RESONANCE TRANSFORMER POWER CONDITIONERS R. M, Ness, $.G.E. Pronko, J. R. Cooper, and E. ¥. Chu Maxwell Laboratories, Inc, ‘8888 Balboa Ave. San Diego, CA 92123 (619) 279.5100 Abstract ee or ceo ies rye foiening sens ted spo te spas segs re ten Sold ge saucers perce forge en PT ents ee gen Seat i base ras come (2) ee pers ah Se cea ree yeirer ie ee cert le ec a cen oe oie eo Soca ee mater tel carers sone te tak ce alr eae ae a Tae a te Sener cok a comioe fs oe ted eeey nage olny eo epee a eal Pasig oe seed oer ares Pape Speriscipe ie ou rl ado ag SE ee eee rae ee Sarat iae a ed ra ae Aetna ei ee ere rage eee gee ‘nouction and Concept Overview ‘Many applications exist today for compact, lightweight, high voltage power conditioners. Defense technologies such as hhypervetocity. projectile guns and directed energy weapons wolving high power microwaves, high power lasers, and panicle beams) wil all require compact power source systems if they are t0 be effectively used in mobile applications. These high voltage ower supplies can be represented by the simple block diagram of a seneric power supply shown in Figure 1 sc Pa fire | Raguiner || Vote copa [an iad rwdepicton | | rectors | ah Figure 1. Simple Block Diagram of a Generic High Voltage Power Supply. As showin the figure, the input volige is usually regulated in some manner in order t0 vary and conzol the ouput voltage. ‘The regulated ae voltage waveform is then multiplied and rectified to produce the desired de output voltage. In most cases, this ‘multiplication is performed by a conventional transformer. Unfortunatly, wraditional high power, 60 He transformers ae large and heavy, eliminating their role in mobile platforms. High frequency, switching power supplies (and their associated high frequency transformers) offer significant savings in size and weight Since the transformer effective core cross-sectional area is taversely ‘Proportional to the operating frequency. Unfortunately, conventional transformers suffer from several limitations at higher power levels. Thermal management problems associated with heat removal from the transformer core. Become nreasngy ita high requcnces wih the pyialy large cores required for high power operation. Issues of transformer winding coupling st both high vollages and high frequencies also exist. In onder to operate at high frequencies, one desires a transformer with alow leakage inductance which implies the need for a small area between the primary and secondary windings. “However, this distance is ulimately restricted by the ‘inimum spacing required for high voltage insulation. 38 (One solution to this problem of high power transformers is ‘the concept of the resonance transformer, which uses a set of resonant circuits, made up of discrete inductors and capacitors, 0 achieve a transformer-like volge gain. Although tis concept has bbeen discussed in detail in a previous publication [3], a brief ‘overview ofthe general approach will be presented inthe following iscussion. This echnigue was developed by John Harrison at ‘Maxwell in the late 1970's as an improvement on earlier resonant systems. These improvements included: “+A gain which i relatively insensitive to she load circuit + A lower ratio of reactive power in the circ Gelivered power, specially at high gains to the + A higher gain Umit for a single stage resonance trans ‘+ ‘The ability to add several stages in series orn a “ladder” Connection to achieve a multiplication inthe overall gain. ‘Earlier cireuits could not be connected in this anne. ‘The overall concept can be explained by analyzing the single stage resonance transformer circuit provided in the simplified schematic diagram of Figure 2. Figure, Simplified Schematic Diagram of Single Stage Resonance ‘Transformer. Given a sinusoidal ac source providing a voltage oscillating ata given frequency, o, one can design the circuit such thatthe LC ‘combination is resonant at this operating frequency. set of oop ‘equations ean then be derived and solved to determine the output voltage, -Gsin Gsin ox From the equations, it can be seen that the output voltage (Vo =7Zcin) is merely the input voltage multiplied by the resonance transformer gain (G) and phase shifted by 180° such