Chapter19 - Ocr

Wall
CHAPTER
and Ceiling
Construction
Objectives
Key Terms
After complctillg
completing tllis
this chapter,
cilapter, you will be able to:
fo:
access hole
ashlar stonework
brick
brown coat
cavity wall
common brick
coursed rubble
cri pple stud
cripple
s tud
exterior insulation
finish system (ElFS)
(ETFS)
face brick
finish coat
firecut
furring s trips
header-and-stud
framing
insulated concrete
forms (ICPs)
(ICFs)
List the members of a typical frame wall.

wall.
Explain methods of frame wall construction.
construction.
Describe the applications, advantages, and

disadvantages of steel framing in residential
construction.
Explain information shown on a ceiling

joist span da ta chart.
Describe types of masonry wall construction.

Identify the basic processes used to produce
a quality, three-coat
three+coat stucco fini
finish.
sh.
Describe the proper application of exterior
in sulation
ins
ulation finish systems.
Identify the uses of structura

structurall insula
ins ulated
ted
panels in residential construction.
construction.
Describe the types of insulated concrete

forms used in concrete wall construction
construction..
Residential wall construction is typically one

of three types: frame, masonry, or a combination
of frame and masonry. The wall panels may be
constructed at the building site or prefabricated
at a different location and transported to the
site for final construction. The trend today is
toward more prefabrication and less on-site
construction.
Printed for:
jack stud
king stud
lath
masonry wall
moisture
moistu
re barrier
polygonal
polygonaJ rubble
rubble stonework
scratch coa
coatt
sole plate
solid blocking
structural
str uctural C
s tructu
tructural
ral insulated
panels
stucco
three-coat stucco
three--coat
system
trimmer
uncoursed cobweb
CADD
CAO
O software is available to aid in
the design of frame walls. Automatic framing
plans and material lists arc
are features associa ted
w ith some of the more sophisticated software
packages. However, a thorough lmderstanding
packages.
understanding
of frame wall construction is required, whether
you are using traditional manual
manua l drafting
methods or a CA
CADD
DD system.
."
'"
erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese
Section 4
'"
'52
Frame Wall
Construction
Fra
mc\va
con struction
Frame
wallJl cons
truction involves the proper
arrangement of the wa
Framing members,
wallll fmming
which are typically construction lumber. The
framing members used in conventional
conven tional wood
construction include sole plates,
pla tes. top plates,
studs, headers, and bracing. See Figure 19-1.
Plates and sstuds
tuds are usually nominal 2 x 4 lumber.
Headers or lin
tels are typically constructed
lintels
fro m larger stock. Bracing may be 1 x 4 stock,
from
metal strap, or
o r pl)'\vood
plY'vood sheathing.
metal
Wall framing lumber must have good rigidity
and nail-holding properties, be free fro
m warp,
from
Construction
Const
ruction Systems and Supplemental Drawings
Dr.1wings
and be easy to work. Species that meet these

criteria include Douglas fir, southern yellow
pine, hemlock, spruce, and larch. The most
common lumber grade
g rade used
u sed is Number 2 or
o r its
lumber
mber
equivalent. The moisture content of the lu
sh
ould
shou
ld be between 15% and 19%.
The wall is usually constructed flat
fl at o
onn the
subfloor
s ubfl oor because the subfloor provides a large,
flnat
at work su
surface.
rface. The
TIle frame is then lifted into
A wall panel may
vertica l position. A
its pproper
roper vertical
extend aalong
long an entire side of
o f the bui
lding if
building
raise
sufficient help is available to ra
ise the wall.
ll may be built in smaller
Otherwise, the wa ll
sections. Exterior frame walls may be placed flush
with the ooutside
utside of the foundation wall oorr
to 3/4" to the inside to allow fo r the
moved 1/2" 10
sheathing,
thickness of shea
thing, weatherboard, or rigid
foam insulation. See Figure
Fig ure ]9-2.
] 9~2 .
Plates
Pllltes
Stud
Metal
strip
."~
-""
"""'''9
Frame
Fra me wall construction usually begins
with the sole plate,
pla te, w
hich is the bottom horihori~
which
zon lal
tal member of the wall on which the studs
s tuds
o n the
rest. First, the stud spacing is marked off on
19~3 . The sole
sole pplate,
late, as shown in Figure 19-3.
p late acts as an anchor for the wall panels and
plate
sheath ing.
interiorr and exterior wall Sheathing.
a nailer for interio
sale pla
tes used aroWld
around the exterior of the
The sole
plates
h ouse typically
typica lly are pressure~treated
pressure-treated lumber.
house
Wall studs are cut to leng th (usually
(usua lly 7'_9"
7'-9"
terial is used) and nailed
nai led to
w hen 1-1/2" ma
when
material
the sole plate. A top plate is then placed o n and
nnailed
ailed to the top o
off the studs. A second top plate
is added after the wall is in place. The ceiling
p late. The d istance
joists rest on this second plate.
from the top of the subfloor to the bottom o f the
8'-11/2".
ceiling joists is usually S'-l
1/2"'. This distance
8'_0", which
provides a fini shed wall height of 8'-0",
is typica l.
Headers
Sole plate
Sole
plate
I11""~,
, Stud
Blocking
Blociung
Figu re 191.
Figure
191, This frame wall corner shows
many
mnny of the typical framing members and their
rclotionship to each other.
relationship
Printed for:
Openings for
fo r doors and windows are
framed befo
before
U,e wall is moved to the vertical
re the
or
position.
positioll. Each wall opening requires a header or
lintel to sustain
s ustain the weight above the opening.
Two basic approaches used in constructing
constru cting
headers are solid blocking and header-and-stud
head er-and-stud
framing.
Chapte r 19
Wall and Ceiling Construction
453
Weatherboard/sheathing
/StUd
/Stud
joist, rim Joist,
JOIS\'
Band Jois!,
or r im board
Sole plate
/SolePlaie
/
J,
..
t'
'0 ".
...
.:> " ......
Sill sealer
Weatherboard Stops
at Subfloor
I).'
..
. I'-...
~'. I"
. . . Pressure
Pressure treated
treated
.
"' 0
'
0
sill plate (mudsllI)

(mudsill)
o .- '-. : ""'-Foundation
'
(I'
Weatherboard Stops
Flush with Foundation
Weatherboard Extends
Past Foundation
Foundallon
Figure 19-2. n'e

The sheathing, weatherboard, or rigid insulation may end at the subfloor or the top of the
foundation, or it may extend below the top of the fOlUldation.
foundation.
In solid blockillg, the header size is

the space from the
increased to completely fill tile
top of the rough opening to the top plate.
plate. See
Figure
194.. Two 2 x 12 pieces of dimension
Figu
re 19-4
lumber are nailed together with
wi th a piece of 1/2"
plywood between
behoveen them to form a 3-1/2" thick
thic k
Figure 193.
19-3. The location of studs is laid out on
the sole
sale pplate.
late.
Printed for:
header. Trimm ers, also called jjack

ack sstuds,
tuds, are
positioned inside the opening to help support
su pport
the header over an opening in the wall. The
trimmers are nailed to full-height killg sshtds
tuds on
either side of the opening for additional support.
This meth od reduces construction time, but
increases shrinkage.
In Itetlder-and-stud
Iteader-and- st lld fra
f raming,
millg, cripple
cn'pple sstllds
t/lds
(also
trirruners are firmly
(a lso called jack studs) and trimmers
nailed to the sole and top plates. Refer to
frami ng
Figure 19-4. Remember, terminology for framing
members and construction varies across the
country. You should
shoul d become familiar
famil iar with the
framing ter ms used in local bu
building
ilding codes.
codes,
The length of the head
header
er is equa
equalI to the wid
width
th
of the rough opening plus the thickness of two
trimmers Gack
Uack studs), as shown in Figu re 19-5.
Header sizes vary w ith the span and
an d load
requirements. The table shown in Figure 19-6
provides ssizes
izes for various spans. Check tlte
tite local
bui/dillg
buildillg code to be sllre
sure these specifications
specificatiolls are
permit/cd;11
permitted ill yourarca.
your area. Trussed headers are required
for openings wider than 8'0"
8'-0" or in situations
involving extremely heavy loads. Figure 19-7
illustrates two types of trussed head ers.
Section 4
454
Regular stud
Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings
Double top plale

plate
Trimmer
Klog "od
Header! !
Header
I:
~
back)
fjack) stud
.~ Rough opening
Rough
Rough
for window
opening
for
tor door
Width
Ki ng stud
Kmg
Trimmer
(jack) stud
,..... Cripple
Crlpple
(jack) stud
st ud
P.T. sole
plate
It / 1
II
Hea d
Iti L
lD
oau" e 1Ioppae
' I(j
l(jckjld
k) t d
/'
I'Cnppe
npp
e
I""
Reguar
s td
egu ar su
-.-
""c
""'-'
,"
A
A
'"
J~
l
I R~~~~~~~ng
Trimmer }..
~
"
(jacl()
(jack) stud
Rough
opening
Ql Rough opening
~
lor window
Wldth _________
--+- Width
_
--+-
,,
King stud
1I//
fo r door
for
King stud
~
i'-
'"
"'O':JC:
,(,
"" Grlpple
Cripple
1
V
,
",.--,
~
~
lliTrimmer
/1;Trimmer
(jack) stud
; P.T. sale
plate
d II00'
Seeon Oft
'"
~rt ~~c~1
~u~1
-
~
:1!
1jp2:~
1Fz:~
trimmer \
!2' Rough opening

