
theta = atand ( PV / PH ) ; // d e g r e e
disp ( theta , D i r e c t i o n o f r e s u l t a n t p r e s s u r e i n
d e g r e e : );
// Example 3 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
A =2*1; //m2
xbar =2+2/2; // m e t e r
w =9.81; //kN/m2
PH = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp ( PH , H o r i z o n t a l component o f r e s u l t a n t P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
PV = w *[2*2+2*2 - %pi *2^2/4]*1; //kN
disp ( PV , V e r t i c a l a l component o f r e s u l t a n t P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
P = sqrt ( PH ^2+ PV ^2) ; //kN
disp (P , R e s u l t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kN : ) ;
theta = atand ( PV / PH ) ; // d e g r e e
disp ( theta , D i r e c t i o n o f r e s u l t a n t p r e s s u r e i n
d e g r e e : );
28
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// Example 3 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
ABbar = sqrt (2) *4; // m e t e r
xbar = ABbar /2; // m e t e r
A = ABbar *1; //m2
w =9.81; //kN/m2
PH = w * A * xbar ; //kN
disp ( PH , H o r i z o n t a l component o f r e s u l t a n t P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
hbar =2/3* ABbar ; // m e t e r
disp ( P o s i t i o n o f h o r i z o n t a l component o f p r e s s u r e
i s + string ( hbar ) + m e t e r b e l o w f r e e w a t e r
s u r f a c e . );
PV = w *[ %pi *4^2/4 -4*4/2]*1; //kN
disp ( PV , V e r t i c a l a l component o f r e s u l t a n t P r e s s u r e
i n kN : ) ;
// Example 3 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
h =24; // m e t e r
b =15; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
Wm =2000* g ; //N/m3
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W = b * h /2* Wm ; //N
w =9.81; //kN/m2
PH = w *20^2/2*1000; //N
y = PH / W *20/3+5; // m e t e r
e =y - b /2; // m e t e r
MaxStress = W / b *(1+6* e / b ) ; //N/m2
disp ( MaxStress , Maximum s t r e s s i n N/m2
MinStress = W / b *(1 -6* e / b ) ; //N/m2
disp ( MinStress , Minimum s t r e s s i n N/m2
// Answer i n t h e book i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r
l i m i t e d a c c u r a c y u s e d i n t h e book a s
SCILAB .
30
: );
: );
due t o
compared t o
Chapter 4
Measurement of Pressure
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disp ( P r e s s u r e i s
: + string ( h ) + m e t e r o f m e r c u r y .
);
disp ( A b s o l u t e u n i t s : ) ;
Patm =760; //mm o f m e r c u r y
Patm =760*13.6/1000; //m o f w a t e r
Patm = Patm *1000; // kg /m2
Pabs = p + Patm ; // kg /m2
disp ( Pabs , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n kg /m2 : ) ;
disp ( Pabs *10^4 , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2 : ) ;
disp ( Pabs *10^4* g , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n N/m2 : ) ;
disp ( Pabs *10^4* g , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n Pa : ) ;
disp ( Pabs *10^5/10^3 , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n kPa : ) ;
disp ( Pabs *10^5/10^6 , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n MPa : ) ;
h1 = p *10^4/ w ; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
h2 = p *10^4/1000; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
h = h1 + h2 ; // // m e t e r o f w a t e r
disp (h , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e head i n t e r m s o f w a t e r i n
meter : );
w =13.6*1000; // kg /m3 f o r m e r c u r y
h = p *10^4/ w +760/1000; // m e t e r o f m e r c u r y
disp (h , A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e head i n t e r m s o f m e r c u r y
i n meter : );
// Example 4 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
w =1000; // kg /m3
h =50/1000; //m
p = w * h ; // kg /m2
p = p *9.81; //N/m2 o r Pa
32
11 disp (p , P r e s s u r e I n t e n s i t y i n Pa : ) ;
12 alfa =30; // d e g r e e
13 h =50; //mm
14 l = h / sind ( alfa ) ; //mm
15 disp (l , R e a d i n g i n t u b e i n mm : ) ;
// Example 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
S2 =1; // s p . g r a v i t y o f w a t e r
H1 =5; //m
H2 = S1 * H1 / S2 ; //m
disp ( ( i ) P r e s s u r e i s + string ( H2 ) + m e t e r o f w a t e r .
);
S2 =0.79; // s p . g r a v i t y o f k e r p s e n e
H1 =5; //m
H2 = S1 * H1 / S2 ; //m
disp ( ( i i ) P r e s s u r e i s + string ( H2 ) + m e t e r o f
k e r o s e n e . );
S2 =1.7; // s p . g r a v i t y o f f l u i d
H1 =5; //m
H2 = S1 * H1 / S2 ; //m
disp ( ( i i i ) P r e s s u r e i s + string ( H2 ) + m e t e r o f
f l u i d . );
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// Example 4 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
S =0.9; // s p . g r a v i t y o f l i q u i d
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
S1 = Sm / S ; // s p . g r a v i t y
w = S *9.81; //kN/m3
h2 =500/1000; //m
h1 =300/1000; //m
a_BY_A =1/80; // r a t i o o f a r e a
pa = w *( h2 *[( S1 -1) * a_BY_A + S1 ] - h1 ) ; // kPa
disp ( pa , P r e s s u r e i n t h e p i p e i n kPa : ) ;
// Example 4 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =1.2; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y
w =1000; // kg /m3
h2 =50/1000; //m
h1 =200/1000; //m
pa = w *( S2 * h1 - S1 * h2 ) ; // kg /m2
disp ( pa , P r e s s u r e i n t h e p i p e i n kg /m 2 : ) ;
disp ( pa *9.81 , P r e s s u r e i n t h e p i p e i n Pa : ) ;
34
// Example 4 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
S =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
w =1000; // kg /m3
h2 =50/1000; //m
h1 =200/1000; //m
pa = w * S *( h1 - h2 ) ; // kg /m2
disp ( pa , P r e s s u r e i n t h e p i p e i n kg /m 2 : ) ;
disp ( pa *9.81 , P r e s s u r e i n t h e p i p e i n Pa : ) ;
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// Example 4 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y
h1 =120/1000; //m
P_diff = h1 *( S2 - S1 ) ; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
36
// Example 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =0.81; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =1.2; // s p . g r a v i t y
S3 =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y
h3 =200/1000; //m
h2 =50/1000; //m
h1 =100/1000; //m
w =1000; // kg /m3
pAB =(( h1 *( S2 - S1 ) + h2 *( S3 - S1 ) - h3 * S1 ) ) * w ; //Kg/m2
disp ( pAB , P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two v e s s e l
i n kg /m 2 : ) ;
37
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// Given d a t a :
S1 =1.9; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =1.2; // s p . g r a v i t y
S3 =0.79; // s p . g r a v i t y
h2 =545/1000; //m
h1 =750/1000; //m
h3 = h1 - h2 ; //m
w =1000*9.81; //N/m3
pAB =( h1 * S1 - h2 * S2 - h3 * S3 ) * w ; //N/m2
disp ( pAB , P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two v e s s e l
i n N/m 2 : ) ;
// Example 4 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =0.005; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =0.79; // s p . g r a v i t y
S3 =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y
h =30/1000; //m
w =1000*9.81; //N/m3
pAB = h *( S3 - S2 ) * w ; //N/m2
disp ( pAB , P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two v e s s e l
i n N/m 2 : ) ;
38
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =1.25; // s p . g r a v i t y
S2 =1.05; // s p . g r a v i t y
S3 =0.79; // s p . g r a v i t y
h =30/1000; //m
w =1000; // kg /m3
//pA=pB
h =(0.15* w * S2 - S1 * w *0.15) /( S3 *w - w * S2 ) ; //m
h = h *1000; //mm
disp (h , R e a d i n g o f manometer i n mm : ) ;
// Example 4 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
S1 =1; // s p . g r a v i t y o f w a t e r
S2 =1; // s p . g r a v i t y o f w a t e r
S3 =0.9; // s p . g r a v i t y o f o i l
h3 =100/1000; // m e t e r
w =9.81*1000; //N/m3
pAB = w *( h3 - h3 * S3 ) ; //N/m2
disp ( pAB , D i f f e r e n c e o f p r e s s u r e i n N/m2 o r Pa : )
;
39
Chapter 5
Fundamentals of Flow
// Example 5 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
m =2000; // l i t r e o r kg ( 1 l i t r e w a t e r =1kg )
M = m /60; // kg / s
p =4.5; // b a r
p = p *10^5; //N/m2
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
w = g *1000; //N/m3
H = p / w ; //m
Power = M * g * H /1000; //kW
disp ( Power , Power r e q u i r e d i n kW : ) ;
40
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// Example 5 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
v1 =400*10^ -3; //m/ s
d1 =300/1000; // m e t e r
d2 =450/1000; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi * d1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * d2 ^2/4; //m2
Q1 = A1 * v1 *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c ( 1m3=1000 l i t r e s )
disp ( Q1 , D i s c h a r g e o f p i p e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
v2 =( Q1 /1000) / A2 ; //m/ s ( Q1=Q2 )
disp ( v2 , Mean v e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n m/ s : ) ;
// Answer o f d i s c h a r g e i s wrong i n t h e book .
