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Chemical,Nuclear,andCivilEngineering:ConstructingModernCivilization

MorganMorefield

EnglishIIIHonors
Mr.Piatak
February27,2014

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MorganMorefield
Mr.Piatak
EnglishIIIHonors
February27,2014
Chemical,Nuclear,andCivilEngineering:ConstructingModernCivilization
Describedastheapplieduseofmathematicsandscience,engineeringhelpstodevelop
newandusefulproductsforeverydayuse(DevaneyandDevaney).Theworldcentersaround
newinventions,technology,anddiscoveriesfortheimprovementofsociety.Theinterestof
workingasascientisthassignificantlyincreasedovertimeduetothefactthatthefieldof
engineeringcontinuestoexpandandgrowastimegoeson.Engineersmakenewdiscoveriesona
daytodaybasisthathelpenrichthelivesofmanypeopleallovertheworld.Inthefieldof
engineering,theoptionsandopportunitiesonecouldpotentiallyfacehavenoboundaries.The
obligationsofmanydifferentkindsofengineers,suchaschemical,civil,andnuclear,consistof
makingthosenewinventionsareality.
Tobeginalifetimeofengineering,studentsshouldhaveasolidsecondaryeducation.
Studentswhoplantopursueengineeringshouldtakeadvancedmathematicsandscienceclasses,
alongwithotherrequiredcommoncoreclassesinhighschool.Examplesinclude:AlgebraIand
II,Precalculus,Trigonometry,andCalculussciencesconsistofEarthandEnvironmental
Science,Biology,Chemistry,andPhysics.AdvancedPlacement(AP)classes,anotheroptionfor
themotivatedstudent,canprovideachallengingandmorerigorousversionoftheordinaryclass.
ClassessuchasAPChemistry,APBiology,andAPCalculuswouldhelppreparethestudentfor
therigorofcollegeandwouldpotentiallygivethemcreditstheycanuseincollege.

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Studentswhotakeclassesthataremoreadvancednotonlygetaheadintheirhighschool
curriculum,butalsoincreasetheircompetitivenessintheadmissionsprocesswhenapplyingfor
colleges.Thenextstepinthejourneytoengineeringcontinueswithgettingadegreeata
respecteduniversity,suchasNorthCarolinaStateUniversityorTheUniversityofTennessee,
Knoxville.NCStateUniversity,locatedinRaleigh,NorthCarolina,offersavarietyofmajor
programsrangingfromAerospaceEngineeringtoMaterialsScienceandEngineering.Afew
degreesonecouldobtainfromNCStateincludeaB.A.,M.S.,andPh.D.inChemical
Engineering,CivilEngineering,orNuclearEngineering(
NCState
).Thehigherdegreeof
educationoneearns,thenumberofcareeropportunitiesincreasesaswell.
Additionally,innuclearengineering,onecouldenterafiveyearprogram,whichwould
enablethemtoearnaB.A.alongwithaM.S.degree.StudentswhograduatefromNCState
Universityfindthattheyfinishtheprogramfullypreparedfortheirfutureendeavorsasan
engineer(
NCState
).NCStateUniversitybasestheiradmissiondecisionsonastudent'sGrade
PointAverage(GPA),StandardizedTestScores(ACTandSAT),extracurricularactivities,and
leadershipexperiences.TheaverageGPAofanincomingfreshmanatNCStatevariesweighted,
astudenttypicallyhasa4.57,andanunweightedaround3.82(
NCState).
Studentswhoapply
themselvesthroughouthighschoolreceivealargerpayoffthanthosewhoslackedoffduringthe
lastfouryears.
Animportantaspectinpavingoneswayinthefieldofengineering,reliesgreatlyonthe
internshipsonehas(
NCState
).Internshipsproviderealworldapplicationsofthematerial
studentshavelearnedaboutintheirclasses.Typically,studentschoosetopartakeinan
internshipduringtheirtimeincollege,eitherduringthesummerorduringafallorspring

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semester.Studentswhodecidetoparticipateinaninternshipduringasemester,donotnormally
takeclassesaswell.Asaresultofaddinginrealworkexperience,studentssometimesgraduate
infiveyearsopposedtofour(
NCState).
Studentsusuallyreceivetheseinternshipopportunities
throughcareerfairsheldbytheirschoolforthispurposetofindstudentswhohavethedesire
andmotivationtolearnbyhandsonexperience(
NCState
).Duringthecareerfairs,anumberof
companiescometothecollegeandsetupboothswithapplicationsforinternshipsand
employmentoptions.Interestedstudentsthenapplyfornumerouspositionsatdifferent
companies,andwaittohearbackfromemployers(
NCState
).Generally,studentswhodecideto
majorinengineeringhaveaneasiertimefindingopportunitiesforinternshipsbecauseofthe
risingneedforengineersinsociety.