:1!. for window
Rough
opening
tor
fo r door
Width _
Double
DoUbl~r \\
trimmer
tri mmer
'=
Figure ]94.
] 94. AA-Solid
Solid blocking is used to form the header over a window and door opening in this
Gl Ued
fram ing example.
example, Studs are 16"OC. B-ln
platform framing
B-1n header-and-stud framing, cripple studs (also called
jack studs) are uused
sed above and below the header. Studs are 16"OC in this platform fram
framing
ing example.
C- Header-and-stud framing used in balloon framing with 16"OC studs.
Printed for:
.55
455
Chapter19
19 Wall
Wa lland
nnd Ceiling
Ceiling Construction
Construction
Chapter
Header with
2 - spacer
t1.'
12"
Figure 19-7.
19-1. Trussed headers increase the
supporting strength and possible span.
span.
(RO.) for a
Figure 19-5. The rough opening (R.O.)
between the trimmers and the
window is the area betwt:.'Cn
sillll and header.
he.lder. The header length is the
rough si
rough opening width plus two trimmer widths.
Rough openings for windows and doors

are dimensioned on the floor plan to the center
hen located in a frame wall.
of the opening w
when
Specific dimensions arc us ually provided by
window
the w
indow and door schedule. The w idth is
lis ted first and the height
roughh
listed
heigh t second. The roug
opening height of most
mosl doors is 6'-10". The top
of all windows is usua
lly the same
us ually
5<."1me distance
Ule Ooor.
above the
floor.
Header Size
Maximum Span
2x6
2x8
2 x 10
2 x 12
3'-6"
5'-0"
6'-6"
8'-0"
materiall
Note: Header size refers to size of materia
overall size of
of the header.
used and not the o\'erall
header is constructed
cons tructed ooff two
hvo pieces,
p ieces, on
Each header
l-'dge,
edge, with plywood
p lywood spacer
s pacer behvecn.
between.
Figure 19..(i.
19-6. Typical header
header sizes for given spans.
Printed for:
Exterior
Exter-ior Corners and
a",l Bracin.g
Brtlcing
Typical methods ooff framing used to form
exterior wall
corners are shown in Figure 19-8.
wa ll comers
The corner
comer must provide a nailing edge for the
interior wall material and adequate ssupport
upport for
tructure.
the sstructure.
Corner bracing is required by most codes.
Comer
are commonly used
Two methods of bracing Me
s upport. In one method,
to provide added support.
diagonal corner braces of 1 x "4 lumber o r metal
meta l
straps arc
are used from the top comer
corner ooff the wall
down to the sole pplate.
late. This method is shown
19-1.. The second method makes use
in Figure
Fig ure 19-1
of a ssheet
heet or
of 11/2"
o r similar panel
/2" plywood or
tuds at each comer,
corner, as sshown
hown in
nailed to the sstuds
Figure
Fi
gure 19-9.
Interior ''''ails
Walls
Interior
fram e walls are cons tructed in the
In
terior frame
same way as exterior wa lls. They have sole pplates,
lates,
studs, and double top plates.
plates. Interior walls must
be securely fastened to the exterior walls that
A na
naili
ng edge must be provided
they intersect. A
iling
drywa ll, or paneling.
for the plaster base, drywall,
be
accomplished
by doubling the
This
may
This
tud s at
at the intersection of the
exterior wall s tuds
by using
using aa 22 x 66 nailer secured to
partition or by
illustrates
Figure 19-10 illus
trates both
cross blocking. Figure
methods.
The
same
arrangement
is
used at
at the
methods.
arrangement
of all interior wa lls.
lls.
intersection of
inters<..'Ction
Section 4
456
Plan view
Plan view
Corner Formed with

Three Full Studs
Plan view
2x4spacer
Corner Formed with

Three Full Studs
and 2 )(
)< 4 Blocking
Corner Formed with

Three Full Studs
and 112~
112" Shim
Figure 19-8. Exterior corner posts are framed in a variety of ways.

ways. Three accepted methods are shown here.
Steel Framing
112~ plywood
1/2"
used as bracing
Figure 19-9. One-half inch plywood sheathing

may be used as bracing for the exterior wall comers,
depending
de pending on the local building code. Oriented
strand board
boa rd (058) is commonly used as well.
welL
Printed for:
Steel as a residential building material was

Steet
explored shortly after World War n. However,
th ose ea
those
early
rly steel houses
hOllses experienced problems
and were generall
generallyy not accepted by the publ
public.
ic.
Also, once the surplus war steel ran out, steel
hhomes
omes were more expensive than wood homes.
Then, in the early 1970s, companies ssuch
uch as US
market steel-framed houses
Steel again began to marketsteel-framed
due to teclmological
tedmological advances in
i.n prod
production
uction
and materials. However, the public was still not
ready to accept the all-steel house.
Today, many things have changed. Wood
is becoming scarce and more expensive. The
quality of new growth lumber is not as good
as when timber was cu
cutt from older, larger, and
stronger trees. Designers and bbuilders
uilders are icx>king
lcx>king
for
fo r alternatives to wood to improve quality
quali ty and
reduce cost. Vast destruction from hurri.canes,
hurricanes,
fire, earthquakes, and floods has focused
new evaluation on building materials, codes,
conshuction methods, and quality of work.
construction
work Steel
framing has performed well and has captu
captured
red
th e interest of insurance companies, builders,
the
and prospective home buyers.
buyers.
Chapter
Chapte r 19
457
Plan Views
Cross
blocking
Intersecting at Stud
Intersecting between Studs
Figure 1910. The framing for the intersection of partitions and exterior walls is accomplished by using
extra studs or blocking and a nailer.
Environmental
En
vironmental and economic concerns
have also forced the building industry to pursue
alternative materials and methods. Steel framing
is made from a recyclable material and has
a proven record in commercial construction.
Many bu
buiilders
lders are adapting residential steel
framing because ooff steel's
steel 's cost and supply
su pply
stability. Although the initial cost of construction
can be higher for steel framing, the long-term
durabil ity and su
durability
sustainable
stainab le quali ties of steel
s teel
make it competitive with wood
wood..
Fra1lfing
Advantages of Steel Fra1JJillg
Several advantages of steel framing
framin g are
eviden
evidentt for builders, homeowners, and the
environment.
enviro nment. The
l1le benefits to builders
b uilders include:
wi th all common
Steel framing can be used with
types of fin ishing materials.
materia ls.
Fewer members are genera
generally
lly required due
to the inherent strength of
o f steel.
steel .
hrink, swell, split, or
Steel will not rot, sshrink,
warp and is noncombustible.
Printed for:
Steel is consistent in quality and

competitively priced.
arc available in a variety of
Steel
Steel members are
p recut, standard shapes and sizes, as welJ
well
as custom shapes and sizes. This minimizes
construction waste. Lengths up to 40' are
possible. See Figure 1911.
Steel members are lighter than wood
members. Therefore, fOlmdation and seismic
loads can be reduced .
manufactured
ured
Framing members are manufact
wi
th prepunched holes for pipes and
with
electrical wiring.
Benefits to homeowners include:
t reatment
Steel framing does not require treatment
for termites. It is free of resin adhesives
ad hesives
and other chemica
chemicals
ls needed to treat
trea t wood
framing products.
Beca use of its strength, steel can span greater
Because
distances, providing larger open s paces
and increased design fleXibility.
fleXibility.
458
Section 4
Figure 1911.
19-11. Steel framing is available in custom shapes and sizes. (u
(Lev
'V KropotollISlllllterstock.com
Kropolau/S/wtterstock.colII))
Steel-fra
Steel-framed
med structures resist fires,
earthquakes, and hurricanes because
of steel's inherent strength and
noncombustible
noncom bustible qualities.
quali Hes.
Insurance premiums can be lower for a

steel-framed house.
steelframed
Remodeling can be easily accomplished
because
beca
use non bearing walls can be easily
removed, altered, and relocated.
In addition to benefits
benefi ts for builders and hOffiL"homeowners, ssteel
teel framing has significant environmental benefits. These include:
stee] products are recyclable. In recent
recen t
All steel
years, the recycl ing ratc
rate of steel products
in the US has been above BO%-the
80o/, ,-the highest
rate of any material. Millions of tons of steel
scrap are recycled every year, reducing
waste going to landfills.
cann be recycled repeatedly
Steel products ca
withoutt degradation or loss of properties.
withou
The steel industry is the single largest
recycler in North America because recycled
ssteel
teel is an integral ingredient in steel
product ion..
production
Printed for:
Magnetic sepa
separation
ration makes steel the easiest
and most economical material to remove
from the solid waste s tream.
The
TIle amount of energy required to produce
a ton of steel has been reduced by 27/"
27%
since 1990. (Source:
(Sol/ree: American Iron and
Steel lns
Institu
titute)
te)
Disadvantages of Steel Fraut.

FrauJing
ittg
Steel framing does have some disadvantages
that hinder its acceptance. For example, structures
using steel framing require engineering analysis.
manufactu
fa cturers
rers of steel framing
Even though manu
systems provide engineering
e ng ineering analysis as part
of the package, designers and builders need to
d evelop greater familiarity
develop
fam iHarity w ith the capabilities
capabi.lities
of these systems.
disadvantage.
The workability of steel is also a dis.1dwmtage.
The standard 25-gage non
nonbearing
bearing s tuds are
fJim
fJi msy
sy and hard to work with. Steel framing
components
com
ponents can have shar p edges that will slice
the skin if not hand led properly. " Hemmed"
track is safer than "unhemmed."
" w"lhemmed." Steel is hard
to cut,
cu t, and most of a carpenter's tools will not
work on steel
steel..
Chapter
Chapte r 19
459
Finally, steel framing is not used in many

cases simply
sim p ly because many building
b uilding officials,
designers, and tradespeople aare
re not familiar
with it. These people need to be educated about
the methods and capabilities of steel framing
systems relative to residential
res identia l construction.
Steel Fru1nillg
ConJpollellts
Framing Components
Th e steel component known as the
s tructural Cor C-section is the ppredomi
redomi nant
s hape used for floor joists, wall studs, roof
rafters, and
a nd ceiling joists. Common sizes of steel
s teel
framing members are shown in Figure 19-12.
1912.
Standard dimensions are near!

nearlyy identical to
those of d imensional
imensiona l lumber. Flange widths are
generally 1-1/2" and web depths range from 2"
to 12". Steel thicknesses from 12 to 25 gage are
available. Studs used in typical load-bearing
applications are 16 to 20 gage. The C-section is
punched or prepunched in lengths
available un pwKhed
from 8' to 16'. Prepunched sstuds
tuds have holes
that allow wiring and plumbin
plumb ingg to be routed
through the sstud
tud . A
A grommet m
must
ust be placed in
every hole through which wires
w ires pass to prevent
cutting
cu
tting of the wire insulation, unless conduit
is used.
<
<
<
Channel Tracks
C Studs
Stud s
C Joists
Jois ts
2-1 /2"
2-1/2"
1"
2-1/2"
1-1/4"
5-1/2"
5-1 / 2"
1-7/8"
3-1/4"
3-1/
4"
1-3/8"
3"
1-3/8"
6"
1-5/8"
3-5/8"
3-5/8"
1-1/2"
1-1 /2"
7-1/4"
7-1 / 4"
1-3/4"
1-3 / 4"
4"
3-1/4"
1-5/8"
8"
2"
6"
4"
9-1/4"
9-1 / 4"
2-1/2"
2-1 /2"
5-1/2"
10"
6"
12"
7-1/2"
7-1 / 2"
8"
Figure 19-12. Common sizes of the three commonly used steel framing members.
Printed for:
...
460
Section 4
Em
Construction
Construct
ion Systems and Supplemental Drawings
Drilwings
Just list everything that comes into your head.