meter o f f l u i d . );
v =5; //m/ s
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
VelocityHead = v ^2/2/ g ; //m
disp ( V e l o c i t y Head i s + string ( VelocityHead ) +
meter o f f l u i d . );
w = g *1000; //N/m3
S =0.8; // s p . g r a v i t y o f f l u i d
41
15 p =200; // kPa
16 PressureHead = p *10^3/ w / S ; // m e t e r o f f l u i d
17 disp ( P r e s s u r e Head i s + string ( PressureHead ) +
meter o f f l u i d . );
TotalHead = PotentialHead + VelocityHead + PressureHead ; //
meter o f f l u i d
19 disp ( T o t a l Head i s + string ( TotalHead ) + m e t e r o f
f l u i d . );
18
// Example 5 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
p =0.8/10^ -4; // kg /m2
datumH =4; // m e t e r
v =0.8; //m/ s
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
VelocityH = v ^2/2/ g ; //m
w =1000; // kg /m3
PressureH = p / w ; // m e t e r o f f l u i d
TotalH = datumH + VelocityH + PressureH ; // m e t e r o f f l u i d
disp ( T o t a l Energy i s + string ( TotalH ) + m e t e r . ) ;
42
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =800/1000; //m2
D2 =600/1000; //m2
p1 =100; // kPa
p2 =40; // kPa
v1 =4000*10^ -3; //m/ s
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
Z1 =4; // m e t e r
Z2 =7; // m e t e r
rho =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
PHeadA = p1 / rho / g ; // m e t e r o f f l u i d
PHeadB = p2 / rho / g ; // m e t e r o f f l u i d
v2 = A1 * v1 / A2 ; //m/ s
VHeadA = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
VHeadB = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
E1 = Z1 + PHeadA + VHeadA ; // m e t e r
E2 = Z2 + PHeadB + VHeadB ; // m e t e r
if E1 > E2 then
disp ( T o t a l Energy a t A( + string ( E1 ) + m e t e r ) i s
g r e a t e r t h a n t o t a l e n e r g y a t B( + string ( E2 ) +
m e t e r ) . Flow o f w a t e r i s from A t o B . ) ;
27 else
28
disp ( T o t a l Energy a t B( + string ( E2 ) + m e t e r
) i s g r e a t e r t h a n t o t a l e n e r g y a t A( +
string ( E1 ) + m e t e r ) . Flow o f w a t e r i s
from B t o A . ) ;
29 end
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =1.25; // m e t e r
D2 =0.625; // m e t e r
slope =100;
L =300; // / m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Z12 = L / slope ; // m e t e r
Q =100; // l i t r e s / s e c
Q = Q *10^ -3; //m3/ s e c
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1 = Q / A1 ; //m/ s
v2 = Q / A2 ; //m/ s
p1 =100; //kN/m2
// H i g h e r End :
w =9.81; //kN/m3
Phead = p1 / w ; // m e t e r
Vhead = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
// Lower End :
w =9.81; //kN/m3
// Phead=p1 /w ; / / m e t e r
Vhead = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
p2 =( Z12 + v1 ^2/2/ g + p1 /w - v2 ^2/2/ g ) * w ; //kN/m 2 ( By
B e r n o u l l i s theorem )
29 disp ( p2 , P r e s s u r e a t t h e l o w e r end i n kN p e r m2 :
);
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close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
Z1 =0; // m e t e r
Z2 =5; // m e t e r
Q =300*10^ -3; //m/ s
D1 =0.3; // m e t e r
D2 =0.6; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1 = Q / A1 ; //m/ s
v2 = Q / A2 ; //m/ s
p1 =100; //kN/m2
p2 =600; //kN/m2
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Vhead11 = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
Vhead22 = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
Phead11 = p1 / g ; // m e t e r
Phead22 = p2 / g ; // m e t e r
E1_11 = Z1 + Vhead11 + Phead11 ; // m e t e r
E2_22 = Z2 + Vhead22 + Phead22 ; // m e t e r
if E1_11 > E2_22 then
disp ( Energy a t s e c t i o n 1 1( + string ( E1_11 ) +
m e t e r ) i s g r e a t e r t h a n e n e r g y a t s e c t i o n 2 2(
+ string ( E2_22 ) + m e t e r ) . Flow o f w a t e r i s
from s e c t i o n 11 t o 2 2. ) ;
HeadLoss = E1_11 - E2_22 ; // m e t e r
disp ( HeadLoss , Head L o s s i n m e t e r : ) ;
else
disp ( Energy a t s e c t i o n 2 2( + string ( E2_22 ) +
meter ) i s g r e a t e r than energy at
s e c t i o n 1 1( + string ( E1_11 ) + m e t e r ) .
Flow o f w a t e r i s from s e c t i o n 22 t o 1 1.