AnotheroptionatNCStateforwomenwhoshowaninterestinengineeringincludesan
intellectualcommunitywithinthecampusitself.WomeninScienceandEngineering(WISE),a
livingandlearningcommunityonthecampusofNCState,providesalocationwherefirstyear
femaleengineerscanlivetogetherandassisteachotheracademically(
NCState
).Locatedina
residencehalloncampus,theWISEprogramallowswomenwithsimilaracademicintereststo
liveandinteractwithoneanother.Residentsofthelivingandlearningcommunityhaveupper
classmentorswhoalsochosetomajorinengineering,tohelpintroducethewomentotheir
chosenareaofstudy.Residentswilladditionallyreceivetheopportunityforaspecialorientation
ofthecampus,whichincludesdifferentseminarsaboutcareeroptionsandindustrytours,ledby
otherwomen.Withinthesecommunities,womenwillhaveaccesstoanonsitelibrary,and
differentcommunityroomswherestudentscangatherandsocializeorstudy(
NCState
).A

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strongsupportandstudygrouphelpsmotivateandencourageyoungwomenaspiringtobe
engineers.

AdditionaluniversityoptionsforengineeringhopefulsincludetheUniversityof
Tennessee,Knoxville.LocatedinKnoxville,TheUniversityofTennesseehasanextensive
researchprogramforstudentstoutilizeandexpandtheireducationalexperience.Theuniversity
offersstudentsawidevarietyofoptionsfordecidingwhichtopicstheywanttoresearch.Along
withresearchopportunities,studentscanreceivedegreesinchemical,nuclear,andcivil
engineering.Afterfinishingtheprogramofstudyandobtainingadegree,TheUniversityof
Tennesseehasaveryhighsuccessrateinfindingcareersforgraduates(
UniversityofTennessee
).
Astrongeducationinthefieldofengineeringplaysalargeroleinonessuccessinfuture
endeavors.
ThefieldofengineeringdatesbacktoEgyptian,AncientGreece,andRomantime
periods.TheEgyptianspavedthewayforhydraulicengineeringwhentheystartedoneofthe
firstformsofdivertingwaterforotherusestheybegantochannelwateroutoftheNileRiverto
irrigatecropsandprovidedrinkingwaterforcitizens.TheEgyptiansalsobuiltmachinesand
engineeringprocessestocontrolthefloodingoftheNileRiver(Gest).TheGreekslatertheorized
aboutdifferenttypesandusesofengineering.TheRomansprojectedandexecutedtheideasand
theoriesfromtheGreekstocreatesomeofthemostcomplexandastoundingengineeringfeatsof
theirtime.ManyofthegreatandwellknownRomanengineerscamefromGreece.Examplesof
Romanengineeringbrillianceinclude:theaqueducts,theroads,variousbridgesandtunnels,
canals,walls,etc.(Gest).

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Thebranchofchemicalengineeringinvolvesthedevelopmentandapplicationof
manufacturingprocesseswherechemicalandphysicalchangesofmaterialstakeplace(Furter).
Forthemostpart,chemicalengineersworkwithdesign,construction,andtheoperationof
variousequipmentandplants.Theworkdonebychemicalengineersincorporatesprinciplesof
chemistry,physics,mathematics,andeconomics(Furter).However,inthefieldofchemical
engineering,theapplicationofchemistrybearsmoreusefulnessthanpurechemistry(Devaney
andDevaney).
Someaccomplishmentsofchemicalengineersincludemakingpaper,makingsureScotch
tapehasthestickyaspect,andcreatingdifferentcolorsofpaint(DevaneyandDevaney).
Additionally,chemicalengineersinfluencethemedicalfieldinmanyways,astheymakevarious
medicinesandmedicalproductswhileensuringthateachpillorcapletofmedicinehashadthe
samemanufacturing.Thestartingsalaryofchemicalengineersbeginsaround$50,000$60,000
andincreaseswithapersonsexperience(DevaneyandDevaney).Thestartingsalariesof
chemicalengineersbeginhigherbecausetheworktheydodirectlyaffectsthequalityoflifeon
thisplanet.
Civilengineering,consideredthethirdoldestbranchofengineering,hasprojectsdating
back5,000years.Civilengineeringhasmanydifferentsubcategorieswithinthefieldincluding,
environmentalandstructuralengineering.Theknowledgeofmaterialssuchasstone,steel,
concrete,wood,andasphalt,aidinthecreationofstructuresthatwilllastalongtime.Civil
engineersearn$40,000$60,000asastartingsalaryand,astimegoeson,thatnumberwillgrow
larger(DevaneyandDevaney).Civilengineerscreatemanydifferentstructures,suchas