Give
Giye yourself about 10 or 15 minutes to create
the list. Then go back over
oyer your list and evaluate
eyaluate
all of your Ideas.
ideas. The old saying ~practice makes
perfect" is not quite true; ~perfect"
~perfecl" is a myth.
However, practice can definitely help you become
c reative thinker.
a more creative
Activity
Creativity
Creati vity and Brainstorming
The ability to "think outside the box" to come up
with workable design solutions is an important skill
lor
designers, and most other
for architects, building designers.
professionals involved in architectural WOI1<.
work. Creativity
is therefore an important employability skill.
Some people are creative by nature. Even
if you are not one of these people.
people, you can
If
learn to be more creative. One method is to use
thai lnleresls
interests
brainstorming. Choose an issue Ihal
you--architecluraJ or not-and
nol-and write down as many
you--ardlitectural
solutions as you can think of. 00
Do nol worry at first
about whether your solutions are probable or
even possible. There are no right or wrong answers.
A track or channel member

membe r is used for rim
joists, top and bottom plates, and blocking.
blocking. It
genera lly the same gage as the framing
is generally
material. The track is also available unpunched
or prepunched in lengths up to 10' with flange
4".
lengths of 1" oorr 1-1 / 4"'.
Angle s l'eel
teel can be used as a ledger or a
a lso be used fo
forr
connection bracket. It can also
stiffening,
bracing, or blocking.
s tiffening, braCing,
Cold- and hot-rolled channel aare
rc similar
simila r in
shape
nd gage to the tr<lck
track member. SmallerSma llers h<1pe a<1nd
size channel is used for stiffening, bracing, and
blocking.
channel is llsed
furring
bl ocking. Hot-rolled channel
used for fur
ring..
Cold-rolled Z members may be used in structural
applic<1 tions.. These applications include roof
applications
lig hter gages) furring
furring..
purlins and (in lighter
All ssteel
teel members are fastened
faste ned with screws.
See Figure
1/2" long,
Fig ure 19-13.
1 9-13. These are typically
typica lly 1/2'"
low-profil
e, zinc-coa ted pan head screws. Steel
low-profile,
fra
ming is zinc-ga
lvanized to pro tect it from
framing
zinc-galv.lIlized
corrosion and rust.
Printed for:
the following scenario: A client

Consider Ihe
wants a new 1500 square foot home built of solid
masoory,
masonry, but masonry is expensive. When you
delivered your initial plans and estimates, the
client was very disappointed. The easiest way to
solve this problem, of course, would be to use
masonry veneer instead. However, the client
would really prefer to use solid masonry.
masonry. Conduct
a brainstorming session to determine and list
other alternatives Ihat
that might meetlhe
meet th e client's
wishes.
wishes. Set a limer
timer for 10 minutes. AI
At the end
list. How
of 10 minutes, stop and review your Itst.
many of your ideas are suitable to present to
a ~real
~reaf client?
Wall
and Roof Systems
W,,11 "ud
System s
The construction elements of a framed house
fl oors, walls,
include three main assemblies: floors,
and roofs. Steel framing is often consistent
consisten t w ith
wood frame construction, but there aarc
re some
d ifferences.
ifferen ces.
Wall s
Walls
ty pes of
for walls.
Two types
o f steel
s teel studs arc used (or
Structural C sstuds
tud s aare
re used for interior aand
nd
Drywa ll studs are
exterior load-bearing walls. Drywall
u sed for nonbearing
TIle
in terior partitions. The
used
non bearing interior
structu
ral C studs used in wall construction
structural
2-1/2"
2" to 8" and in thickness
range in size from 2-1/
.071 ". The drywall metal studs
.034'" to .071".
from .034"
are available in sizes from 1-5
/ 8'" to 6
6" with
1-5/8'"
w ith
.018'"
Sp.xing is usuaU
u suaUyy
thicknesses from .01
8'" to .034"'. Sp.:,cing
24" on center (OC).
24'"
H
Chapter
Chapte r 19
461
Continuous bridging
Contmuous
bndgmg
/StUd
/Stud
I/
Track
Trad<.
Expansion or
anchor bolt as
reqUired adjacent
required
to stud
'-.
" Screw at each flange
\ Joist
Joisl
Clip angle
/ ' Slab on grade

Brick
Briel< ledge.!
where provided. I
should be at least :
H /2"
I2Hbelow II
11
the slab elevation I
s~~;: t:~O:~~:~~t :
Soffit fra
ming
framing
Sheathing
Figure 19-13. This is a typical

typical attachment of a
steel-framed wall on slab construction. All steel
framlng
framing members are screwed together.
together.
Roofs
Th e broad range of available sizes and
The
thicknesses of steel framing members allow
steel to be used in virtually any roof system
system.. See
Figure
ceili ng joist system
Figu
re 19-14.
1 9-14. The rafter and ceiling
systemss
used for traditional lumber-built houses are
possible, as well as on-site and off-si
off-site
te trusses.
24"OC.
OC.
Spacin
Spacing
g is usually 24
Figure 19-14. Steel framing can be applied to

roof construction.
Construction of the ceiling is similar to floor

construction . The main d ifferences are that a
header is not required around the perimeter
and a ssmaller
maller size of lumber is used. Long spans
may require support from a bearing wall partition
beam . If a beam is uused,
or beam.
sed, it may be located
below the joists or placed flush with them using
ledger strips. Both methods are illustrated in
ledgcr
Figure 19-16.
After the exterior and interior walls are
erected, pl
plumbed,
umbed , and braced, and the second
top plates
p lates added, ceiling joists are put in place.
These are usually positioned across the width
of the house and in the same direction as the
th e
rafters.
wi II
ra
fters. The required size of ceiling joists will
depend on the load to be supported, span,
span , wood
sspecies,
pecies, spacing of joists, and grade of lumber
used. Span data for ceiling joists in four common
Figure
ure 19-15. The
sspecies
pecies of wood is given in Fig
span data is based on a live load of 10 pound
poundss
per square foot and a dead load of 5 pounds per
square foot. The Reference Section of this tex
texttbook provides additional span ddata
ata tables.
Printed for:
' " Floor

Floor jOist
joist
Figure 19-16. Two methods of supporting cciling

ceiling
joists with a built-up beam.
Section 4
462
4&2
Construction
Constru ction Systems and Supplemental Drawings
CEILING JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON LUMBER SPECIES
(Uninhabitable attics
atlies without
wilhout storage, liye
live load ,.
" 10 pSf, U~
"
240)
DEAD LOAD
LOAD .. 5 psI
CEILING JOIST
SPECIES AND GRADE
SPACING (I nche s)
h'
2 x~ 10
(feel
(feel, Inches)
Inch..)
(feet -lnChel)
-I nchlls)
(feel IllChes)
Inches)
(lee'
(Ieet -Inches)
-I nches)
Douglas fir-larch
55
SS
13-2
2Q-8
20-8
Note a
Not{' a
Note
Douglas fir-larch
"
12-8
\9- 11
19-11
,,..
Note ..a
Note
Not~
12-5
\2-5
,%
25-8
25-'
Note "a
1(}-10
10-10
15-10
2~ '
24-6
2<-6
,,~
DQuglas
Dougla. fir-larch
"
"
55
,]a
Hem-fir
Henl-fir
SS
12-5
\2-5
,,..
25-8
25-'
Note
NOll' a
H ~'Tn- fir
H~",,-fir
"
12-2
19-1
191
25-2
Note a
11-7
'~2
24~
Not~
Note
10-10
15-10
2~ '
24-6
J2-11
\2-11
2()-3
20-3
Noleaa
Note
Note "a
Notea
N
ote a
Note iIa
25-8
25-'
Note a
21-8
25-7
2~7
Hem-fir
H"",fir
Hem-fir
"""
55
Sou thern pine
SS
Sou thern p ine

in"
"
Southcn'
Sou th"n, pine
pin"
Soullwm pin"
pine
Soutl""n,
Spma~pi n~
Spmre-pi
nl~fir
~ fir
Spru(e-pi ,,<~ fir
Spruce-pine-fir
Spruce-pine-fir
Spruce-pine-fir
Douglas fir-larch
DouglJ.s
Douglas firlarch
Douglas firlarch
fir-larch
Dougla5 fir-larch
Douglas
fir larch
H~
H
~m-fir
m-fir
Hem-fir
li
Ik'ttl-fir
em-fir
"
h'
Mu
Maximum
lmum ceiling
celllr>g Ioisl
joist s~n
pans
s
Douglas fir-lilrch
fir-larch
"
,,,
h.
1-1 ~m-fir
1-1cmfir
Southern pine
Snuth,'m
pin.'
Southern pine
Snuthem
Southern pine
Snuthern
Southen' pine
Snuthem
12-8
19\9- 1\
11
"
"55
12-5
,,~
,,
,,-6
-6
,,~
,,-0
SS
12-2
\2-2
19
191
-1
Note a
"
~2
25-2
11-10
11
-10
,g.s
247
24-7
Not~
Note
Note a
SS
,, -6
11-3
11 -3
"
"
58
.,
"
"
"
58
SS
"n
"
"
55
SS
.,"
"
"
.,
Sprure-pine-fir
Spru,,~p; n~fir
SS
55
5pruCt.~p; nc-fi r
Spruce-pine-fi
"
"
"
Spruc~~pi n~~fir
n<~fir
Spru"'-~pi nL~fir
Spruce-pine-fir
".
]]-10
11-10
,.,..
,g.s
24-7
1(}-1O
10-10
15-10
202~ '
24-6
11-11
'~9
24-8
Note a
'~1
23-10
23->0
Note a
"
17-8
2H
23-0
Not~
' ~9
'~9
17-5
2211-3
-3
,,~
23~
13-'
Note a
,,~
22-10
2210
Note a
10-6
>0-6
, &-<;
'(,.6
21-9
21 -9
Note a
Noll'
9-5
'-5
17-5
2 1-3
21-3
,,-"
,~,
'~5
24-3
Not~
Note
,, ~
, ~,
~,
2313-''
Note a
,,~
13-'
'-"
Note a
14-9
18-9
22-2
,,~
2210
22-10
Note a
'-5
9-'
11-3
,,~
,, ~
".,
11 -3
'""
IO~
,,~
,,~
".
".
'"
".
".
109
'~9
16-11
22-4
224
Note a
109
'~9
16- 11
11
,,,
'"
224
22~
Note "a
175
17-5
2 1-3
9-5
9-'
(COlllmlled)
(con
/llll1cd)
Figure 19-15. Ceiling joist spa