);
HeadLoss = E2_22 - E1_11 ; // m e t e r
disp ( HeadLoss , Head L o s s i n m e t e r : ) ;
end
45
// Example 5 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =400/1000; // m e t e r
v1 =20; //m/ s
Z1 =28; // m e t e r
Z2 =31; // m e t e r
p1 =4/10^ -4; // kg /m2
p2 =3/10^ -4; // kg /m2
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
w =1000; // kg /m3
Vhead1 = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
Phead1 = p1 / w ; // m e t e r
Vhead2 = Vhead1 ; // m e t e r
Phead2 = p2 / w ; // m e t e r
E1 = Z1 + Vhead1 + Phead1 ; // m e t e r
E2 = Z2 + Vhead2 + Phead2 ; // m e t e r
HL = E1 - E2 ; // m e t e r
disp ( HL , L o s s o f head b e t w e e n P & Q i n m e t e r : ) ;
46
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// Given d a t a :
Z1 =0; // m e t e r
Z2 =4; // m e t e r
rho =0.8; // s p . g r a v i t y
Q =250*10^ -3; //m/ s o r cumec
D1 =250/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =500/1000; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1 = Q / A1 ; //m/ s
v2 = Q / A2 ; //m/ s
p1 =0.1*10^3; //N/m2
p2 =0.06*10^3; //N/m2
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Vhead1 = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
Phead1 = p1 / rho / g ; // m e t e r
Vhead2 = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
Phead2 = p2 / rho / g ; // m e t e r
H1 = Z1 + Vhead1 + Phead1 ; // m e t e r
H2 = Z2 + Vhead2 + Phead2 ; // m e t e r
if H1 > H2 then
disp ( T o t a l head a t A( + string ( H1 ) + m e t e r ) i s
g r e a t e r t h a n t o t a l head a t B( + string ( H2 ) +
m e t e r ) . Flow w i l l t a k e p l a c e from AB . ) ;
HeadLoss = H1 - H2 ; // m e t e r
disp ( HeadLoss , Head L o s s i n m e t e r : ) ;
else
disp ( T o t a l head a t B( + string ( H2 ) + m e t e r ) i s
g r e a t e r t h a n t o t a l head a t A( + string ( H1 ) +
m e t e r ) . Flow w i l l t a k e p l a c e from BA . ) ;
HeadLoss = H2 - H1 ; // m e t e r
disp ( HeadLoss , Head L o s s i n m e t e r : ) ; end
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// Example 5 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
Q =200*10^ -3; //m3/ s
D1 =250/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =200/1000; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1 = Q / A1 ; //m/ s
v2 = Q / A2 ; //m/ s
Z1 =2; // m e t e r
Z2 =8; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
w =1000; // kg /m3
p1 = w *( Z1 - v1 ^2/2/ g ) ; // kg /m2
p2 = v1 ^2/2/ g * w + p1 + Z2 *w - v2 ^2/2/ g *w -4* w ; // kg /m 2 ( by
B e r n o l l i s theorem )
p1 = p1 * g ; //N/m2
p2 = p2 * g ; //N/m2
disp ( p1 , P r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y a t p o i n t P i n N/m2 : )
;
disp ( p2 , P r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y a t p o i n t Q i n N/m2 : )
;
// Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e .
48
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// Given d a t a :
slope =1/10;
Z1 =0; // m e t e r
Z2 =40* slope ; // m e t e r
p1 =1.5/10^ -4; // kg /cm2
v2 =4.1; //m/ s
D1 =600/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =300/1000; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1 = A2 * v2 / A1 ; //m/ s
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
w =1000; // kg /m3
p2 =( p1 / w + v1 ^2/2/ g + Z1 - v2 ^2/2/ g - Z2 ) * w ; // kg /m 2 ( by
B e r n o l l i s theorem )
p2 = p2 *10^ -4; // kg /cm2
Q1 = A1 * v1 ; //m3/ s e c
Q1 = Q1 *1000; // l i t r e / s e c
disp ( p2 , P r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y a t p o i n t Q i n kg /cm2 :
);
disp ( Q1 , D i s c h a r g e o f p i p e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e . c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r A1 & A2 i s wrong .
// Example 5 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =180/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =90/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
49
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S =0.8; // s p . g r a v i t y o f o i l
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
x =300/1000; // m e t e r
K =0.97; // c o e f f . o f m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C = A1 * A2 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt ( A1 ^2 - A2 ^2)
h = x *( Sm /S -1) ; // m e t e r o f o i l
Q = K * C * sqrt ( h ) ; //m3/ s e c
Q = Q *1000; // l i t r e / s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e o f o i l i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Example 5 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1byD2 =1/0.7;
D1 =320/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =320*0.7/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
Q =30.6/60; //m3/ s e c
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C = A1 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt (( D1byD2 ) ^4 -1) ;
h =1.2; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
K = Q / C / sqrt ( h ) ; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
disp (K , C o e f f i c i e n t o f m e t e r : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s wrong .
50
// Example 5 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =320/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =224/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
Q =25000/1000/60; //m3/ s e c
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C =0.4984; // v e n t u r i c o n s t a n t
K =0.92; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
h =( Q / K / C ) ^2
S =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y
x = h /( Sm /S -1) ; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
disp ( x *1000 , D e f l e c t i o n i n manometer (mm) : ) ;
// Example 5 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =120/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =120*0.55/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
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Q =30/1000; //m3/ s e c
C = A1 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt (( D1 / D2 ) ^4 -1) ; // v e n t u r i c o n s t a n t
K =0.94; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
h =( Q / K / C ) ^2; // m e t e r
Z1 =0; // m e t e r
Z2 =0.3; // m e t e r
S =0.79; // s p . g r a v i t y
w =1000* S ; // kg /m3
delta_p =( h + Z1 - Z2 ) * w ; // kg /m2
delta_p = delta_p * g ; //N/m2
disp ( delta_p , P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n N/m2 : ) ;
// a n s w e r i s wrong i n t h e book .
// Example 5 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =160/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =60/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
S =0.8; // s p . g r a v i t y
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
Q =0.05; //m3/ s e c
K =0.98; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C = A1 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt (( A1 / A2 ) ^2 -1) ; // v e n t u r i c o n s t a n t
h =( Q / K / C ) ^2; // m e t e r
x = h /( Sm /S -1) ; // m e t e r
disp (x , D e f l e c t i o n i n m e t e r : ) ;
52
// Example 5 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =200/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =100/1000; // m e t e r
x =220/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
K =0.98; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
S =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C = A1 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt (( A1 / A2 ) ^2 -1) ; // v e n t u r i c o n s t a n t
h = x *( Sm /S -1) ; // m e t e r
Q = K * C * sqrt ( h ) ; //m3/ s e c
Q = Q *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
disp (Q , Rate o f f l o w i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
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D2 =15/100; // m e t e r
x =25/100; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
K =0.98; // C o e f f . o f m e t e r
S =1; // s p . g r a v i t y
Sm =13.6; // s p . g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
C = A1 * A2 * sqrt (2* g ) / sqrt ( A1 ^2 - A2 ^2) ; // v e n t u r i c o n s t a n t
h = x *( Sm /S -1) ; // m e t e r
Q = K * C * sqrt ( h ) ; //m3/ s e c
Q = Q *1000*3600; // l i t r e s / h o u r
disp (Q , Flow o f w a t e r i n l i t r e s / h o u r : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s wrong .
// Example 5 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =15/100; // m e t e r
D2 =7.5/100; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
p1 =4* g *10^4; //N/m2
p2 =1.5* g *10^4; // kg /cm2
w =9.81; // kg /m2
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4; //m2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4; //m2
v1BYv2 = A2 / A1 ;
// v1 2 / 2 / g+p1 /w=v2 2 / 2 / g+p2 /w
// v1 2= v2 2 50 g
v2 = sqrt (50* g /(1 - v1BYv2 ^2) ) ; //m/ s
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19 Q = A2 * v2 ; //m3/ s e c
20 Q = Q *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
21 disp (Q , Flow o f w a t e r i n l i t r e s / s e c
22 // Answer i s wrong i n t h e book .