that the Polarity of the output voltage is reversed. ‘These equations also show how the gai is independent ofthe value ofthe load. ‘CH2839-9/90/0000-003851.00 © 1990 IEEEFrom the simplified circuit shown in Figure 2, additional reactances are aided tothe front and back ofthe circuit to minimize the reactive energy and to provide a unity power factor load on the source when feeding a resistive load, ‘The output load can also be ‘connected in an “auto-transformer” (or "ladder connected") fashion to increase the gain. Tn this ease, che overall gain is equivalent t0 G-+1 instead of mereiy G. ‘The resulting auto-ransformet version Of the voltage transformer circuit is shown in Figure 3. Figue 3. Schematic Diagram of Single Stage Resonance ‘Transformer in "Auo-Tranformer”,or Ladder" and Valtge Transformer Configuration, A variety of different resonance transformer circuits have been identified, Instead ofthe voltage wansformer cout shown in igre and a inal rasan cat can bln wg plype creir wit stage indactr and two captors asthe core uct Boh the vetge ane caren nator cus also have inverse circuits in which the capacitors are replaced by inductors of equal ipedance and vice versi. The inverse cout equivalent 10 that shown in igure 3s esplaed in Figure 4 Figure 4, Schematic Diagram of Single Stage Resonance ‘Transformer in "Anto- Transformer”, or "Ladder", and Inverse Voliage Greuit Configuration Given the concept, a resonance transformer based power Conditioner can be developed which funcsone ina similar manner to that of a conventional switching power supply. An input rectifier ‘converts the input ac power into de voltage and feeds it to 8 He [Bridge inverter, which converts the de to an ae voltage ata high frequency. This voltage is then converted to high voltage ec by ‘means ofthe resonance ransformer. Operation at gh frequencies allows the selection of smaller component values in the Fesonast transformer since the amount of energy trsferred to the load per «yele is smaller forthe same average power level. The output of the ‘esonance transformer i then rectified to provide adc outpit voltage 83 inthe conventional power supply. (One advantage of this approgch is that the gain of a multi sage transformer is multiplicative. Unlike other concepts, such a5 Capacitor voltage multipliers, the oveall gain is the prodoct (not the sum) of the individual gains of each Stage of the transformer. Hence, if « gain of 100 is required for an application, two stages, gach with & gain of 10, may be implemented, A’ potential disadvantage ofthis approach is the lack of isolation between the Source and the foad which is normally provided witha conventional transformer. We will show how this drawback can be avoided when the tesonance wansformer system is used to provide plus/minus charging fora capacitive energy storage system. In this cease, the load does not require voltage isolation since it can be ‘grounded “in the riddle” Sever wong veios of the eons sanomer concept have been developed aver the past few yeas at Maxwell demonstrate the weshniqne. ‘The remainder ofthis paper will describe the design and xing resus ofthese example systems. ‘Brsshoard Resonance Transformer One of the earlier designs was a two stage transformer designed with the specifications listed in Table 1. This simple {experiment was carried out asa first attempt to understanding the basic operation of the transformer and identifying the critical paranoeters for maximizing its performance. ‘The low average power level (1 kW) and low switching frequency were selected in order Sitopiy te design suck ha the hardware coud be assembled and tested in a short amount of tae, Tablet 2 Stage Brassboard Resonance Transformer Device Specifications [Parameter ———speaitreation ——] Input Voltage: lov Teal Ourput Volage: 10kV {eal Transformer Gain 100, (Operating Frequency: 1 kHz Design Load Impedance: oo sonance transformer based poster conditioner ‘operates similarly toa switching power supply, the same inverter switching technologies can be applied. Solid state switching devices, such as Silicon Controlled Rectifiers ($CRs), Bipolar Power Transisiors, Power MOSFETs, Insulated Gate Bipolar ‘Transistors (IGBTS), or MOS-Controlled