spann d ata for common
co mmon species of wood. The maximwn
maximum defl
d e fl edion
ection assumed is
l1//240th
load., (Ta ble R802A(1)
RB02A(1 ) excerpted /roll/
from tile
the 2012 International
Inteml1tiOlwl Residential
240th of the span with a normal 1ive load
Code, Copydght
Copyright 2011. Washingtoll
Was/ling toll,, D.C:
D. C : IIIternatiOlIll/
IlltematiOlwl Code CO
COIlIlei/.
llllcil. Reproduced willI
witll permissio1l.
permissio11 . Ali
All rights
Code,
rt'Sl'rved.
reserved. W
ww
Utzo.JCCSAFE.o
w.lCCSAFE.org)
rg)
Printed for:
Chapter
Chapte r 19
463
.63
Wa
Wall
ll and
a nd Ceiling Construction
CEILING
CEILIN
G JOIST SPANS
SPAN S FOR COMMON LU MBER SPECIE
SPECIES
S (continued)
(Unin
(Uni
nhabitable
habitable attics wilhout
without storage, live load"
load " 10 pst
pSf,, U<l" 240)
DEAD LOAD
LOAD ., ~ psI
CEILING JOIST
SPACING (Inches)
SPECIES AND
AND GRADE
GR ADE
h'
'"
2 "x 10
2
10
Mulmum celilnolOlSl
spans
IOist .paos
(feet
Inches)
(tee' - lochu)
(IHI
(feet l
-Inches)
nches)
(feet- lochel
(fee,
Inches))
(IHI
(feet l
-I nches)
nclles)
55
113
\1-3
m
17~
23-3
Nail' a
Note
Douglas fir
fir- larch
I~rch
"
"
"
55
100to
10-10
17~
22-5
NOlena
Note
1M
'~7
'~7
25-8
~7
M
,, ~
,,~
15-10
'9-5
'~5
Douglas fir-larch
firlarch
Hemfir
Hem-fir
l-I(>m-fir
Hemfir
Henl.fir
Hem-fir
Hem-fir
Hemfir
Southern pin<>
pine
Southern pine
Soutru>m
Soutkm
Southern pine
Southem pine
Soulht-m
pin"
SpruC(>-pine-fir
Spmre-pi n~~fir
Spruce-pi n~~ fir
Spru~-pin('-fir
Spruce-pin ~~fir
Spruce-pine-fir
Spruce-pine-fir
Sprure-pine-fir
Douglas fir-brch
Dougla.
firlarch
Douglas fir-larch
firlarch
Dougla s fir-larch
Douglas
fir larch
Douglas (ir-larch
fir larch
Hem-fir
Hemfir
Hem-fir
Hemfir
Hemfir
Hem-fir
"
'"
'"
M&. lmum cellloR
Douglas fir-larch
firlarch
Dou!>las
Douglas
Dougl~. fir-larch
fir larch
1\1,2
19.2
'h.
"
lk-m-fir
Hemfir
Southern pine
Southern pine
Southern pine
".
'''''
' '"'
,6-4
21-11
Note a
Noll'
1M
W-4
16-4
,,~
21~
Note aJ
"
"
55
911
9-11
157
'~7
20-6
2~3
"
"
"55
".
"
"
55
"
"
"
55
".
"
"
55
"
1~7
'~7
~7
,,~
'H
15-10
195
19-5
,,~
11~
174
17-4
2210
22-10
Note a
10-10
17~
22-5
Note a
Nolea
1~7
'~7
I""
' '"'
21-11
Notena
Noll"
9-1
9-'
n ..
IH
17-2
172
2~3
,~
.
1~4
16-4
'{,-4
21~
NOlI' a
Note
1~2
'~2
15-11
21~
25-8
25~
'~2
'M
15-11
M
M
25-8
~7
,, ~
15-10
19-5
195
1~5
'~5
16-4
217
21-7
Nolena
Noll"
10-0
W~
159
'~9
2~1
2~'
2H
24-6
9
9 -10
10
14
14-10
10
189
'~9
22 11
22-
7~
1l2
11-2
174
17-4
<)10
9-10
,,..
,s-.
142
14-2
2~5
Noll'
Noleaa
9~
1~2
'~2
197
19-7
23- 11
13
9-2
145
14-5
>8
..
18~
22-7
7.
7~
112
B-2
14-2
142
174
17-4
1~3
'~3
,~,
I~I
212
21-2
NOlI' a
Note
'~9
20-10
Nolen
Nolea
<)10
9-10
'"
,,..
,s-.
2~'
23-11
23-"
~2
,,~
,,~
154
,5-4
,~,
I~'
9~
1~2
'~2
1911
19-11
25-5
2~5
'0-0
"
"
Spruc..-pino<-fir
55
9-8
9-5
"
9-5
"
"lengthshs greater
Check
Chec k sources for availability
availnblhty of lumber lengt
g reater than 20 feet.
Soutknl
Sou lht-m pine
Spruce-pi n~~fir
SpruCt.~pine-fir
r
Spruce-pine-fi
SpruCt.~pi n~~fir
Spmu~pin<~fi
r
SpruCt.~pi n~~fir
Spruct.~pin~
~ fir
",6-4
"M.
~5
14-9
149
18-9
189
22 11
22-11
~5
14-9
189
18-9
22-11
2211
7~
1l2
112
142
174
17-4
In
For 5 1: 1 inch "= 25.4 mm, 1 foot "= 30l.

31:4.88 mm, 1 pound per square
squnre inch "= 0.0479 kkPa.
Pa .
3.
a. Span exceeds 26 feel
feet in length.
Figure 19-15 (Continued)

(Continued)._
Printed for:
464
'64
Section 4

Drilwings
The upper comer

jo ists o ften
corner of the ceiling jOists
interferes with the roof slope. To prevent this
us ually cu
cutt to match
interference, the comer is usually
1917.
the slope, as shown in Figure 19-17.
residen tial
Roof trusses are now being used in residential
construction to a much grea
greater
ter extent than
before. This approach
a pproach eliminates the traditional
Chapler 16 fo r design
ceiling joist and rafter. See Chapter
construction
and constru
ction procedures for roof trusses.
Opening
OpenHlQ lor
heaung duct
dUCI
healing
General Framing
Considerations
An (Iccess
ided in the
access hole must be p rov
rovided
ceiling to allow entry into the attic. This opening
is usually
ma y be as sma
s mallll as two
hvo
usua lly in a closet and may
feet square. Framing around the opening is the
same as for openings in the floor. Double headers
are used fo
forr large holes, such as for a disappearing
stairway.
sta
irway. However, double headers are not
us
ua lly required for small openings.
usua
A number of areas in the house require special
framing. Openings for heating ducts, wall backing
forr various
va rious fixtures, and extra support
fo
s upport for
fo r the
a rc examples of areas that requ
require
bathtub are
ire
Figure
ill ustrates
tes some of these
atten
tion. Fig
a ttention.
u re 19-18 illustra
spccinl framing details.
special
Framing for a bay window
w indow p resents specia
speciall
problems. Figure 19-19 shows one accepted
method.
thatt the
method for framing a bay window. Note tha
floor joists extend beyond the wall to provide
ssupport
upport for the unit. If the unit is a lt right angles
to the floor joists, then cantilevered joists should
be used to support
s upport the unit.
Ralter "
Notched j
,/
".........
Wall
Walt backing
ba ckmg for
mounting fl)(tures
fixtures
and appliances
apptiances
.'
--
-.
...
B
toci(lng
Blocking
jOist
' Celting
(~""" joist
Specml
Special framing reQUired
required
for bathtub
19-1 7. Ceiling joists are usually notched

Figure 19-17.
to match the roof slope to prevent interference
with the
th(> roof sheathing.
sheathing.
Printed for:
Figu re 19-1 8. These

TheSC' are
Figure
arc examples of areas that
requ ire special framing.
usually fCCJu
.65
465
Chapler 19 Wa
Wallll and Ceili
Ceiling
ng Construction
disadvantage
wall
One dis.,d
vantage o f a solid masonry waH
is that furring strips
s trips arc
are required
requ ired on the inside
ins ide
wall
paneling
u sed.
of the wa
ll if drywall or pane
ling is used.
Furrillg
Fllrrillg strips
st rips are us ually 2 x 2 or 1I x 3 lumber
aaffixed
ffixed to the wall to provide a nailing ssurface.
urface.
Ins
ulation can
ins ide of a solid
Insulation
ca n be added on the inside
masonry wall as shown in Figure 19-21.
Aoor
Floor joists
jois ts are placed
p laced directly into openings
tone walls. Each joist
jois t end is
in solid brick and sstone
cut at an ang
angle
le to prevent toppling the wall if
the house sshould
hould catch fire.
fire . This cut
cu t is known
a jireClit.. See Figu
Figure
as a/irecill
re 19-22.
FJashingand
termiteshieldssho
shields sho uld be used
Flashing and termite
at the b.lse
base of solid masonry or brick veneer walls,
as shown in Figure
Figu re 19-23.
19-23. Flashing
Flash ing prevents
e ntering
the structure. Termites
ng Ihe
mois ture from enteri
are a th
threa
rea lt in (la lorge
large part of the country and
cause millions of dollars in damage each year.
infesta tion.
Termite
Term ite shields help prevent infestation.
Figure 19-19. This is one accepted method for

fram
bay window.
framiing
ng a bar
Green
Architecture
Sustainable Masonry
Masonry Wall
Construction
A
ll is constnlcted
cons tructed entirely
A masOllry
",a sollry wa
wall
of brick, concrete block, sstone,
tone, day
clay tile,
hie, terra
cotta, or a combination of these materials. Solid
masonry walls for residential construction are
usually
lIslI<1l1y 8" thick. Concrete block walls are
are popular
popula r
in
many
areas
of
the
country.
These
walls
are also
in
ca
lled cavity walls.
called
11)(1/15. Block walls are relatively
ns ive to construct, and a variety of
inexpe
inex pensive
tex
tu res and ddesigns
esig ns are
textures
are possible. Wall
Wallss that
require more
n one
mo re tha
th an
o ne thickness
th ickness of masonry
mus
r.
mustt have
have all
a ll thicknesses bonded togethe
together.
They may be bonded by using
using a header course
every 16/1
16" vertically,
vertically, or corrugated
cornlgated metal wall
ties may be placed in the
the mortar joints. See
Figure 19-20. Metal wall ties
ties should be placed
no
e r apa
rt than 16"
no farth
farther
apart
16'" vertically
vertically and 32"
32'"
horizontally.
ho rizonta lly.
an:
Printed for:
Masonry is one of the more sustainable

building malerials.
materials. With proper preparation and
building techniques, it can be extremely
eX1remely energyefficient. The life cycle of most types of
01masonry
is long. especially when the home is maintained
properly. Most masonry is also recyclable.
recyclable.
On the other hand,
hand, just using masonry for
exterior walls does not automatically guarantee
sustainabillty. Poor workmanship
workmanShip and inferior
sustainability.
materials can reduce the sustainability of masonry
considerably. Sustainable building practices
practices
and good
good quality materials
materials must be
be used.
used. The
International Masonry
Masonry Institute provides
provides educational
educational
resources for
for architects and contractors to help
ensure that masonry projects remain
remain ~green."
-green.This organization also
also offers
olfers aa sustainable
sustainable
masonry
masonry certification program
program to help architects
and
and contractors
contractors who
who want
want to participate in
in LEED
lEED
and
other
green
building
programs.
and
green building programs.
Section 4
466
Concrete block
rn~" _,
course
B
8
Figure 19-20.
1920. A solid masonry wall that has a thickness of more than one
onc piece (brick, block, stone, or
tile) must be bonded. A-Using
A- Using a header course. B-Using
B--Using corrugated metal wall tics.
The top plate for the roof mus

mustt be anchored
securely to the solid masonry wa ll. See
Figure
1924. The usual procedure in a brick
Figu re 19-24.
wall
wa ll is to place anchor bolts between
behveen the bricks.
bricks.
Nuts are threaded onto the bolts to hold the
plate in place. A lintel block is used in concrete

construction
truction and anchor bolts are cast in
bblock
lock cons
p lace. The plate is then secured by nuts threaded
onto the bolts.
Stonework
Figure 19-21. insulation