: );
// Example 5 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D1 =20/100; // m e t e r
D2 =15/100; // m e t e r
A1 = %pi /4* D1 ^2; //m2
A2 = %pi /4* D2 ^2; //m2
v1 =2; //m/ s
v2 = A1 * v1 / A2 ; //m/ s
disp ( v2 , V e l o c i t y a t a n o t h e r s e c t i o n i n m/ s : ) ;
FlowRate = A1 * v1 ; //m3/ s
FlowRate = FlowRate *1000; // l i t r e s / s
disp ( FlowRate , Flow Rate i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Answer o f v e l o c i t y i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e .
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rd =0.75; // r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y
D =12.5/100; // m e t e r
p =1; // b a r
p = p *1.02; // kg /cm2
p = p *9.81*10^4/1000; // kPa
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
w = g * rd ; //N/m3
pH = p / w ; // m e t e r
Z =2.5; // m e t e r
Et =20; //Nm
v = sqrt (( Et - p /w - Z ) *2* g ) ; //m/ s
A = %pi /4* D ^2; //m2
Q = A * v ; //m3/ s e c
Q = A * v *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
disp (Q , Flow Rate o f o i l i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Example 5 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
rd =0.75; // r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y
d1 =0.3; // m e t e r
d2 =0.1; // m e t e r
Q =50/1000; //m3/ s e c
A1 = %pi /4* d1 ^2; //m2
A2 = %pi /4* d2 ^2; //m2
v1 = Q / A1 ; //m/ s
v2 = A1 * v1 / A2 ; //m/ s
p1 =200; //kN/m2
p2 =100; //kN/m2
w =9.81; //kN/m3
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18 g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
19 Z1 =0; // m e t e r
20 Z2 = Z1 + p1 / w + v1 ^2/2/ g - p2 /w - v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
21 disp ( Z2 , Z i n m e t e r : ) ;
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Chapter 6
Orifices
// Example 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Do =25; //mm
Dc =20; //mm
H =85; //mm
x =335; //mm
y =350; //mm
a = %pi /4* Do ^2; //m2
ac = %pi /4* Dc ^2; //m2
Cc = ac / a ;
disp ( Cc , C o e f f i c i e n t
Cv = sqrt ( x ^2/4/ H / y ) ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t
Cd = Cc * Cv ;
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t
Cr =(1/ Cv ^2 -1) ;
disp ( Cr , C o e f f i c i e n t
o f c o n t r a c t i o n : );
o f v e l o c i t y : );
o f d i s c h a r g e : );
o f r e s i s t a n c e : );
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// Example 6 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Do =0.125; //m
H =10.5; //mm
Q =6500; // l i t r e s / m i n u t e
Q = Q /60/1000; // cumec
x =6; //m
y =1; //m
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
a = %pi /4* Do ^2; //m2
Qth = a * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; // cumec
Cd = Q / Qth ; //
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e : ) ;
Cv = sqrt ( x ^2/4/ H / y ) ;
format ( v ,6) ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
Cc = Cd / Cv ;
format ( v ,5) ;
disp ( Cc , C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n : ) ;
Cr =(1/ Cv ^2 -1) ;
format ( v ,6) ;
disp ( Cr , C o e f f i c i e n t o f r e s i s t a n c e : ) ;
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// Example 6 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
h =102; //mm
H =105; //mm
Cv = sqrt (2* g * h ) / sqrt (2* g * H ) ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
// Example 6 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Q =180/62; // l i t r e s / s e c
Q = Q /1000; // cumec
Dc =25/1000; //m
H =1.9; //m
ac = %pi /4* Dc ^2; //m2
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cv = Q / sqrt (2* g * H ) / ac ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =30/1000; // m e t e r
wl =2; //kgm
w1 =148.6/60; // kg / s e c
y =1.65; // m e t e r
H =1.3; // m e t e r
Cv = wl / w1 / y * sqrt ( g ) / sqrt (2* H ) ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
Q = w1 /1000; // Cumec
a = %pi /4* d ^2; // m e t e r 2
Qth = a * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; // Cumec
Cd = Q / Qth ; // c o e f f . o f d i s c h a r g e
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e : ) ;
Cc = Cd / Cv ; // c o e f f . o f c o n t r a c t i o n
format ( v ,5) ;
disp ( Cc , C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book a r e n o t a c c u r a t e .
// Example 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
a =9*10^ -4; //m2
H =3; // m e t e r
x =2.5; // m e t e r
y =54/100; // m e t e r
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// Example 6 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =20/1000; // m e t e r
a = %pi /4* d ^2; //m2
H =1; // m e t e r
Qactual =0.85*10^ -3; //m3/ s e c
v = sqrt (2* g * H ) ; //m/ s e c
Qth = a * v ; // Cumec
Cd = Qactual / Qth ; // c o e f f . o f d i s c h a r g e
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e : ) ;
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close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =1.5; // m e t e r
h =1; // m e t e r
Volume = %pi /4* d ^2* h ; //m3
time =25; // s e c
Qactual = Volume / time ; // Cumec
H =10; // m e t e r
do =10/100; // m e t e r
x =4.3; // m e t e r
y =0.5; // m e t e r
ao = %pi /4* do ^2; //m2
Qth = ao * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; // cumec
Cd = Qactual / Qth ; // C o e f f . o f d i s c h a r g e
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e : ) ;
format ( v ,5) ;
Cv = sqrt ( x ^2) / sqrt (4* H * y ) ; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
Cc = Cd / Cv ; // c o e f f . o f c o n t r a c t i o n
disp ( Cc , C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n : ) ;
Cr_dash =(1/ Cv ^2 -1) ; // c o e f f . o f r e s i s t a n c e
disp ( Cr_dash , C o e f f i c i e n t . o f R e s i s t a n c e ) ;
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H =75/100; // m e t e r
x =30/100; // m e t e r
y =3.2/100; // m e t e r
Qactual =1.186*10^ -3; // Cumec
ao = %pi /4* do ^2; //m2
Qth = ao * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; // cumec
Cd = Qactual / Qth ; // C o e f f . o f d i s c h a r g e
disp ( Cd , C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e : ) ;
Cv = sqrt ( x ^2) / sqrt (4* H * y ) ; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y
format ( v ,7) ;
disp ( Cv , C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y : ) ;
format ( v ,6) ;
Cc = Cd / Cv ; // c o e f f . o f c o n t r a c t i o n
disp ( Cc , C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n : ) ;
Cr_dash =(1/ Cv ^2 -1) ; // c o e f f . o f r e s i s t a n c e
disp ( Cr_dash , C o e f f i c i e n t . o f R e s i s t a n c e ) ;
// Answers i n t h e book a r e n o t a c c u r a t e .
// Example 6 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
H1 =4 -1; // m e t e r
H2 =4; // m e t e r
Cv1 =0.9; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y
Cv2 =0.9; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f v e l o c i t y
// Cv1=Cv2 & x1=x2 a t m e e t i n g p o i n t
// x1 / s q r t ( 4 H1 y1 )=x2 / s q r t ( 4 H2 y2 )
y1BYy2 = H2 / H1 ;
// y1=1+y2 ;
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o r d i n a t e s a r e ( x1 & y1 i n m e t e r ) : ) ;
20 // Answer i n t h e book a r e n o t a c c u r a t e .