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skyscrapers,bridges,roads,officebuildings,etc.Civilengineerstypicallyapplymathematicsto
findanglesanddimensionstohelpthembuildbridgesandtunnels(DevaneyandDevaney).
AllisonKraft,acivilengineerwhoworksfortheTownofMooresvilleandspecializesin
thewatertreatmentarea,explainsthetechnologysheusesonadailybasisandwhathercareer
consistsof,stating,Ireviewotherpeopleswork,anddealwithconstructionrelatedissueson
privatedevelopment.AlsoIdealalotwithoverallmasterplanningforroadsandutilities,
workingwithNCDOTonidentifyingneedsandfindingfundingfortheresultingprojects.So
reallythetechnologyIusemostnowismycomputer.Wehavealotofinformationmappedin
GIS(GeographicInformationSystem),soIusethattypeofsoftwarealotaswell.Forengineers
doingdesignwork,AutoCADorMicrostationarethebigsoftwarepackages(Kraft).
Thejobofcivilengineeringrequiresthemtomaintainandconstantlyimprovethewater
treatmentprocess.Thewatertreatmentplantsservemanydifferentfunctionsandconstantly
worktogivepeoplethebestqualitywaterpossible.Insidetheplants,someoftheresponsibilities
includeadjustingthepHlevelofthewater,filteringoutsolids,anddisinfectingwatertoremove
harmfulbacteria(BarrattandWhitelaw).Thewatertreatmentsystemworkstotakewaterfrom
naturalsources,suchaslakesandrivers,andmakeitsafeforhumanconsumption.Thefunction
ofwatertreatmentplantshavealargeimpactonpreventingthespreadofwaterbornediseases
including,choleraandtyphoid,thatinthepasthavekilledthousandsofpeopleallovertheworld
(BarrattandWhitelaw).
Thefieldofnuclearengineeringrelatestotheuseofscienceandapplicationofnuclear
andradiationprocesses(Martin).Nuclearengineeringstartedinthe20thcenturywhen,in1939,
GermanchemistsOttoHahnandFritzStrassmandiscoverednuclearfission.Then,duringWorld

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WarII,thecreationofthefirstatomicbombintheManhattanProjectusednuclearreactionsand
energyinthebomb(Martin).Afterthecreationoftheatomicbomb,theleaderoftheManhattan
Project,ItalianphysicistEnricoFermi,builtthefirstnuclearreactorattheUniversityofChicago
in1942(Martin).Nuclearreactions,describedbythetransportofneutronsandgammarays,
reliesonseveraldifferentbranchesofphysicsandmodelsandsimulations(Martin).
Afewmainfocusesofnuclearengineeringincludetheprocessofproducingnuclear
energyandnuclearpowerandtheuseofradiationinmedicaltreatments(Martin).Nuclear
energyconsistsofthephysicsandtechnologyoftheproductionofenergy,thedesignofthe
reactors,andthesafetyofthereactorsandtheprecautionstakenwhileusingthereactors
(Tabak).InJapan,Taiwan,China,Finland,andFrance,theconstructionofnewreactorshave
started,andintheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,andCanada,theconsiderationofnewreactors
havebegun.Theprocessthattakesplaceinnuclearpowerplants,callednuclearfission,uses
thermalenergythatcomesfromtheenergyreleasedfromthenucleiofatoms(Tabak).This
thermalenergythengetsconvertedintoelectricalenergyforusebyconsumers.Nuclearfission
releaseslargeamountsofenergyandhasnumerousconsequencestowardstheenvironment,
consumer,andnationalsecurity(Tabak).
Nuclearreactorsrequireanextensiveamountoftrainingtolearnhowtoproperlyoperate.
Nuclearpowerplantshaveasingleusemachine,whichhasthesolepurposeofconverting
thermalenergyintoelectricalenergy(Tabak).Thedifferencebetweenanuclearpowerplantand
allotherformsofpowerproductionservesastheprocessbywhichtheplantsgeneratethermal
energyintoelectricalenergy.Uranium,theelementusedinfission,hasmanydifferentwaysto
becomeprocessedandusedforthereactions.TheactoffissionusingUraniumgeneratesmore