Insulation can be applied between
furring strips on the inside of a solid masonry
wall to reduce heat
hea t loss. Notice the furring strips
in place under the window.
Printed for:
Often, stonework is used with a masonry

wall to provide
prov ide a decorative look. The stonework mason must apply a certa
certaln
in amount of
artistry to the work due
d ue to the varying size and
texture of the material. Stonework is commonly
classified as ashlar or rubble.
Aslllar stonework
Ashlar
stollework uses dressed, cut, or squared
stones. Each stone is generally rectangular in
shape
ape and a specific size, allowing
allow ing it to fit in an
sh
exact place in the pattern. See Figu
Figure
re 19-25. This
type ooff s tonework has a morc
more regu lar pattern or
finished appearance.
Rubble st
stonework
onework is made uupp of undressed
stones of irreg
irregular
ula r shapes. If
IJ the stones are
generally flat and rectangular, the result may
look like courses (rows) of stone. This is called
19 Wall
Wa ll and Ceiling Construction
Construction
Chapter 19
.67
467
8a-solid
solid
masonry wall
wal
W
Firecut
BriCk
Brodt wall
Figure 19-22. Floor joists in a solid masonry

wa ll requ ire a firecut
fi rccu t to preven
prevcntt excessive wall
wall
d.lmagc in the e\'ent
event of a fire,
fire.
damage
Flashing
Termite
shield
"",old
cOllrsed rubble.
ntbble. Sec
See Figu
Figure
19-26A. Rubble
collrsed
re 1926A.
stonework can also have a random pattern,
pattern. as
19-268.
shown in Figure 19-26
B. Another type of rubble
III/collrserl
tonework is called IIl/cOll
rsed cobweb oorr
sstonework
polygo
l/a l rubble.
polygona
rubble. The stones in this stonework
are
straigh t edges to
arc dressed
d ressed with relatively
rela tively straight
fit a particu
particular
lace in the pattern, as shown
lar pplace
show n
Figure
However. the finis
finished
in Fig
u re 19-26C. However,
hed sstonetoneappearance.
work has a rubble, not ashlar, appea
rance.
MClsoury Veneer
Masonry
Solid brick and stone
stonc wa
lls have been used
walls
extens ively in years past. However, because of
extensively
their construction
dim inishingg
c~ms tr.u c tion cost,
cost, their use is diminishin
for residential purposes. "The
le s.
S<l11lle
me exterior effect
may be obtained with an brick oorr stone veneer
velleer is
on fmme
frame construction. The term veneer
commonly
to ind icate that a less expensive
comm~:>nly used to.indicnte
oorr desirable material
matena l has been covered up with
some type of facing material. The veneer does
not help
theweight
bUilding.
hclp support
s upport the
weight of the bui
lding. This
type of wall is better insulated
insu lated,. islcss
is less expensive
to construct,
cons truct, and presents fewer construction
pproble
roblems
solid wall.
Fig ure 19-27 shows
ms than a soljd
wall . Figure
how"
typica lly insulated
how a brick veneer wall is typically
wa ll side.
on the frame wall
Printed for:
BriCk
veneer watt
Bnc:k~wall
Flashing is used to control

Figure 19-23. FJashing
control
moisture. Termite shields are required wh('1"('
moisture.
where
termites are a threat.
Masonry veneer is usually placed 1"

1"" away
from the frame wall to provide a dead air
space
lation and a means of escape for
spa~e for insu
insulation
moistu re that condenses on the inside of the
mOisture
masonry. The veneer is usually 4"
4"" thick, bu t may
6"". Figure
Fig ure 19-28
range from apprOXimately
approximately 1" to 6".
detailI of brick veneer over
shows a construction detai
frame
fr<lIll Cconstruction.
Briel:. NClflJes
NU1nes (md
and Sizes
Briel<
clay product. The final
Brick is a fired day
fi na l color
ordinarily
is ord
in<lrily determined by the
Ule natural color
clay, which is the primary ingredient.
of the day,
However, ea
rth colors are someti
mes added to
earth
sometimes
produce a wider variety o(
of colors. Brick may
be purchased
pu rchased in single colors oorr in "a mixture to
produce a blend.
Section 4
468
Construction
Const
ruction Systems and Supplemental Drawings
Dr.1wings
Anchor bolt
Bnck wall
-
Anchor bolt
I:-~'--- Steel"00
rod
.'
reinlorcement
re
inforcement
block wall
Concrete blOck
Figure 1924. The lop plate

p late is securely attached
ith anchor bolts embedded in
to masonry walls w
with
the wa ll.
r...I, ....,;.
ell
f
~""
I.
~.
~ r'~~:
..\,
J;.
'..JIoc
.
,,~
rV ~
,, ' ,(
s I
-'"
I .C~
l"
Il
-~
.I
~"""-
I-
f'.
J.:
J
I'
~J
--' ....
1;
l' '
\.[ ....
~
~
/-:
.~ ',"-,'"
'';
i
.\,
:\
I '\
tI .I.
t
//. J1
Figure
Fi gUfe 19-25. Ashlar stonework has more or less
rectangular
fairl y regular pattern.
rectanguhlr stones in a fairly
Fig ure 1926. A-Coursed ru bble stonework.

Figure
(Eky
ock.com) B-Random rubble
(Ek!! Studio/SllIItlersl
5tlldio/Slllltlerstock.com)
(dadek/Sillltlerstock.com) C-Uncoursed
stonework. (dadl'k./Slwtterstock.com)
(lro/box/
cobweb or polygonal rubble stonework.
stonework. (l1D/box/
5/111/ ters/ock.com)
5/I11I/ers/oct.com)
mo/511111trcrstock.com)
fers/ock.com)
( RII11 nlo/SIIII
Printed for:
Chapter
19
Cha
pter19
.&9
Wall and
and Ceiling
Construction
Wall
469
Specific terms apply to the position.

position or way in
in
1930 Illustrates
illustrates
which the brick is laid. Figure 19-30
occepted
these terms
accepted terminology. Note that t.hese
apply to the position of the brick In
in the wall,
not the type oorr size of the brick.
Numerous types of mortar joints are used in
brickwork. Figure 19-31
19-31 shows some joints used
in residential construction. Masons have tools
designed specifically for making these joints.
A
ld not be
A discussion of brickwork wou
would
complete without mentioning some of the
bonds, or bricklaying patterns, that are recognized. standards.
s tandards. Figure 19-32 illustrates a few
nized
of the many bonds. The running bond is used
ex tensively
vely in brick veneer construction. The
~e
extensi
common bond is the most popu
popular
lar for
(or solid
masonry walls.
wa lls.
Traditional
Three-Coat Stucco
Figure 1927.
19-27. Insulation with a reflective-type
reflcctive-type
v<lpor
va por barrier is being <lpplied
applied to
10 the frame
side of a structure with :1a m:lsonry
masonry veneer.
veneer.
(CeTtnillTeed
(CcrtainTeed Corporatioll)
Corpomtimr)
There are two types of brick used for wall

construction-face brick and common brick.
face
Face: brick is
is usually uniform in size and has
has
sharp corners and lines. CO"""0"
Co mmo" brick is not
n?t
as uniform
have aa lip
IIp
uniJorm in size and color and may have
on one
aile or more edges. In
In recent
reccnt years, common
com mon
brick has
has been
been used more
more widely as aa facing
has
a
character
material
and
m.. tcrial and has a chamctcr that
th.. t isis quite different
from
rustic appearance
appearance
from face brick.
brick. ItIt produces aa rustic
and the
the texture is
is much
much more
more distinct. It
It looks
looks
especially
ke joint
to accent
especially good
good with aa deep ra
rake
j~intto
the individ
ual character ooff each
individual
each brick.
brick.
The
The names
names of
of brick
brick shapes
shapes are
are well
weD estabestablished..
lished. However,
However, brick
brick sizes
sizes are
are not
not standardized.
standardized.
The
Thc names
nnmes and
and sizes
sizes of
of brick
brick frequently
frequen tly used
used in
in
residential
construction
are
shown
in
the
residential construction are shown in the table
table
in
in Figure
Figure 19-29.
19-29.
Printed for:
Stll
Stucco
CCO is a coating applied to the outside
ou tside
of a structure. Generally, the term stli
stucco
CCO refers
terior applications, while plaster
plns/t'r refers !o
to
to ex
exterior
interior spaces. There are three stucco systems in
In
genera
gcncrall LIse
use today: traditional three-coat
thre.e-coatstucco,
stucco,
onc--coa t stucco, and the ex
cxterior
terior insulation
insu lation
one-coat
finish
finish system (EIFS). Each system produces
rcsuJts when application procedures
acceptable results
are followed carefully.
tlfree-coll t stllCCO
S f'I/ CCO sys
systtem
The traditional tllree-coat
em has
perfonned
been in use for many years and has performed
well over time. Successful applications
opplications aare
re
possible in all areas of the US. See Figure 19-33.
The stucco material
ma terial consists of Portland cement,
cement,
Iimc, sand,
St1nd, and water.
water.
lime,
Traditional three-coa tt stucco
st'lICCO produces
prod uces aa
the structure
StruCt~II'C that
l!,at requires
requires
protective shell arotmd the
little
little maintenance.
maintenance. ItIt can be repaired
repmred ifIf necessary,
necessMy,
however. Since
Since Portland cement
cement sstucco
resists
however.
tucco resis
ts
an
insects,
insects, weather,
weather, and rotting. itit can have an
effective life
life span
span of
of 100
100 years or
or more
more ifif the
the
effective
underlying
undcrlying structure
structure remains sound.
sound.
Problems
Problems with
with stucco
stucco applications
applications are
are
generally
the result
result of
of poor
poor workmanship
workman7hip oorr
genera lly the
improper
improper installation,
insta llation, rather
rather than
thon with
WIth the
the
material itself.
material
itself. This
This isis true
true of
of any
any of
of the
the three
three
systems.
systems. Many
Many builders
builders. prefer
p ~fcr .traditional
l raditi.o~a l
stucco
stucco and
and continue
continue to
to use
use itII either
Clt hcr in
tn addition
addition
to or
to
or instead
instead of
of the
the newer
newer alternatives.
al ternatives.
Seclion 4
470
1~
Wood studs
116~
6~ centers
horizontally
air space
8d
ad
ilit
Sheathing
22
4"
4~ minimum lap
metal tie
every
e..-ery
horizontally
every 24"
24~verlically
vertically
Weather resislanl
res istant
membrane
(15#
(1511 bUilding
bui lding leU)
lelt)
Bnck
Brick veneer
SUb/loor
Subfloor
joist
Open head joint .",php,,,

.""pho'" _ _-.,._::~
-"_::~
24"
24~ centers
or wick weepholes
16"
16~ centers
p,,,,",, treated
'--_
~_ P"';:,'~,:":,~e,ated
Sill plcna
-
il
- - Sill sealer
88" minimum rise