// Example 6 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =1.3; // m e t e r
H1 =6 -(1.8+1.5) ; // m e t e r
H2 =6 -1.5; // m e t e r
Q =2/3* Cd * B * sqrt (2* g ) *( H2 ^(3/2) - H1 ^(3/2) ) ; //m3/ s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e o r i f i c e i n m3/ s e c :
);
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Cd =0.62; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =2; // m e t e r
H1 =3; // m e t e r
H2 =3+1.5; // m e t e r
Q =2/3* Cd * B * sqrt (2* g ) *( H2 ^(3/2) - H1 ^(3/2) ) ; //m3/ s e c
o r cumec
13 disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e o r i f i c e i n cumec : ) ;
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// Example 6 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =1.6; // m e t e r
H1 =1500/1000; // m e t e r
H2 =(1500+1250) /1000; // m e t e r
Q =2/3* Cd * B * sqrt (2* g ) *( H2 ^(3/2) - H1 ^(3/2) ) ; //m3/ s e c
o r cumec
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e o p e n i n g i n cumec : ) ;
// For s m a l l o p e n i n g
H =1.5+1.25/2; // m e t e r
D =1.25; // m e t e r
Qdash = Cd *( B * D ) * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; // cumec
Error =( Qdash - Q ) / Q *100; //%
disp ( Error , % o f e r r o r : ) ;
// Answer i s wrong i n t h e book .
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// Example 6 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =1600/1000; // m e t e r
D =1250/1000; // m e t e r
ao =1.6*1.25; //m2
H1 =2+1.25/2; // m e t e r
H2 =0.8+1.25/2; // m e t e r
H = H1 - H2 ; // m e t e r
Q = Cd * ao * sqrt (2* g * H ) ; //m3/ s e c o r Cumec
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n Cumec : ) ;
// Answer i s wrong i n t h e book .
// Example 6 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =1600/1000; // m e t e r
D =1250/1000; // m e t e r
ao =1.6*1.25; //m2
H1 =2+1.25; // m e t e r
H2 =2; // m e t e r
H = H1 -0.8; // m e t e r
Q =2/3* Cd * B * sqrt (2* g ) *( H ^(3/2) - H2 ^(3/2) ) + Cd * B *( H1 - H ) *
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// Example 6 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =4; // m e t e r
d0 =0.5; // m e t e r
H1 =5; // m e t e r
H2 =2; // m e t e r
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
ao = %pi /4* d0 ^2; //m2
A = %pi /4* d ^2; //m2
t =2* A / Cd / ao / sqrt (2* g ) *( sqrt ( H1 ) - sqrt ( H2 ) )
disp (t , Time t a k e n t o f a l l from 5m t o 2m( i n s e c o n d s )
: );
// For e m p t y i n g H2=0;
H2 =0; // m e t e r
t =2* A / Cd / ao / sqrt (2* g ) *( sqrt ( H1 ) - sqrt ( H2 ) )
disp (t , Time t a k e n f o r c o m p l e t e l y e m p t y i n g ( i n
s e c o n d s ) : );
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close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =1.2; // m e t e r
do =50/1000; // m e t e r
H =3; // m e t e r
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
ao = %pi /4* do ^2; //m2
A = %pi /4* d ^2; //m2
t =2* A * sqrt ( H ) / Cd / ao / sqrt (2* g ) ; // s e c
disp ( Time t a k e n f o r e m p t y i n g t h e t a n k i s + string (
floor ( t /60) ) + m i n u t e + string (( t /60 - floor ( t /60) )
*60) + s e c o n d s . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.18 Time required to bring down the level
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// Example 6 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
A =3.2; //m2
a =10*10^ -4; //m2
H1 =5; // m e t e r
H2 =2.5; // m e t e r
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
t =2* A *( sqrt ( H1 ) - sqrt ( H2 ) ) / Cd / a / sqrt (2* g ) ; // s e c
disp ( Time t a k e n i s + string ( floor ( t /60) ) + m i n u t e
+ string (( t /60 - floor ( t /60) ) *60) + s e c o n d s . ) ;
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// Example 6 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
A =3.2; //m2
a =10*10^ -4; //m2
H =5; // m e t e r
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
t =2* A * sqrt ( H ) / Cd / a / sqrt (2* g ) ; // s e c
disp ( Time t a k e n i s + string ( floor ( t /3600) ) + h o u r
+ string ( floor (( t /3600 - floor ( t /3600) ) *60) ) +
m i n u t e + string ((( t /3600 - floor ( t /3600) ) *60 - floor
(( t /3600 - floor ( t /3600) ) *60) ) *60) + s e c o n d s . ) ;
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Chapter 7
Flow through pipes
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Relation between CGS and MKS unit
1 // Example 7 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,9) ;
6 disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ;
7 disp ( A b s o l u t e u n i t o f
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v i s c o s i t y ( i n C .G. S ) i s P o i s e .
);
disp ( P o i s e =1 dynes e c /cm2 ) ;
disp ( G r a v i t a t i o n a l u n i t o f v i s c o s i t y i s 1 gms e c /cm
2 . );
disp ( On e q u a t i n g we g e t , 1 gm = 981 dyne ) ;
// L e t x=1kgs e c /m2
x =1*10^3/10^4; // gs e c /cm2
x = x *981; // dynes e c /cm2 o r P o i s e ( P u t t i n g 1gm=981
dyne )
disp ( 1 kgs e c /m2 = + string ( x ) + P o i s e ) ;
one_Poise =1/ x ; // kgs e c /m2
one_Poise =1/ x *9.81; //Ns e c /m2 o r Pas e c ( a s 1Pa=1N/m
2)
disp ( 1 P o i s e = + string ( one_Poise ) + Ns e c /m2 o r
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Pas e c ) ;
disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ;
disp ( K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y = v i s c o s i t y /
s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y );
disp ( K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y C .G. S u n i t i s cm2/ s e c . 1
cm2/ s e c =1 s t o k e ) ;
disp ( K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y M. K . S u n i t i s m2/ s e c ) ;
// l e t x =1;//m2/ s e c
x =1; //m2/ s e c
x = x *10^4; //cm2/ s e c o r s t o k e s
disp ( 1 m2/ s e c = + string ( x ) + cm2/ s e c o r s t o k e ) ;
one_stoke =1/ x ; //m2/ s e c
disp ( 1 s t o k e = + string ( one_stoke ) + m2/ s e c ) ;
disp ( 1 s t o k e = 100 c e n t i s t o k e s ) ;
// Example 7 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
mu =0.009; // kgs e c /m2
rho =0.89; // s p . g r a v i t y
Q =4*10^ -3; //m3/ s e c
d =30/1000; // m e t e r
v = mu / rho ; //m2/ s
disp (v , K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y i n m2/ s e c : ) ;
A = %pi * d ^2/4; //m2
vm = Q / A ; //m/ s
Rn = vm * d / v ; // R e y n o l d s no .
disp ( Rn , R e y n o l d s number f o r f l o w
: );
disp ( T h i s i s l a m i n a r f l o w b e c a u s e Rn no . i s l e s s
than 2 0 0 0 . );
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// // Example 7 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =30/100; // m e t e r
L =500; // m e t e r
Q =300*10^ -3; //m2/ s e c
f =0.0008; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
v = Q /( %pi /4* D ^2) ; //m/ s
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
hf =4* f * L * v ^2/ D /2/ g ; // m e t e r
disp ( hf , D i f f e r e n c e i n e l e v a t i o n i n m e t e r : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s wrong .