Tayristors (MCTS) are therefore possible switch candidates. MCTs were rejected since these devices are nt yet realy availabe in large quantities. Bipolar Power Transistors typically requir large tigger circuitry because of their drive current requirements and were therefore als eliminated. SCRs were ruled ounce they ae generally limi fo fequencis in the few tens of kHz and atleast some of our applications were likely to exceed their capabilities. Previous experience with Power MOSFETs at average power levels of up to 0.5 MW ad proven their capability to operate reliably {4,5}. These devices were therefore chosen asthe switching technology for the inverter inthe resonance transformer based power conditioners, Given the 1ow power associated with thi initial design and testing effor, the H-bridge inverter was constructed with single Seviees in each ofthe four legs. For this application, the IRFPSSO (ated at 500 V BVpss and 14-A Tp continuous) was selected, ‘The two stage resonance transformer was constructed using air-core inductors and ceramic dielectric capacitors, For this ital ‘design, a voliage transfortner configuration, as shown previously in Figure 3, was used. ‘Table 2 lists the different specifications for ‘each ofthe components inthe resonance transformer ‘Brassbount Resonance Transfonner Test Results Initial testing of the brassboard system revealed that the soltage easfoone configuration has crn disadvantages ih respect tothe inverter operation. Because the inverter diretly dives the input capacitor ofthe resonance transformer, a high peak current {is drawn from the inverter to charge up the input capacitor during ceach balf cycle, ‘To reduce the peak current requirements Of he inverer, an additional indvctance was added between the inverter and the transformer input. Shown in Figure $i an oscilloscope trace showing the + 80 V inverter (wansformer input) voltage and the # 6 KV outputof the ‘two stage transformer operaring into its design load impedance of '~60 KE. As can be seen from the photo, the gain inthis case is[Jo Tae 2 Stage Brasshoard Resonance Transformer ‘Component Specifications Component Component Voltage Current Value Ww) a) Stage 1 a 7.46 uP 100 469 @ 8.29 uF 300 156 3 829 nF 900 4.09 Li 3.40 met 316 143 a 30.6 mH 509 98 Stage 2 cr 14.6 oF 1000 0.469 @ 82.9 oF 3000 1.56 a 829 oF 3000 069 Gi 340 me 3160 1.38 B 3.068 3290 0.494 edd fromthe ideal design specification of 100 toa value of 75 Ae the loses nhorere in the realise conponet: Tr ahould be Pointed outta he inverter volage measurement st beremal nd therefore ony displays the positive half cyte of he waveform Diving he testing effor, cach of the nividual tansformet coruponents was characterized by measurement wth Henle RARSCHAETLS oc HBGHSA UCR mate Ug he eng dat, computer simulation model was develope he real 6 the compar sinuliion, daplyed in figure show excelt Seement withthe cxpertnenl gui, The op aac shows ay inpet ‘lige tothe resonance wansfomerof #100 ¥ wile the boro crave shows the ouput voltage across the 64 KO essve load of + Tsk. Inverter Voltage ‘50 Vidiv OV: ov: Ouput Voltage 2kVidiv 200 s/8iv Figure 5. Oscilloscope Photograph Showing Single Ended Measurement of Resonance Truformet input Volage (opper trace) and Output Voltage ower tats). Based upon the results from the testing of the brasboerd, several criteria for maximizing the resonance transformer power conditioner ‘were identified including + Usilzing the inverse voltage configaration (shown in Figure 4) instead of the voltage configuration since the peak curent requirements from te inverter are reduced, + Design enor selection of capacitors with high guaiy factors, or Q's (and comesponting low dean fico), and low tmmperstoe tnd wolags cout + Design of high Q inductors with tow stray series ‘capacitances (high self-esonant frequencies) “Testing of the brassboard also revealed thatthe transformer sain isnot significantly affected by mutual coupling ofthe inductors ‘or by close proximity to metal objects. ‘This was tested by onenting the inductors on axis and physically close to each other and by ‘moving them apart and placing them orthogonal to each other. Only slight differences (less than a few percent) in pain were