W
112"cement
1/2#cement parging
parg ing
Full collar join!
"
Bituminous
waterproofing
walll
Foundation wal
project flashmg
prOject
flashing
Figure 19-28. This construction detail shows a brick veneer over a frame wall section.
Brick Names and Sizes
Nam,
Name
Nominal Size
Actual Si ze
Roman
2 x 4 x 12
1-5/8 x 3-5/8 x 11-5/8"
Modular
2-2/3x4x8
2-2/3 x 4 x 8
2-1/4 x 35/8
3-5/8 x 7-5
7-5/8"
/8"
SCR Brick
2-2/3
2-2/3x6x12
x 6 x 12
2-1/8 x 5-1/2
5-1 /2 x 11-1 /2"
2~1/4x3
3/4x8"
Standard
2-2/3 x 4 x 8
2-1/4
x 3-3/4
x8"
2~2/3 x 4 x 12
Norm.1n
Norman
2-2/3
2-1/4
2~1 /4 x 3-5/8 x 11-5/8"
1 1 ~5/8"
Firebrick*
2-2/3x4x9
2~2/3x4x9
2-1/2x3-5/8x9"
2~1/2 x 3~5/8 x 9"
Firebrick"
"Firebrick is not used for exterior wall construction, but is included because it is used in fireplaces.
""Firebrick
Fig ure 19-29.
19~29. This table shows the dimensions of common types of bricks.
bricks.
Figure
Stretcher
Header
Rowlock stretcher
Soldier
Rowlock
Sailor
ure 1930.
19-30. Bricks are laid in basic positions. Each position has a specific name.
Figure
Fig
Printed for:
Chapler 19
Chapter
Wall and Ceiling

Construction
Concave
Coneaye
Severe
Weathering
v
Severe
Severe
Wea thering
Weathering
Grapevine
Severe
Weathering
471
walls
" telescope"
lls will "telescope"
Cracks in masonry wa
through the stucco.
ca.n cause thin
s tucco. Bowed studs can
8" thickness in the stucco that
spots of less th.1n
than 7/
7If/'
will result in cracking. Movement in plywood
that is not properly spaced and nailed
naUed will also
that
cause stucco to crack. Integration oof( engineered
framing
ng materials
lumber and standard lumber frami
can create uneven expansion and contraction
that may result in cracking the stucco shell. It is
therefore important to construct the underlying
long-lasting
wall with great care to prepare for a longlasting
stucco finish.
Moistu,-c
Flas,.11tg
Moisture Barrier and
aud Flasl,iug
Weathered
Wea
thered
Beaded
Struck
Modera.te
MOOerate
Moderate
Weathering
Weathering
Negligible
Weathering
Flush
Negligible
Wea thering
Raked
Negligible
Weathering
Wea lherlng
Extruded
Negligible
Weathering
Figure 19-31. Types of mortar joints

;oin15 used in
residential
t'l."Sidential construction.
Preparing/or
P,-e,Jaringfor Stucco
St.. ceo
The proper
p roper preparation
prepara tion for stucco cannot
cannot
be over-emphasized.
ovcr-emphasizcd. Most significantly, a rigid
structure
s truct'ure is crucial. Three-coat
Three-<:(mt stucco
stucco can be
applied
to
most
any
type
of
wall
system-concrete
applied most
w:lll system--concrete
red concrete, bbrick,
rick, metal, or wood
blocks,
blocks, pou
poured
frame. See
See Figure
Figure 19-34.
19-34.
ShlCCO
Stucco isis not structural and adds
adds no
no strength
to
the
building
s
tructure.
It
is
a
protective
to the bui lding structure. It is a protective
sshell
hell around the
the structure. It can
can resist
resist normal
nonnal
expansion
expansion and contraction
contraction due
due to
to the
the changes
changes in
in
temperature
temperature and
and moisture,
moisture, but it cannot
cannot resist
resist
severe
tresses caused
severe sstresses
caused by
by irregular
irregular settling
settling or
or
movement
movement in
in the
the structure
structure itself.
itself.
Printed for:
In oorder
rder for
fo r a stucco application to be
successful, mois
moisture
us t be pprevented
revented from
ture m
mus
entering behind the stucco shell. Even though
vapor to pass through
stucco allows moisture vnpor
readily and is relatively
rel<ltively unaffected by moisture,
concentrations will ll.1Ve
high concentmtions
have a devastating effect
on the fmming
framing members and sheathing
shea thing that
ssuupport
tucco in a wood frame sstructure.
pport the sstucco
tructure.
frame structures are
arc naturally
n<lturally more
Wood fmme
susceptible to moisture damage than masonry
ildings.
or concrete bu
buildings.
Oashing are used to
Moisture barriers and flashing
s pace behind
prevent moisture from entering the space
the stucco. These
Tht.-'Se clements should be viewed as
pari of the total wa
wallll system, w
with
an integral part
ith
speci<ll
special <lttcntion
allention given to joints, openings, and
penetrations in the wall.
Mo;shlft barriers are
arc membr<lnes
membranes that protect
Moishlrt!
most of the waH
wall area. Kraft paper is used as
flashing
and other areas
fla
shing around wall openings <lnd
of wall penetration.
penetration. The type of Kraft paper used
used
asphalt between two sheets
sheets of
has a layer of <lsphalt
traditional Kraft
is paper tears
tears easily,
easily,
Kraft paper. Th
This
does
docs not
not resist punctures,
punctu res, and
nnd will wrinkle,
wrinkle,
kt.>cp the
the paper
paper flat. Even
mnking itit d ifficult to keep
m<lking
though
though this
this is the industry standard,
standard, itit leaves
leaves
much to be desired as a flashing
flashing material.
1Th.1teriai. Doubling
Doubling
much
the
but isis still not
not
the thickness
thickness increases protection,
protection, but
s..1tiSfactOry.
product that
that
completely satisfa
completely
ctory. Another product
may be
be aa better
better choice
choice is
is aa 20-mil rubberized
asphalt
asph.1lt membrane sandwiched
sandwiched between aa face of
of
4-mil
4-mil polyethylene sheet
sheet and
and aa back
back of
of polyester.
polyester.
This product
product isis extremely
extremely water
water resistant,
resistant, will
will
This
enlarge,
enlarge, and
and resists
resists tearing.
tearing.
Section 4
472
Running
RunnIng Bond
Common Bond (6th Course Headers)
Slack Bond
Flemish Bond
Figure 1932. Four of the most frequenlly

frequently used brick bonds are shown here.
When a hole or tear does occur in the flashing
paper, ca ulk
ul k may be used to repa
repair
ir the spot.
Care should be taken to reduce damage and,
therefore, the number of repairs. Caulk is also
used to seal the flflashing
ashing at wall openings and
penetrations. It is important
importan t to select a caulk
that
th
at adheres to the construction materials under
the conditions of usc.
use.
Lat/.
Lut" (Reinforcement)
(Rei.iforcement)
The function of la th is to provide support
and attachment
attach ment for the layers of stucco and
to connect the st
stucco
ucco to the structure. See
Figu re 19-35. It is available as sel f-furring ,....,ire
Figure
wire
lath or rib lath. A moisture-proof membrane
is generally attached to the la th at the factory
for faster
attached to the
faste r installation. Lath is attadled
sh eathing with furring nails or staples that
sheathing
tact with
resist corrosion from con
contact
w ith the mortar.
Lath
appropriate
te
La th should be installed in the appropria
orientation
to
enha
nce
adherence
of
the
mortar
orien tation enhance
for the duration of the application
application..
ScratcJ .. or F01,.,Ulatio1t
Scrutcl.
FoulUlation Coat
Figure ]9-33.
] 9-33. Many people associate stucco with
w ith
Spanish-style
Spanish-styJe homes, but stucco can be used
with all bui ldi
lding
ng styles and in all areas of the
country.
cOLUltey. It will protect the exterior of this home
for many years.
Printed for:
The scratch coa t, also called the fOllndation

TIle
coat, is the first stucco layer in the three-coat

p rocess. The
TIle purpose of the scratch coat is to
embed the reinforcement in s tucco and pprovide
rovide
support for the next coat. See Figure
Figu re 19-36. The
scratch coat is a rich mixture
m ixture of about on e part
Chapter
Chapte r 19
473
Figure 19-35. Metal lath and PVC

pvC comer
corner bead
have been attached with rust-proof fasteners.
The weather-resistant barrier can also be seen
under the lath.
lath .
Brown Coat
B
Figu re 19-34. Stucco can be applied to just about
Figure
any type of wall system. A-Wood frame ready to
receive a moisture-resistant barrier prior to stucco.
B-Stucco applied directly to concrete block walls.
cement to two to four parts sand. It can be applied

by hand with a trowel or pumped.
pwnped. Hand-troweled
surfaces
surf<lces are
<lre understood to be more dense and
<lnd
harder than pumped surfaces, but there are
advocates of both methods. The scra
scratch
tch coa
coatt is
generally 3/8"
3/S"" thick.
When the scra tch coat has begun to set, the
surface should be roughened with a scarifier
rake or scratching trowel to secure a better bond
for the next coat. Since the scratch coat is relatively
thin, it will dry rapid ly and should be misted
lightly with water to ensure proper curing
curing..
M
Misting
isting is particularly important if the weather
is hot and dry.
Th e scratch coat
coa t is ready for the next coat
(brown
(brmvn coa t) when the surface is hard enough
to resist scoring from a nail dragged across the
surface. Be sure that at least 95% of the lath is
embedded by the scratch coat before proceeding
to the next coat.
The second stucco layer in th e three-coat

brow l! coat.
coa l . The function
process is called the browlI
of the brown coat is to cover any visible lath,
add strength to the shell, true up the surface,
and p rovide an
nn appropriate
nppropriate surface for the final
decorative finish coat. The brown coat isapplied
with an trowel and
nnd leveled with a straightedge to
3/8"". Together, the scratch
a thickness
th ickness of abou t 3/8".
and brown coats should be at least 7/S
7/8"n thick.
ll1is layer should be flush with the corner bead
lllis
and ready to receive the final finish coat. Misting
may be required if the coat dries too quickly
and surface cracks begin to appear.
Figure 19-36. TIle