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format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =20/100; // m e t e r
v =3; //m/ s
v1 =0.01*10^ -3; //m2/ s e c
Re = D * v / v1 ; // R e y n o l d s number
f =0.002+0.09/ Re ^0.3; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
L =5; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
hf =4* f * L * v ^2/ D /2/ g ; // m e t e r
disp ( hf , Head l o s t due t o f r i c t i o n i n m e t e r : ) ;
// // Example 7 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
D =80/1000; // m e t e r
Q =600*10^ -3/60; //m3/ s e c
L =1*10^3; // m e t e r
f =0.02; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n
v = Q /( %pi /4* D ^2) ; //m/ s
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
hf =4* f * L * v ^2/ D /2/ g ; // m e t e r
disp ( hf , Head l o s t due t o f r i c t i o n i n m e t e r : ) ;
// Answer i s wrong i n t h e book .
// // Example 7 . 8
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
f =0.02; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n
Cc =0.62; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n
// P o r t i o n AB
Q1 =50*10^ -3; //m3/ s e c
D1 =150/1000; // m e t e r
v1 = Q1 /( %pi /4* D1 ^2) ; //m/ s
hr =0.5* v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
L1 =200; // m e t e r
hf1 =4* f * L1 * v1 ^2/2/ g / D1 ; // m e t e r
D2 =200/1000; // m e t e r
v2 = Q1 /( %pi /4* D2 ^2) ; //m/ s
hc1 =( v1 - v2 ) ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
L2 =500; // m e t e r
hf2 =4* f * L2 * v2 ^2/2/ g / D2 ; // m e t e r
d =75/1000; // m e t e r
ho =[( %pi /4* D2 ^2) / Cc /(( %pi /4* D2 ^2) -( %pi /4* d ^2) ) -1]^2*
v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
D3 =120/1000; // m e t e r
v3 = Q1 /( %pi /4* D3 ^2) ; //m/ s
hc2 = v3 ^2/2/ g *(1/ Cc -1) ^2; // m e t e r
L3 =500; // m e t e r
hf3 =4* f * L3 * v3 ^2/2/ g / D3 ; // m e t e r
Kb =0.25; // assumed
hb1 = Kb * v3 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
D4 =120/1000; // m e t e r
v4 = Q1 /( %pi /4* D4 ^2) ; //m/ s
L4 =500; // m e t e r
hf4 =4* f * L4 * v4 ^2/2/ g / D4 ; // m e t e r
hb2 = Kb * v3 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
L5 =500; // m e t e r
hf5 =4* f * L5 * v4 ^2/2/ g / D4 ; // m e t e r
h_outlet = v3 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r
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h_total = hr + hf1 + hc1 + hf2 + ho + hc2 + hf3 + hb1 + hf4 + hb2 + hf5 +
h_outlet ; // m e t e r
40 disp ( h_total , T o t a l l o s s o f head i n m e t e r : ) ;
// // Example 7 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
Cc =0.62; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n t r a c t i o n
D1 =150/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =100/1000; // m e t e r
Q =2.7/60; //m3/ s e c
p1 =0.8*10^4; // kg /m2
v1 = Q /( %pi /4* D1 ^2) ; //m/ s
v2 = Q /( %pi /4* D2 ^2) ; //m/ s
hc = v2 ^2/2/ g *(1/ Cc -1) ^2; // m e t e r
w =1000; // kg /m3
p2 =( v1 ^2/2/ g + p1 /w - v2 ^2/2/ g - hc ) * w ; // kg /m 2 ( Z1=Z2 )
p2 = p2 *10^ -4; // kg /cm2
disp ( p2 , I n t e n s i t y o f p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2 : ) ;
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// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
L =3*1000; // m e t e r
hf =20; // m e t e r
Q =1; //m3/ s e c
f =0.02; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
// v=s q r t ( h f 2 g /4/ f /L/D) ; / / i t i s v 2D
D2v = Q /( %pi /4) ; // i t i s D2 v
D =( Q /( %pi /4) / sqrt ( hf *2* g /4/ f / L ) ) ^(2/5) ; // m e t e r
D = D *1000; //mm
disp (D , D i a m e t e r o f p i p e i n mm
: );
// // Example 7 . 1 1 a t p a g e 246
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
D1 =400/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =300/1000; // m e t e r
D3 =200/1000; // m e t e r
v1 =3; //m/ s
v2 =2; //m/ s
A1 = %pi /4* D1 ^2; //m2
A2 = %pi /4* D2 ^2; //m2
A3 = %pi /4* D3 ^2; //m2
Q1 = A1 * v1 ; // cumec
disp ( Q1 , D i s c h a r g e i n p i p e 1 i n cumec : ) ;
Q2 = A2 * v2 ; // cumec
Q3 = Q1 - Q2 ; // cumec
v3 = Q3 / A3 ; //m/ s
disp ( v3 , V e l o c i t y o f w a t e r i n 200mm p i p e i n m/ s : )
78
// // Example 7 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
D1 =100/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =200/1000; // m e t e r
PQ =100; // m e t e r
QR =100; // m e t e r
slope =1/100; // upward s l o p e
Q =0.02; // cumec
p1 =2; // kg /cm 2 ( P r e s s u r e i n 100 mm d i a p i p e )
f =0.02; // u n i t l e s s
Q_P =100/100; // m e t e r ( P o i n t Q h i g h t r e s p e c t t o p o i n t P
)
Q_R =200/100; // m e t e r ( P o i n t Q h i g h t r e s p e c t t o p o i n t R
)
v1 = Q /( %pi /4* D1 ^2) ; //m/ s e c
v2 = Q /( %pi /4* D2 ^2) ; //m/ s e c
hf1 =4* f * PQ * v1 ^2/(2* g * D1 ) ; // m e t e r
hf2 =4* f * QR * v2 ^2/(2* g * D2 ) ; // m e t e r
hse =( v1 - v2 ) ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( l o s s due t o s u d d e n
enlargement )
// S e c t i o n PQ
Z1P =0; // m e t e r ( Datum Head )
H1P = v1 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( v e l o c i t y Head )
p1BYw = p1 *10^4/1000; // m e t e r ( P r e s s u r e Head a t P)
Z1Q =1; // m e t e r ( Datum Head )
H1Q = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( v e l o c i t y Head )
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// A p p l y i n g b e r n a u l l i s t h e o r e m
p2BYw = Z1P + p1BYw + H1P - Z1Q - H1Q - hf1 ; // m e t e r ( P r e s s u r e
Head a t Q)
disp ( p1BYw , P r e s s u r e Head a t p o i n t P(m) )
disp ( H1P , V e l o c i t y Head a t p o i n t P(m) )
disp ( p2BYw , P r e s s u r e Head a t p o i n t Q(m) )
// S e c t i o n QR
// A p p l y i n g b e r n a u l l i s t h e o r e m
p2dashBYw = p2BYw + H1P - H1Q - hse ; // m e t e r ( P r e s s u r e Head a t
Q)
Z2 =1; // m e t e r ( Datum Head )
H1Q = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( v e l o c i t y Head )
Z3 =2; // m e t e r ( Datum Head a t R)
H1R = v2 ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( v e l o c i t y Head a t R)
// A p p l y i n g b e r n a u l l i s t h e o r e m
p3BYw = Z2 + p2dashBYw + H1Q - Z3 - H1R - hf2 ; // m e t e r ( P r e s s u r e
Head a t R)
disp ( H1Q , V e l o c i t y Head a t p o i n t Q a f t e r e n l a r g e m a n t
(m) )
disp ( p2dashBYw , P r e s s u r e Head a t p o i n t Q a f t e r
e n l a r g e m a n t (m) )
disp ( p3BYw , P r e s s u r e Head a t p o i n t R(m) )
disp ( H1R , V e l o c i t y Head a t p o i n t R(m) )
// Answer i n t h e book i s wrong f o r some c a l c u l a t i o n s .