observed, Rrmofof Conceot Resonance Transformer A second design of the resonance transformer concept was then generated, assembled, and tested. The specifications for this example are showm in Table 3. This system was designed to fit inside a cylindrical housing 30° in diameter and 28" in height, ‘weighing ess than 100 Ibs. Given the experience learned from the Previous experiments, this unit was conservatively designed ‘0 ‘operate from 1 KV de prime power source and provice + 30 kV de for charging capacitive loads, such asthe compact Marx desorbed in 4 separate paper presented at this conference [6 Table 2 Stage Proot of Concept Resonance ransformer Specifications [Parameters peettteation Inpor Volage: 1000 ¥ de [deal Output Voltage: £70k ‘deal Transformer Gain: 70 Operating Frequency: 20k Design Load tmpedace: 1630 ‘Component Design and Consiriction The components inthe resonance transformer aust have a high quality factor, or Q (Q = energy stored per cycle energy dissipated per le = (Y= (OCR), fr eee tae te gain and to minimize the losses. In addition to high Q, the Ecenponents mast also have very smal sony tnpedances ocd with them, This isa system detign aswell as & component design problem. ‘The resonance tansformers Gesigned and sonsvucted fo dite Sve operating fequencgs nthe 1 10D yrange Thi range i generally ime atthe high end due tothe switching devies speed at these power levee and by tsforner conponens cen Carrentiy available capacitors can have Qs wel over 100 (even for devices operating inthe tens to hundreds of kl rang) sod have series inductanges in the tens to hundreds of hanobentics, Polypropylene fim capacitors were selected fortis application sinoe ther dissipation factr (1/Q) is generally on te oder of 0.1% or less. Series andlor paraliel arays of commerilly available uals were made up inorder to meet the design requirements of current, Voltage, and capacitance, ‘The ditficulty in component design forthe curent generation of resonance transformers therefore rests primarily with the faucets ong dependent o frequency of opertion. thigh frequencies, the resstance per unit Tength of a conductor increases due to the skin effect. Using stip (or tabular) conductor is a wellknown tochnique for reducing SEN effect related losses. An additional loss mechanism called the proximity effect (7] also exists with inductors or any component Where current carrying conductors are placed close to one another This effect is due to the magnetic fields which penetrate the conductors forcing the current fn those conductors ito very small ‘ross sectional areas and raising the effective resistance of the conductors. The change in resistance is dependent upon the tc field strength as well asthe frequency. In order to obtain & ‘high Q, the inductor design must therefore sci to minimize the 2¢ resistance due w both skin effect and pronimay effects in aditon to de resistance, The stray capacitance in parallel with the inductor is also ‘important, particularly in the transformer output stage where the Inductance values are generally highest. The self resonant frequency of the individual inductor should be sigifieandy larget than the operating frequency ofthe resonance transformer. tn order to reduce the stay capacitance, the inductor design typically wilizes ‘multiple winding sections in order to break up the stay capacitance into a series summation. As a result ofall these considerations & large engincerng effort was spent on inductor design. Table 4 tists the specifications for the components wich were used in the proof of concept resonance transformer. In this case, a two stage wansformer using the inverse voltage ‘configuration, as shown in Figure 4, was used.125.00 25.00 -25.00 75.00 |-128.00 1250 7.50 2.50 asd -1.30 10. 