The scratch coat of stucco is being
trowe\.
applied over the lath by hand, using a trowel.
Printed for:
Section 4
474
Construction
Construction Systems and
and Supplcmenl"al
Supplemental DrOlwings
Drawings
Finis" Coat
Finish
stucco layer in the three-coat
The third stucco
process is ca
called
theftllish coal
coat.. See Figure 19-37.
lled thefillisll
This is the decorative layer and is where texture
design patterns are applied to the surface.
surface.
or design
Only
about
1/8"
of
thickness
is
added
On ly
of
ndded by the
fin
ish coal.
coat. The finish coat
coa t may be applied by
finish
desired
machine or hand, depending on the desi.red
personal preference. Color may be
texture or personal
applied as part of the mortar finish, or the surface
later.
may be painted later.
fin ish
coa t should be maintained at the
The fini
sh coat
48 hours following
proper temperature for aatt least -18
applica tion. Stucco should cure for 28 days
application.
Spraying regularly with wa
water,
before painting. Sprayi.ng
ter,
unless
proh ibi ted by coloring agents,
unl ess prohibited
ngcnts, will aid in
curing aand
nd removing scum from the textured
ssuurface.
s tucco
rface. Figure 19-38 shows a painted stucco
ssuurface.
rface.
A
A
Figure 19-38. A-This stucco surface

su rface has
c0..11 of paint.
received aa p rimer and finish coat
BB-This
This close-up
clOS('-up view
view shows the detailed texture
rface.
that can be achieved with a stucco su
surface.
Exterior Insulation
Finish Systems (EIFS)
Figu
re 19-37.
1~37. The
The finish
finish coo
coott is
is often
often given
gh'Cfl aa
Figure
decorative,
textured
appearance.
A
feeling
decorative, textured appearance. A feeling of
of
depth
depth isis created
crented by
by the
thl! texture
texture applied
applicd 10
to the
the
wa
lls of
walls
of this
this modem
modem home.
home. (Bertralld
(Bertralld Belloit/
Belloit/
511111Im;lock.com)
S/",'Il'rs/ock.com)
Printed for:
An
An exterior il/slIlation
jllSII/utioll finisll
fill is/I system
system (EI FS)
is
is aa wall
wa ll covering system that
tha t provides thermal
therma l
insu
insulation
lation and a durable externa l finish
fini sh resemresemling sstucco
tucco or sstone.
tone. This
This system is sometimes
sometimes
bbling
called "synthetic
"synthetic stucco."
stucco." EIFS
ElFS installations are
are
common in residential
residential construction
construction and provide
provide
lots of
ibilityy with
with colors
colors and
and architectural
architectural
of flex
flexibilit
ddetail,
etail, as
as good
good insulation
insulation without
without thermal
therm..,.l
as well
well as
gaps.
gaps. The
The finished
finished result
result of
of aa quality
quality insta
insinUation
Ilation
isis very
See Figure
Figure 19-39.
19-39.
very attractive.
allracti vc. See
Chapte
Chap
terr 19
.,5
475
Figure 19-39.
]9-39. The exterior insulation finish system (EIFS) is common in residential construction. A variety
of colors and
(Pilato complimenls
compliments of Dry!!if
Dryvit Systems
Systems,, Inc.)
imd textures are
a re available. (P/IO/O
The
Th e exterior coating appl
applied
ied in EIFS
construction is a polymer-based material. In a
instaUation, an insulation board
typical EIFS installation,
is attached to the wall sheathing, a base coat is
applied to the insulation boa rd and reinforced
with mesh, and a finish coat is applied to the
cured base coat. In this system, a moisture barrier
must be attached to the wall sheathing to comply
with building codes. Water-managed EIFS
installations incorporate a drainage track and
additional
addi
tional components to divert moisture away
from the structure. Refer to the applicable building
are<l and manufacturer
ma nufactu rer details fo r
codes in your area
additional information. Requirements fo
forr EIFS
speci fi ed in the International
construction are specified
Residential Code.
Printed for:
There are advantages and disadvantages

disad vantages
vantages include the reduction in
to EIFS. Ad
Advantages
construction time compared to tradi
traditiona
tionall stucco
and improved thermal perfonnance
performance of the w<lll.
wall.
The disadvantages of EIFS are related
rela ted to the
quality of the work. Problems such
s uch as cracking,
fa ilu re, and water damage can occur
sealant failu
Uation
when insta
installa
tion is not performed correctly.
details from the
Installation instructions and detai.ls
manufacturer must be carefully foll
followed
owed to
ensure
proper
performance
of
the
system
system..
ensu re
Section 4
476
are needed to cut through panels at roof ridges

and eaves. The foam must be removed to a depth
of 1-1/2" aroun
arOW1d
d door and window openings,
which is best done usi ng a hot wire tool. Chases
for electrical wiring
w iring and plumbing p resent
special
spL"Cial problems if not p
planned
lanned for early in the
d esign process.
Concrete
Wall Systems
]9-40. Structural insulated panels are used
Figure 19-40.
for framing walls, roofs, and floors in residential
construction. (AFM Corporatioll)
Structural
Insulated Panels
StYllctllrai illslda
insulated
ted pallels
pal/cis are structural
members that
tha t combine two outer "skins" and
an insulating foam core into a single unit for
fo r
framing applications. Structural insulated panels
replace th ree stages in standard construction:
sheathing,
thing, and insulation
insulation.. See
framing, shea
Figure 19-40. The panel structure is strong,
rigid, and resistant to twisting, warping, and
cracking. The outcr
ou tcr skins arc
are typically 7/16"
oriented strand board (05B) or plywood. The
foam core is a lightweight, bu t rela tively thick,
low-density expanded polystyrene, extruded
polystyrene, or rigid polyurethane. The thick
R-value.
ue. Somerigid foam core prod uces a high R-val
times the inside is faced w ith wallboard, either
ei ther
above or over the OSB.
Typical wall panels are 3-]
/2", 5-1/2",
5-]/2", or
3-1/2",
7-1/4"
7-1 /4" thick, w hile roof pa nels are ei ther 9-1/4"
9-1 /4"
or 11-1/4/1
11-1/4" thick. These dimensions are similar to
traditional construction, but not all panel systems
are manufactured or installed in the same way.
Erecting structural
stmctural insulated panels requires
some special tools. Large roof and waU
wall panels
req
require
uire a small crane to lift the panels in place.
place.
tting tools may be needed to cut
cutting
Special cu
openings in the panels. Extra-large
Extrklarge circular saws
Printed for:
The u
use
se of concrete in above-g rade
applications in residential construction has been
mainly in moderate climates because of concrete's
low-insulative properties. However, the availpresen ted alterability of insu lated systems has presented
natives to traditional masonry and concrete wall
construction.
construction . In
Insulated
sulated C
collcrete
Ol/crete fOr/liS
forms (I
(ICFs)
CFs)
can be used to create the foundation and exterior
walls for a residence. in this type of construction,
forms made of foam insulation remain in place
art of
after the concrete is placed and become ppart
the wall.
walL Wall systems constructed from ICFs
improve the thermal performance of concrete and
resu lt in a d u rable structure.
Different ICF systems are available and
are classified by the basic shapes of the forms
and concrete walts.
walls. 111e
TIle most common types
of forms are planks, blocks, and panels. Plank
forms and block forms are discussed in this
chappter.
cha
ter.
Pla
..1< Forms
Plank
Plank forms in reF
rCF construction consist
of 2"
2/1 x 8"
8/1 sections
section s of rigid polystyrene foa
foam
m
insulation.. The pla nks are 4' or 8' long and
insulation
separated
separa
ted w ith plastic ties so that the space
between the panels can be filled with concrete.
See Figure 19-41. Special form
fo rm ties and corner
ties are required . The wall form is buil t course
by course until the desired height is reach ed. A
typical footing is generally used. The completed
with
th
form is braced and reinforced before filling wi
w ith a
concrete. Typica lly, a pump truck with
hydraulic boom is used to place the concrete. TIle
The
resulting concrete wall is insulated on both sides.
Chapte r 19
477
I
/
Ladder brace with cross stringers
2)(
2 x 4 Lateral brace
.. .
Horizontal rebar as required

Honzontal
Cast-in-place
Cast-inplace concrete
----'
...-~ 2
2'" x 8~
8 x
X 8' Polystyrene panels
6
)(
~ Plastic ties
ld--~t5I
required
Horizontal rebar as requi
red
Vertical dowel anchoring as required

reqUired
_
..
gUides
2 x 4 Form guides
1-__
Concrete footmg
I ---Concrete
foolmg
Lite-Form'M
Lite-Form'MWall
Wall Section
Figure 19-41. Plank forms in lCF construction are built in courses with plastic ties installed. The forms
remain in place and become part of the wall, which results
resul ts in an insulated concrete wall. (Lite-Form, IlIc.)
II/c.)
Exterior siding or interior paneling can be

screwed into the plastic ties. Any polystyrene
that is above grade and exposed should be
covered with a trowel-applied protective coating
cO<lting .
Electrka l and p lumbing lines can be installed in
Electrical
the 2" thick insula
insulation.
tion . Conduit may be required
by some buiJdlng
building codes.
Block Fonus
Bloch
Block form s in
iJl lCF
ICF construction aT
aree interins ulation that
locking blocks of plastic foam insulation
are
a re stackable. See Figure
Fig ure 19-42. The block forms
have hollow cores that are filled with concrete.
Bloc
ks range in ssize,
ize, but are typ
typically
ica lly 12" or 16"
Blocks
a nd 40" or 48" long.
h igh and
high
Printed for:
Figure
Figu re 19-42. lCF blocks have interlocking ends
and hollow cores thai
that are filled with concrete.
(COliForm Global)
478
Section 4
ICF blocks are stacked course by course and

joined with an interlocking tongue and groove.
The blocks can be stacked so that the hollow
verticall reinforcing rods placed
cores are over vertica
according to local code requirements. See
Figure 19-43.
19-43. Bra ci ng is requi red as specified
by the manufacturer. As with pla
plank
nk forms, a
pump truck with a hydraulic boom is necessary

to place the concrete properly.
ICF block construction can be finished
with most external building finishes.
finis hes. Electrical
and plumbing lines can be installed within the
thickness of the block shell.
shell .
Figure 19-43. Concrete is placed with a pump truck in lCF block construction. Reinforcing bars arc
are
spaced according to local code requirements.
(Reward
rd Wall
WnllSystel1ls,
Systems, fllc.)
/lle.)
requirements. (Rewa
Printed for:
,...
"
Chapter 19
Review
R eview
Summary
Residential wa ll construction is typically

