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Gene Idea
Inheritance
The
Genetics
The
Genetic Theories
1. Blending Theory traits were like paints and mixed
evenly from both parents.
2. Incubation Theory only one parent controlled the traits of
the children.
Ex: Spermists and Ovists
Guess which parent was thought to
control everythin
Gregor Mendel
Father
of Modern Genetics.
Mendels
paper published in
1866, but was not recognized
by Science until the early
1900s.
Reasons for
Mendel's Success
Used
an experimental
approach.
Applied mathematics to the
study of natural phenomena.
Kept good records.
Mendel
was a
pea picker.
He used peas
as his study
organism.
life span.
Bisexual.
Many traits known.
Cross- and self-pollinating.
(You can eat the failures).
Cross-pollination
Two
parents.
Results in hybrid offspring
where the offspring may be
different than the parents.
Self-pollination
One
Used seven
characters,
each with two
expressions
or traits.
Example:
Character height
Traits - tall or
short.
Monohybrid or
Mendelian Crosses
Crosses
that work
with a
single
character at
a time.
Example round X
wrinkled
P Generation
The
Offspring
F1
Results - Summary
In
Punnett Square
Lets
practice the
punnett
squares for
the crosses
on your note
sheets
How to do a punnett
square
True
True
Mendel's Hypothesis
1. Genes can have alternate
versions called alleles.
2. Each offspring inherits two
alleles, one from each parent.
Mendel's Hypothesis
3. If the two alleles differ, the
dominant allele is expressed.
The recessive allele remains
hidden unless the dominant
allele is absent.
Comment - do not use the terms
strongest to describe the
dominant allele.
Mendel's Hypothesis
4. The two alleles for each trait
separate during gamete
formation. This now called:
Mendel's Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
Mendels Experiments
Showed
Helpful Vocabulary
Homozygous
Test Cross
Cross
of a suspected
heterozygote with a
homozygous recessive.
Ex: T_ X tt
If TT - all dominant
If Tt - 1 Dominant: 1 Recessive
Dihybrid Cross
Cross
TtRr
Each
Dihybrid Cross
TtRr X TtRr
Each parent can produce 4
types of gametes.
TR, Tr, tR, tr
Cross is a 4 X 4 with 16
possible offspring.
Results
9
Law of Independent
Assortment
The
Probability
Genetics
is a specific
application of the rules of
probability.
Probability - the chance that an
event will occur out of the total
number of possible events.
Genetic Ratios
The
Rule of Multiplication
The
probability of getting a
tall offspring is .
The probability of getting a
red offspring is .
The probability of getting a
tall red offspring is
x = 9/16
Comment
Use
Solution
Ts = Tt X Tt = 3:1
Rs = rr X Rr = 1:1
Gs = GG x gg = 1:0
Product is:
(3:1) X (1:1) X (1:0 ) = 3:3:1:1
Variations on Mendel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Epistasis
Polygenic Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
When
Result
No
hidden Recessive.
3 phenotypes and
3 genotypes
(Hint! often a dose effect)
Red
= C R CR
Pink = CRCW
White = CWCW
Another example
Codominance
Both
Result
No
hidden Recessive.
3 phenotypes and
3 genotypes
(but not a dose effect)
Multiple Alleles
When
type antigen
IB - B type antigen
i - no antigen
Result
Multiple
genotypes and
phenotypes.
Very common event in many
traits.
Alleles and
Blood Types
Type
A
B
AB
O
Genotypes
IA IA or IAi
IB IB or IBi
I AI B
ii
Comment
Rh
Epistasis
When
Gerbils
In Gerbils
CcBb X CcBb
Brown X Brown
F1 = 9 brown (C_B_)
3 black (C_bb)
4 albino (cc__)
Result
Ratios
Epistasis in Mice
Problem
Wife
is type A
Husband is type AB
Child is type O
Question - Is this possible?
Comment - Wifes boss is type O
Genotypes
Wife:
Polygenic Inheritance
Factors
Genetic Basis
Several
Result
Mendelian
ratios fail.
Traits tend to "run" in families.
Offspring often intermediate
between the parental types.
Trait shows a bell-curve or
continuous variation.
Genetic Studies in
Humans
Often
Why?
Cant
do controlled breeding
studies in humans.
Small number of offspring.
Long life span.
Pedigree Chart
Symbols
Male
Female
Sample Pedigree
Dominant Trait
Recessive Trait
Human Recessive
Disorders
Several
thousand known:
Albinism
Sickle
Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
PKU
Galactosemia
Sickle-cell Disease
Most
inheritance.
Tay-Sachs
Eastern
European Jews.
Brain cells unable to metabolize
type of lipid, accumulation of
causes brain damage.
Death in infancy or early
childhood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Most
Human Dominant
Disorders
Less
disease
Achondroplasia
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Inheritance Pattern
Each
Genetic Screening
Risk
assessment for an
individual inheriting a trait.
Uses probability to calculate
the risk.
Carrier Recognition
Fetal
Testing
Amniocentesis
Chorionic
Newborn
villi sampling
Screening
Fetal Testing
Biochemical
Tests
Chromosome Analysis
Amniocentesis
Administered
between 11 - 14
weeks.
Extract amnionic fluid = cells
and fluid.
Biochemical tests and
karyotype.
Requires culture time for cells.
Chorionic Villi
Sampling
Administered
between 8 - 10
weeks.
Extract tissue from chorion
(placenta).
Slightly greater risk but no
culture time required.
Newborn Screening
Blood
Newborn Screening
Required
Multifactorial Diseases
Where
Genetic and
Environment Factors interact
to cause the Disease.
Infection