0 15.00 Tn m5¢25.0000) 12.50 25.00 Figure 6. Compute Simulation Results Showing Resonance Transformer Input Voltage (Capper trace: 50 Vidiv, 2.5 msidiv) and Output Voltage (lower trace: 5 KV Jd). por HES 2 Stage Proof of Concept Resonance ‘Transformer Component Specifications Tomiponent Tompanent Volta uarrent ‘Value (kV) 7) Stage 1 i 818 ui 2m 26.4 3 6.84 mit 837 973 B 602 met 271 359 a 774 oF 289 28.2 a 105 nF 785 104 ‘Stage 2 a 57.2 mB 27 3.18 2B 479 mt 700 116 B 22 mH 27 0.429 a 1 nF 242 3.36 2 150 pF 657 124 ‘Inverter Design Considerations “he inven design for high power systems is complicated by the fc het for ese fower evel an fusgces of operates 10 single devices are avaable to met the complet requests [As diseused previously power MOSFETs have been chosen for tnost ofthe applications to dats These semiconiuctor devices are Seanged pec pri aay to fom tne vere owaches eign ofthe aay ensres oq cron and vlage shang in the individual witches, Becasts ower MOSTETS cxnbit a Positive temperature coetficient, cutent sharing probloms te Ertecavely eliminied. fone device begins fo draw move cut {han the others is onsale resistance incase, forcing current its theremainder the say. ___ Inonder w meet the voltage and current requirements for this Particular application, a conservatively rated aray of 3 (series) by 5 (parallel) devices was implemented for exch ofthe four switehes in the H-bridge inverter scheme. Once agein, the IRFP450 ‘was chosen asthe basic building block device because ofits low on-state resistance. Each switching array was designed onto printed circit card assembly, which included transient suppression compensate, tigger ciculey, and three aluminum cold plas heat sees fo? ‘mounting ofthe three groups of power MOSFETs. Each switch Printed Circuit board then plugged into a motherboard assembly slong with the timing and gate trigger prined circuit board. De- jonized water was used to provide cooling of the MOSFET heat sinks. roof of Concent Test Results ‘The proof of concept resonance transformer was assembled and first tested into a resistive water load with an mmpedance of ~134 KO. The input and ourput voltages were monitored while the inverter frequency was swept from les than 10 kHz to 100 Kitz. A. Plot ofthe measured voltage gain profile versus frequency i shown in Figure 7. AAs with the brassboard, the resonance cransformer components were chrucerzed ving ewiet Packed LCR meter ‘Bsc on the data obtained daring tis work beams apparent tha the inductors procured forthe transformer did sot met the deign specications with regards To ESR. In onic vey iat is woe the primary cause ‘of the reduced gain which was observed, a computer rode was developed and used wo simula the tanioot frequency response. The results of he silaton showed execlet agreement wih the dua derived from the exporinenal hnaware ‘he voltage gai no an open-ircut oad was measured t be 90 the designed operating fegueney of 20 Kz es 5 a» 5 a * 7 ae Figure 7, The Voliage Gain Versus Operating Frequency ofthe Proof of Concept Resonance Transformer Operated into a Resistive Load. 4‘The oscilloscope photograph shown in Figure 8 displays the inverter voltage (lower face) and the transformer output voltage (upper trace) for a nominal input voltage of 600 V de. As with Figure 5, the inverter voltage waveform shows only the positive cycle since a differential measurement was not made. From the Figure, one can see tha the voluge gain is approximately 43. "The resonance transformer was operated at this average power level of 2.5 KW for greater then I hour. The heating of the watcr load caused the resistance 10 begin to decrease and an average power level of 3.6 KW (= 30% decrease in resistance) was reached ater sometime. ‘The voltage gain during this tine remained unchanged. x Voltage ona ov: Inverter Vol 00 Viiv ovo 10 psiaiv Figure 8. Oscilloscope Photograph of Resonance Transformer Input Voltage (ower trce) and the Outpot Voliage upper trace), ‘To test the resonance transformer in a capacitor charging ‘penal, the lod ait was configured a hn a Figure 9. The energy storage capacitor used was the 1/4 scale proof of concept version ofthe multiple capacitor module used in Maxwell's compact Marx generator development effor [8]. The captcitance of each of the two capacitors in the assembly is 40 and sated at volage of 10 KV. CRI and CR2 are 3 (series) by 2 (parallel) aays of fast recovery rectifiers (VMI SP250F), producing an aray rated at ‘TSKV PIV and | A average rectified cuent. A charging Tesistance ‘of 150 KO was inserted in each leg of the circuit ro ensure these rectifier current limitations were not exceeded, A Maxwell standard 100 kV spark-gap