of three types: frame, masonry, or aa
one of
combination of frame and masonry.
framing
Wall framin
g lumber must have good
nail-holding
rigidity and nailhold
ing properties, be
free from warp,
warp. and be si
simple
free
mple to work.
wa ll cons
construction
Frame wall
truction consists of sole
plates, top plates, studs, headers, and
and bracing.
Interior frame walls arc
are constructed in
same
Wily as exte
exterior
wa ll s and arc
<Ire
the sa
me way
rior walls
securely
stened to the exterior walls
secu rely fa
fastened
w here they intersect.
in tersect.
where
ng has become morc popula
Steel frami
framing
popularr
d ue
u e to environmental and
ilnd economic
concerns that
thai have forced the building
industry to pursue alternative materials
and methods.
The
truction elements of a framed
n'e cons
construction
house include three main assemblies: floors,
walls, and roofs.
Masonry walls are constructed entirely of
brick, concrete block, stone.
stone, day tile, terra
cotta, or a combination of these materials.
traditional1 three-coat
three<o..lt s tucco system
The tradition,,
has been in use for many years, has
lar
performed well over time, and is popu
popular
throughout the US.
Struct
Structuura
ra l insulated
ins ulated panels are used in
framing walls.
walls, roofs, and floors.
floors.
Insu
lated concrete fo
rms ([eFs)
lnsu["ted
forms
(IC Fs) can be used
crea te the foundation and ex
exterior
to create
terior walls
for (la residence, presenting alternatives
10
to traditional m(lsonry
masonry and concrete wall
construction
.
construction.
Internet Resources
APA-The Engineered Wood Association
research about engineered
Information and research
wood products
prod ucts
!C
/C
Chapter
Chapter Activities
Go to tile compallioll website to
10 complete
tf,e
Clwpler
Activities.
tI't' Cllapter
www.g-wlearnlng.comJarchlteclurel
www.g-wlearmng.comIarchllecture/
Interna
ti onal Masonry
International
Masonry Institute
about
sustainable
Inform"tion
InfomUltion
s ustainable m"sonry
masonry
Portland Cement
Cement Association
lnformalion
Information aboul
abou t concrete
concrete homes
Steel
works (American Iron and Steel
Institute)
Steelworks
Sleelinstitute)
teel
On line resource fo r ssteel
Review Questions
Write your ITIISWI:!rS
all a separate sheef
answers 011
sl/eel of paper. Do
1I0t write ill this
1Iot
1I,;s book.
1. Name the five standard framing members
tional wood wall
used in conven
conventional
wa ll framing.
lumber used for
2. Which properties must
musllumber
wood framin
g ha\'c.
have, and which species
framing
meet these criteria?
3. Wha
Whatt is the purpose of the trimmers Gack
s tuds used at window and
studs) and king studs
door openings?
o ften used
4. What steel component
componen t is most often
for floor joists, wall studs, roof rafters, and
ceil
ing joists
jois ts in residential
residen tial steel framing?
ceiling
d ifferences between ceiling
5. Name two differences
construction
cons
truction and floor construction.
Lis t Ihree
three areas of a house that require
6. List
req uire
special
framing
considerations.
specia l
considerations.
7. What is the purpose of a furring strip in
wa ll construction?
masonry wall
8. Describe Ihe
the differences between face
fa ce brick
and common brick.
advan tages of applying a
9. Explain the advantages
three-coat stucco finish
fin ish to a home.
three<oot
10. What is another name for exterior insuJation
insulation
(EI FS)?
finish systems (EIFS)?
Georgia-Pacific
Ceorgia-Pacific Corporation
Co rporation
Su
pplier of
o f building
bui lding p roducts
Supplier
Printed for:
Section 4
Sect.ion
490
'80
Suggested Activities
1. Construct an accurate scnlc
scale model at
1" = 1'-0"
!'.{)'" of a wood-framed wall section
that has at least one door, one window.
window, and
th..lt
an intersecting partition.
p<lrtition. Identify the parts.
2. Select a simple floor
noor plan for a frame house.
wa ll framing
framing.. Indicate headers,
Layout the wall
trinunces
Gack studs), king studs, spacing
s pacing
trimmers fjack
blocks, and other framing members required.
blocks.
3. Visit a building
bui lding site where a house is being
constructed using conventional methods.
Obtain permission before entering the
site. Fi
Find
the species and grade o
nd out
OUl lhc
off the
lumber
framing lu
mber being used. Determine
whethe
platform
w
hetherr the type of framing is pla
tform
framing or ba
balloon
fram
ing.
lloOt'
ing.
at 1//44 size of framing
4. Bui ld sca le models all
ll intersections, and openings
for comers, wa ll
for doors and w indows. Prepare p lan view
ddraw
rawings
ings for
fo r display
d isplay with the models.
5. Photograph as many different brick bonds
as you can find in the area near your home.
dis p lay thai
tha t identifies each bond.
Prepare a display
draw Ihe
the framing illustrations
6. Using CADD,
CADD,draw
shown in Figure 19-4.
Jean
Jean and Tom Hendry have come to your
architectural office in Mossyrock, Washington
to discuss ideas
ide::ls for a::l new sustainable home.
You explain that
tha i there
Ihere are many approaches to
making a house environmentally
environ mentally friendly. When
you inquire
abou
inqu ire aboutt their
thei r priorities,
p riorities, they inform
you tha
thatt they do not wa nt to use
lIse traditional
building
materials
buildi ng materia
ls fo r the exterior walls. The
exterior must
mllst be made of nontraditional
nontrnditional building
ma
terials
tha
t
ca
n
stand
up to large amounts
materials that can
amOllnts
of
o f annual r.:Jinfall
rainfa ll and snow. The Hendrys have
asked you to
ith them
to compile ideas and meet w
with
again in two weeks.
Printed for:
Construction Systems
Systcms lind
ilnd Supplemental Drm\lings
Drawings
Conduct research to find out more about

nnontraditional,
ontraditiona l, sustainable, exterior building
materials. Compile a table of these materials with
columns for ad\'antagcs,
advantages, disadvantages, and
suitable climates. Use the table to determine
at least two alternatives that m
might
ight interest the
Write a summary of your suggestions
Hendrys. Wrile
to present to the Hendrys.
Certification Prep
Ti,e followillg
iOlls ari'
are prrsellfed
presellted ill fhe
ti,e style
TIle
fol/owillg qucst
flues/iolls
Ilsed ;1/
ill tile
tile Americall Desigll Drafting
Draftillg Assoc;a/ioll
Association
used
Certificatioll Tf'SI.
TL'St. Write your
(ADDA) Drafter Certijica/ioll
answers 011
allswers
all a separate s/w'ff
sllee! of paper.
1. Match each type o
off stonework with its
description
descrip
tion..
r, 2. Coursed rubble,
Stonework: 1. Ashla
Ashlar,
3. Random rubble,
rubble. 4. Uncou
Uncoursed
rsed cobweb
A. Undressed stones of irregula
irregu larr shapes
s hapes
generally
that are genera
lly flat and rectangu lar.
B. Irregular
Irrcgular stonework
s tonework dressed with
relatively straight edges to fit a
particu lar piece in a pattern, with a
rubble appearance.
C. Dressed
Dressed,, cut,
cut. or squared stones that fit
an exact place in a pattern.
D. Rubble stonework that has a random
pattern.
2. Which of the following statements
s tatements arefalse?
are false?
A. Frame wall
wa ll construction usually
begins w
wiith
th the top plate,
p late, which is
the horizontal
horizon tnl member of the wa
wall
ll on
which studs
stud s rest.
B. Wall studs
s tuds are cui
cut to length (usually
(usua lly
7'_9"
/2" ma
terial is used)
'1/2"
material
7'-9" when 1-1
and nailed to the sole pla
p late.
te.
C. Moisture barriers
ba rriers are
<I re membra
mcmbr<l nes that
frami ng from moisture
p rotect wood framing
that
S t llCCO finish.
fini sh.
th<lt may seep under a stucco
D.
indows and
D. Rough openings for w
windows
doors are dimensioned
dimension(.'Ci on the floor
floo r
p lan to the edges ooff the opening when
located in a frame wall.
wall.
Chapter19
19
Chapter
Wa lland
and Ceiling
Construction
Wall
3. Which
Which of
of the
the following
following statements
statements are
are true?
true?
3.
A. The
The distance
distance from
from the
the top of the
the
A.
subfloor to
to the
the bottom of
o f the
the ceiling
ceiling
subfloor
joists
is
usually
9'-11/2".
9'1
1/2".
joists
B. The
The term "veneer"
"veneer" is
is commonJy
commonly used
used
to indicate that a less
less expensive or
desirable materia l has
has been covered
up with some type of
cing material.
of fa
facing
C. The two types of brick used for waH
walJ
arc face brick and common
construction are
brick.
brick.
O. Steel framing is becoming more
popular as a result of environmental
and economic concerns that have
forced the bui
lding
build
ing industry to pursue
alternative materials
ma leri.,ls and methods.
.81
4"
1. Science. Requirements for

for wa ll insulation
vary
va ry throughout
throughou t the
the country. The
effectiveness
tion is given in
insulation
in
effectiveness of insula
R-values.
Higher
R-values
indicate
better
Rvaiues.
Rval ues
insulating
insulating properties.
properties. Find
Find out
o ut more about
the
the five types of wall
waH insulation
insu lation used in
in
homes today. Compare their R-values and
other
other characteristics. Determine which
type or types might be most
most effective in
in
your area.
2. Technology.
Technol ogy. The process
p rocess of recycling
recycli ng steel
is fairl
y straightforward
fairly
stra ightforward and inexpensive.
This is one
one reason why steel
steel recycling hns
has
been so successful. Find out more about
the process by which steel
steel is recycled
recycled.. Write
an illustrated
illust rated report of your findings.
1. Social Sciences. Although stucco is an

co..1ting for homes in
excellent protective coating
environment. public opinion
almost any environment,
is sharply di
vided . Some people believe
divided
tive stucco fmish
a decora
decorative
finish adds value and
interest to their ho
me. Other people refuse
home.
to have it on their homes. lnvestigate
Investiga te the
reasons people give for or against using
stucco on their homes. What economic
factors are involved? How do social
perceptions differ? Write a summary of
your
you r findings.
Printed for:
482
4"
Section 4
The windows of this attractive ho

home
me complement the basic wall areas and add to the overall design
balance. (Safer
(Sater Design Collection,
Coliectioll, Tllc.)
IlI c.)
Printed for:

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Wall

List the members of a typical frame wall.

Describe the applications, advantages, and

Explain information shown on a ceiling

Describe types of masonry wall construction.

Identify the uses of structura

Describe the types of insulated concrete

Residential wall construction is typically one

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

and be easy to work. Species that meet these

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Wall and Ceiling Construction

.:> " ......

sill plate (mudsllI)

Figure 19-2. n'e

In solid blockillg, the header size is

header. Trimm ers, also called jjack

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

Double top plale

!2' Rough opening

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Rough openings for windows and doors

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

Corner Formed with

Corner Formed with

Corner Formed with

Figure 19-8. Exterior corner posts are framed in a variety of ways.

Figure 19-9. One-half inch plywood sheathing

Steel as a residential building material was

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Wall and Ceiling Construction

Intersecting between Studs

Steel is consistent in quality and

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

Insurance premiums can be lower for a

Disadvantages of Steel Fraut.

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Wall and Ceiling Construction

Finally, steel framing is not used in many

Standard dimensions are near!

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Just list everything that comes into your head.

A track or channel member

the following scenario: A client

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Wall and Ceiling Construction

/ ' Slab on grade

Figure 19-13. This is a typical

Figure 19-14. Steel framing can be applied to

Construction of the ceiling is similar to floor

' " Floor

Figure 19-16. Two methods of supporting cciling

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

CEILING JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON LUMBER SPECIES

SPECIES AND GRADE

Sou thern pine

Sou thern p ine

Figure 19-15. Ceiling joist spa

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

For 5 1: 1 inch "= 25.4 mm, 1 foot "= 30l.