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D2 =300/1000; // m e t e r
Q1 =0.01; //m3/ s e c
A1 = %pi /4* D1 ^2; //m2
A2 = %pi /4* D2 ^2; //m2
// h f 1=h f 2
Q2 = sqrt ( D2 /( D1 ) *( Q1 / A1 ) ^2* A2 ^2) ; // cumec
disp ( Q2 , D i s c h a r g e t h r o o u g h 300mm p i p e i n cumec : )
;
// // Example 7 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t y
f =0.02; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
PQ =500; // m e t e r
QR =1000; // m e t e r
RS =500; // m e t e r
hf =10+ PQ /62.5+ QR /125 - RS /100 -2; // m e t e r
l =500+1000+500; // / m e t e r
D =250/1000; // m e t e r
v = sqrt ( hf *2* g * D /4/ f / l ) ; //m/ s
Q = %pi /4* D ^2* v ; //m3/ s e c
Q = Q *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n p i p e l i n e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// // Example 7 . 1 4 a t p a g e no . 250
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
l =4; //km
n =5000; // h a b i t a n t s
Ch =200; // l i t r e s / day ( h a b i t a n t c a p a c i t y )
t =10; // h o u r ( d a i y s u p p l y t i m e )
hf =20; // m e t e r ( Head l o s s )
f =0.008; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
Qty = n * Ch /2; // l i t r e s ( Water s u p p l i e d i n 10 h o u r s )
Q = Qty /( t *60*60) ; // l i t r e s / s e c
Q = Q /1000; //m3/ s e c
d =( f * l *1000* Q ^2/3.0257/ hf ) ^(1/5) ; // m e t e r
disp ( d *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f p i p e (mm) : ) ;
// // Example 7 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
slope =1/125; // s l o p e
hA =12; // m e t e r ( l e v e l o f w a t e r i n r e s e r v o i r A)
hB =1.5; // m e t e r ( l e v e l o f w a t e r i n r e s e r v o i r B)
L1 =500; // m e t e r
D1 =250/1000; // m e t e r
L2 =1000; // m e t e r
D2 =200/1000; // m e t e r
L3 =500; // m e t e r
82
16 D3 =150/1000; // m e t e r
17 f =0.02; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
18 fall_level =( L1 + L2 + L3 ) * slope ; // m e t e r
19 H = hA + fall_level - hB ; // m e t e r ( Head a v a i l a b l e f o r f l o w )
20 v2BYv1 =( D1 / D2 ) ^2;
21 v3BYv1 =( D1 / D3 ) ^2;
22 //H=h f=h f 1+h f 2+h f 3
23 //H=(4 f L1 v1 2 / ( 2 g D1 ) +4 f L2 v2 2 / ( 2 g D2 ) +4 f
L3 v3 2 / ( 2 g D3 ) )
24 v1 = sqrt ( H /(4* f * L1 /(2* g * D1 ) +4* f * L2 * v2BYv1 ^2/(2* g * D2 )
83
17 h3 = v ^2/2/ g ; // m e t e r ( Head l o s s
at entrance of
reservoir )
18 H = h1 + h2 + h3 ; // m e t e r ( D i f f e r e n c e o f w a t e r l e v e l )
19 disp (H , D i f f e r e n c e o f w a t e r l e v e l b e t w e e n two
r e s e r v o i r ( meter ) );
20 // Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e a s h2 i s
c a l c u l a t e d wrong .
// // Example 7 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
D1 =50/1000; // m e t e r
D2 =100/1000; // m e t e r
l1 =100; l2 =100; // m e t e r
hf1 =10; // m e t e r ( l e v e l d i f f e r e n c e )
f =0.008; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
Q2BYQ1 = sqrt (( l1 / l2 ) *( D2 / D1 ) ^5) ; // a s h f 1=h f 2
Q1 = sqrt ( hf1 / f / l1 *(3.0257* D1 ^5) ) ; //m3/ s e c
Q2 = Q2BYQ1 * Q1 ; //m3/ s e c o r cumec
disp ( Q1 , Rate o f f l o w o f p i p e 1 (m3/ s e c ) ) ;
disp ( Q2 , Rate o f f l o w o f p i p e 2 (m3/ s e c ) ) ;
Q = Q1 + Q2 ; //m3/ s e c ( T o t a l D i s c h a r g e )
d =( f * l1 * Q ^2/3.0257/ hf1 ) ^(1/5) ; // m e t e r
disp ( d *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f s i n g l e p i p e (mm) : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e .