switch and two 5 KQ resistors were used to discharge the capacitors. ‘The gas pressure in the spetk-gap was adjusted to stf-break at the peak charging voltage a a repre Of approximately I pps. 150ka. RESONANCE, ‘TRANSFORMER ‘OUTBUT 150ka Figure 9. Schematic Diagram Showing the Rectified Resonance “Transformer Output Charging Energy Storage Capacitors, ‘The oscilloscope photograph shown in Figure 10 displays the voltage across the positively charged capacitor. The fnput voltage tothe inverter was 600 V de. "The capacitors were charged 1029 kV developing S8LV across the switeh before discharging. ‘The voltage gain Is approximacely 48 which is slr to the oper 2 circuit gain of 50, This is what should be expected since the Sapacitors become high impedances asthe ful charge ts approsched, “Te power conditioner was continuously operated unde fee loed conditions fr one half hour. The pulse-o-pulse voltage variation was never greater than the resolution of the oscilloscope trace (as ov: Figure 10. Osciloscop Photograph ofthe Copaitr Charging Waveform ‘The overall performance of the proof of eoncept resonance ‘wansformer did not meet design expectations with regards (0 the agin and power capability due primatly to the ESR of the resonance trunsformer inductors. Althoogh the design specifications requested .Qof a least 150 at the design operating frequency of 20 Kila, the actual values for the frst stage inductors ranged from 78 to 108, ‘hile those in the second stage ranged from 98 to 160. Tn edition, several ofthese inductors havea relatively small surface area which, when considering the low Q, drives the power density to ntolerable levels ass Ave De 1s ‘There are no fundamental differences between resonance transformers which are designed to operate at tens of KW and those esigned to operate at 1 MW and above. The eircuits remain the same and the component performance requirements do not change appreciably. The typicel operating parameters for the megawatt class power conditioning systems using resonance transformers ccrrently being designed are: + Tapa Voltage 1-5kV de lu lee 50-100 8V de erating Fequency: 10 SOkHz ower Deas: “10EWikg nicDU® 1S lege power Levels present ia these systems the techniques for mecting the component requirements are mare important than those fora lower power sysem. The theral and fait protection issues become even more eral at higher power levels andthe inverter requires larger numberof devices, which adds tothe degree of complexity. there are issues which spp concerning the ecu interaction with its surtouncingn whieh ase ‘eraddessed aswell, ‘Size and weight estimates of a 1 MW resonance transformer, walizing planed cxsing system cryogenic coli fo thermal ‘management, have been generated andthe results indicate that 100 kg weight for the power conditioner Is not unreasonable. ‘Transformer Component Selection As with the resonance transformer design at lower power levels, high Q components. are important in maximizing the transformer gain end minimizing losees. Once again, capacitors with large values of Q at the frequencies of interest ae relatively common. Techniques i minimize the effets ofthe proximity effect ‘and maximize the inductor Q focus on inductor geometry‘Acconting 1 Terman [9 te inductor geomesy should be such that the rela 3t+ 2b =D is sated, where tis the radial hickness of the winding, bis the aval length of the coll, and D isthe outer Glametr of he cai This asses that te coda re wound losely together. This small winding epace can ‘wth at Serp condectors, whic also minimis the weight of the conductors for’ given skin deh. Two design features are Incorported 10 lower the shunt capacitance ofthe cols. ‘The frst i o introduce & space between layers ofa mullayer coll ‘This is ustated in Figure 11, which shows a coneeptual design for such an inductor. ‘The seconds fo break the indtor into to or more separate coll sections, 80 that the say capacitances are reduced by seis cout Maton. | => ————> Figure 1, High Power Resonance Transformer Inductor ‘Conceptual Design ‘This figure shows the spacing between the layers and represents ang ein of the segmented inductors dicated alove. An Additional important featoe ofthese inductors 3s that the spacing bexwae he ayers allows or coking ach ye inva, which ‘Scrical for physically large devices. Given the inductor geometry shown, coolant can be flowed through the inductor inthe axl dizeotion across each ofthe windings fo emove the heat Gesipated there. Inverter Design Considerations ‘As with the inverter design for ower power applications, the esign for megawat class power systems 1s made Up of a series parallel aray of semiconductor switches. ‘The design issues in this ‘ase are essentially the same for a system operating atthe 10's of ‘kW level, with the exceptions thatthe array is larger (and therefore more complicated) andthe cooling requirements are more sringent. ‘Resonance Transformer Design ‘The overall design of « megawatt class system is somewhat ‘more complicated from those at lower power primarily because of the increased importance of cooling sequirement, the fault handling requirements, and the coupling with the nearby stuctures. In feneral, more attention must be focused on the cooling in high ‘power systems as opposed to low power systeas due tothe fact that these systems are paysically larger. This makes it more dificult to remove heat from the inne regions ofthe system and components because of the differences in heat transfer. As meationed earlier, cryogenic cooling systems have been incorporated into several of these MW class power conditioners in order to handle te lange heat {pads which are generated in these high power density (10 BW/kg) esigns. ‘The fault handling requirements also gain in importance because there is more faul energy which must be dissipated. At higher power levels, higher currents are present This further implies that higher magnetic fields also exist, which can cause luctive heating of nearby magnetic materials These losses also affect the operation of the resonance transformer, since they lower the effective Q of the inductors. ‘This problem is addzessed by “a Controlling the materials used in the environment near the resonance ‘transformer and by careful enginecring ofthe transformer layout. ‘Summary and Conclusions In summary, several resonance transformer designs have been generated and developed into working madels inorder to prove the concept and analyze thelr applicability towards compact, lightweight, tigh volage power conditioners. The experiment: eof de have sow he exh fo poss gat Eavantages. over “conventional. transformers which have advantages associated with thennal management and wansforoet ‘coupling at both high voliages and high quences, Because the ‘esonange transformer Sze an weight are relavsy weak unctons ‘of power, this approach ean provice very compact power Sondtioning systems atthe MW'power level, Rests fom fe periment Rive alo povided beter understanding ofthe ‘rsfonser opention am hose parameters wish ae porno ‘axing te perontance. Designs for resonance tastes st power levels oft MW and Righer have also been produces These Eesigne are expected to have extemely high power densities (10 WA. Acknowledgements ‘The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of John Harrison in developing the concept ofthe resonance transformer and ‘consulting throughout the design and development of the ‘experimental hardware. ‘Refesenoes [1] J. Harrison, "A New Resonance Transformer", 13th Pulsed Power Modulator Symposium, Buffalo, New York, 1978, pp. 55-59, [2] “AC Resonance Transformer", U.S. Patent #4,274,046, awarded June 16, 1981, (3) J. Harison, "A New Resonance Transformer" [4] RM, Ness, E:Y. Chu, GS. Santamaria, 0.5 MW 60 kFfz Solid State Bower Modulator", 18th ‘Power Modulator Symposium, Hilton Head, South Carolina, 1988, pp. 43- a, [5] GT. Santamaria, RM. Ness, "High Power Switching Using Power FET Arrays", 6th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Arlington, Virginia, 1987, pp. 161-164. [6) RM. Ness, B.D. Smith, £-Y. Chu, BL, Thomas, and IR. Cooper, rCompact, "Mega Voit Rep-Rated "Marx Generators", 19th Power Modulaior Symposium, San Diego, Caifdmia, 1990. O71 Fredrick B. Terman, 7 Hl, New York, New York, 1983, p74 McGraw (8] RM. Ness, ELY. Chu, GS. Santamaria, 0.5 MW 60 KE Solid State Power Modulator’ (9) Fredrick B. Terman, Radio Engineers’ Handbook, p.76. ere ae reer nee