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// // Example 7 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
D =150/1000; // m e t e r
l =70; // m e t e r
H =2.6; // m e t e r ( head o f w a t e r )
f =0.01; // c o e f f . o f f r i c t i o n
// Applyong B e r n o u l l i s t h e o r e m
v = sqrt ( H *(2/ g *(1+0.5+4* f * l / D ) ) /4) ; //m/ s
Q = %pi * D ^2/4* v ; //m3/ s e c
Q = Q *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e p i p e ( l i t r e s / s e c ) ) ;
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// // Example 7 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
D =100/1000; // m e t e r ( P i p e d i a m e t e r )
L =700; // m e t e r ( T o t a l l e n g t h )
Lin =300; // m e t e r ( i n l e t l e n g t h )
hf =10; // m e t e r ( A v a i l a b l e head )
h =1.4; // m e t e r ( h e i g h t )
f =0.02; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n
v = sqrt ( hf *2* g * D /4/ f / L ) ; //m/ s
Q = %pi * D ^2/4* v *1000; // l i t r e s / s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n p i p e ( l i t r e s / s e c o n d ) ) ;
// A p p l y i n g B r n a u l l i s t h e o r e m
p1 =0; v1 =0; Z1 =0; // ( N e g l e c t i n g minor l o s s e s )
v2 = v ; //m/ s
Z2 = h ; // m e t e r
hf =4* f * Lin * v ^2/(2* g * D ) ; // m e t e r
p2BYw = - v2 ^2/2/ g - Z2 - hf ; // m e t e r o f w a t e r
hatm =10.3; // m e t e r ( A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e head )
habs = p2BYw + hatm ; // m e t e r ( A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e head )
disp ( habs , P r e s s u r e a t t h e summit o f s i p h o n ( m e t e r ) )
86
// // Example 7 . 1 9 a t p a g e no . 265
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
l =10000; // m e t e r ( l e n g t h o f p i p e l i n e )
D =0.2; // m e t e r ( D i a m e t e r o f p i p e )
p =60*10^5; //N/m2
f =0.007; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n
w = g *1000; //N/m3
H = p / w ; // m e t e r
hf = H /3; // m e t e r ( f r i c t i o n head l o s s i s 1/3 r d )
v = sqrt ( hf *2* g * D /4/ f / l ) ; //m/ s
P = w * %pi * D ^2/4* v *( H - hf ) /1000; //kW
disp (P , Maximum power (kW) ) ;
// // Example 7 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
D =150/1000; // m e t e r ( P i p e d i a m e t e r )
Q =40; // l i t r e s / s e c ( r a t e o f d i s c h a r g e )
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l =500; // m e t e r ( v a l v e d i s t a n c e )
T =0.5; // s e c o n d
v = Q /1000/( %pi /4* D ^2) ; //m/ s ( v e l o c i t y o f f l o w )
pi =1000/ g *( l * v / T ) ; // kg /m2
disp ( pi , I n c r e a s e i n p r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t y ( kg /m 2 ) ) ;
88
Chapter 11
Flow Measurement
// Example 1 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
staticPHead =5; // m e t e r
stagnationPHead =6; // m e t e r
h = stagnationPHead - staticPHead ; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cv =0.98; // C o e f f o f p i l o t t u b e
V = Cv * sqrt (2* g * h ) ; //m/ s
disp (V , V e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n m/ s e c : ) ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cv =0.975; // C o e f f o f p i l o t t u b e
h =100/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Sm =13.6; // Sp . g r a v i t y
S =0.86; // g r a v i t y o f t u r p i n r e
V = Cv * sqrt (2* g * h *( Sm /S -1) ) ; //m/ s
disp (V , V e l o c i t y i n m/ s e c : ) ;
// Example 1 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9) ;
// Given d a t a :
l =2; // m e t e r
d0 =0; // m e t e r
d1 =0.3; // m e t e r
d2 =1.0; // m e t e r
d3 =1.2; // m e t e r
d4 =1.6; // m e t e r
d5 =2.0; // m e t e r
d6 =1.4; // m e t e r
d7 =1.0; // m e t e r
d8 =0.4; // m e t e r
d9 =0.3; // m e t e r
d10 =0.2; // m e t e r
V0 =0; // m e t e r
V1 =0.5; // m e t e r
V2 =0.7; // m e t e r
90
V3 =0.8; // m e t e r
V4 =1.0; // m e t e r
V5 =1.2; // m e t e r
V6 =0.9; // m e t e r
V7 =0.8; // m e t e r
V8 =0.6; // m e t e r
V9 =0.5; // m e t e r
V10 =0.3; // m e t e r
Q = l /3*( d0 * V0 +4* d1 * V1 +2* d2 * V2 +4* d3 * V3 +2* d4 * V4 +4* d5 * V5
+2* d6 * V6 +4* d7 * V7 +2* d8 * V8 +4* d9 * V9 +2* d10 * V10 + d0 * V0 )
; //cum/ s e c
31 disp (Q , Rate o f d i s c h a r g e i n cum/ s e c : ) ;
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27
28
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30
// Example 1 1 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.62; // c o n s t a n t
H =0.12; // m e t e r
L =0.3; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Q =2/3* Cd * sqrt (2* g ) * L * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
91
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5
6
7
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9
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12
13
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.66; // c o n s t a n t
H =0.15; // m e t e r
L =0.40; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Q =2/3* Cd * sqrt (2* g ) * L * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
disp ( Q *10^3 , D i s c h a r g e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Example 1 1 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.62; // c o n s t a n t
H =200/1000; // m e t e r
theta =90; // d e g r e e
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Q =8/15* Cd * sqrt (2* g ) * tand ( theta /2) * H ^(5/2) ; //m3/ s
Q = Q *1000*60; // l i t r e s / m i n u t e
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n l i t r e s / m i n u t e : ) ;
92
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.62; // c o n s t a n t
Q =250; // l i t r e s / s e c
Q = Q *10^ -3; //m3/ s
theta =90; // d e g r e e
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
d =1.3; // m e t e r
H =( Q /8*15/ Cd / sqrt (2* g ) / tand ( theta /2) ) ^(2/5) ; //m
h =d - H ; // m e t e r
disp (h , P o s i t i o n a b o v e t h e bed i n m e t e r : ) ;
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7
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// Example 1 1 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
H =0.40; // m e t e r
L =5; // m e t e r
disp ( ( i ) End c o n t r a c t i o n s a r e S u p p r e s s e d : ) ;
Q =1.84* L * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
disp ( Q *1000 , D i s c h a r g e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
disp ( ( i i ) End c o n t r a c t i o n s a r e C o n s i d e r e d : ) ;
n =2;
Q =1.84*( L -0.1* n * H ) * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
disp ( Q *1000 , D i s c h a r g e i n l i t r e s / s e c : ) ;
// Example 1 1 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.62; // C o e f f o f d i s c h a r g e
H =250/1000; // m e t e r
L =400/1000; // m e t e r
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y a c c e l e r a t i o n
Q =2/3* Cd * sqrt (2* g ) * L * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s o r cumec
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n cumec : ) ;
94
// Example 6 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
g =9.81; // c o n s t a n t
Cd =0.6; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
B =1.3; // m e t e r
H1 =6 -(1.8+1.5) ; // m e t e r
H2 =6 -1.5; // m e t e r
Q =2/3* Cd * B * sqrt (2* g ) *( H2 ^(3/2) - H1 ^(3/2) ) ; //m3/ s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e o r i f i c e i n m3/ s e c :
);
// Example 1 1 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
Cd =0.60; // C o e f f o f d i s c h a r g e
L =36; // m e t e r
H =1.1; // m e t e r
A =50; //m2
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y a c c e l e r a t i o n
Qmax =1.705* Cd * L * H ^(3/2) ; //m3/ s
disp ( Qmax , Maximum D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
Va = Qmax / A ; //m/ s ( v e l o c i t y o f a p p r o a c h )
Q =1.705* Cd * L *[( H + Va ^2/2/ g ) ^(3/2) -( Va ^2/2/ g ) ^(3/2) ];
//m3/ s
95
16
disp (Q , New d i s c h a r g e c o n s i d e r i n g v e l o c i t y o f
a p p r o a c h i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
// Example 1 1 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
w =1.5; //m
d =0.75; //m
Cd =0.64; // C o e f f o f d i s c h a r g e
QT =45; // cumec
h =8; // m e t e r
A = w * d ; //m2
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y a c c e l e r a t i o n
Q = Cd * A * sqrt (2* g * h ) ; //m3/ s e c
n = QT / Q ; // no . o f s p i l l w a y s
disp ( round ( n ) ,No . o f s p i l l w a y s : ) ;
// Example 1 1 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
B =1; // m e t e r
b =0.4; // m e t e r
H =0.57; // m e t e r
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h =0.5; // m e t e r
A = B * H ; //m2
g =9.81; // g r a v i t y c o n s t a n t
a = b * h ; //m2
Q = A * a / sqrt ( A ^2 - a ^2) * sqrt (2* g *( H - h ) ) ; //m3/ s e c
disp (Q , D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s e c : ) ;
97