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energythananyfossilfuel,makingitthemostdesirableformofenergy(Tabak).IntheUnited
States,neitheranuclearplantworker,noramemberofthepublichasdiedfromexposuretoa
largedoseofradiation.Alargeconcernofthepublic,however,comesfromthefactthatthe
samematerialsusedinnuclearfissioncanalsohaveanotherform:nuclearweapons.Thisfact
generallycausespeopletohesitateinsupportingthenuclearprogram,despiteitsmanybenefits
(Tabak).
Anissuethatpresentsitselfinthefieldofengineeringisthefactthatwomenare
consideredtheminorityandasaresult,thesameopportunitiesthatgotomen,donotusually
cometowomen.Consideredamaledominatedcareer,womenstruggletomakeanamefor
themselvesandstruggletomaketheirwayupthecorporateladderinthisfield.Underrepresented
inengineering,womenmakeupamere13.4percentofengineeringprofessionals(Koebler).
Womencontinuetofighttobreakthestereotypethatpreventsthemfrombecomingsuccessful
andobtainingequalopportunitiesasmen.AllisonKrafthadthistosayaboutherexperiencewith
thegenderdiscriminationinthefieldofengineering:Ihadadifficulttimeonceinawhileon
constructionsitesprobablyasacombinationofbeingfemaleandbeingyoung.Atmyfirstjob
outofcollegeoneoftheSeniorVPswasafemaleengineershewasonly1ofabout15butthat
probablyrepresentedthepercentageoffemaleengineersparticularlyinthatagedemographic.
(Kraft)
FrancesLockwood,thecurrentVPofTechnologyandProductionDevelopmentatthe
ValvolineCompany,workedthroughoutherlifeforsuccessandequalityforwomeninthefield
ofengineering.BorninPassaic,NewJerseyonJune4th1950andagraduatefromRensselaer
PolytechnicInstituteandPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,shesecuredaB.S.inChemistry,andan

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M.S.andPh.D.inChemicalEngineering.Shespentthemajorityofherresearchintheareaof
lubrication,friction,andwear(Ambroseetal).Lockwoodfacedmanychallengesthroughouther
lifetimeandcareer.Inhighschool,shedoubtedherabilitytosucceedinengineeringhowever,
withthehelpofadedicatedhighschoolteacher,whohelpedconstituteherconfidenceanddirect
hertowardsacollegeeducation,Lockwoodaccomplishedmanyofhergoals(Ambroseetal).
OtherchallengespresentedtoLockwoodincludedmovingtoanewcitybyherself,witha
sixmontholdsonandanewjob,whilestillmanagingtoclimbtowardsthetopofthecorporate
ladder.WomenlikeLockwoodinspireyounggirlstotakechancesandfighthardforequalityin
thefaceofadversity.
Intodayssociety,theresponsibilitiesofengineersvarygreatly.Forinstance,the
constructionoftheGoldenGateBridgemarkstheimpactthatengineershavehadonmodern
society.TheGoldenGateBridge,locatedinSanFrancisco,California,spans8,981feet(about
1.7miles)acrosstheGoldenGatestrait(GoldenGateBridgeDesign).Reachingup746feetin
height,thebridgehasatotalofsixlanes,andstands220feetabovethestrait(GoldenGate
BridgeDesign).ThemaindesignsoftheGoldenGateBridgeconsistofsuspension,thetruss
arch,andtrusscauseways,allmadeofsteel.TheGoldenGateBridgehadseveralmainengineers
workingonconstruction.JosephStrauss,in1921,hiredCharlesA.Ellistoleadthedesign
processandconstruction(GoldenGateBridgeDesign).Ellishadotherresponsibilities,such
asthedirectionofthousandsofcalculations,andthedevelopmentofthespecifications,
contracts,andproposalforms(GoldenGateBridgeDesign).However,in1931,Straussfired
Ellisbysuggestingtohimthathetakeanindefinite,unpaidvacationandturnhisdesignsoverto
hisassistantClarahan.OnJanuary5th,1933,constructionbeganandcontinuedonforfourlong

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years.Finally,onApril19th,1937,constructionconcludedandonMay28th,1937,thebridge
openedtotrafficandthepublicafteralong,tediousconstructionandplanningperiod(Golden).
TheGoldenGateBridgesymbolizestheaccomplishmentsmadebypastengineersandraisesthe
barforfutureendeavors.
Otherconcernsthatengineershaveonadailybasisincludewatertreatment,pollution,
anddiversion.Damscausealargeamountofissueswithwaterusage.Adam,definedasany
obstructionplacedinariverorstreamtoblocktheflowofwatersothatwatercanbestoredina
reservoir,hasmanyecologicalimpacts.Throughouttheworld,humanshavedesignedandbuilt
45,000damsinvariouslocations.Damshavemanybenefits,butalsocomewithapricesome
benefitsconsistofpowergeneration,cropirrigation,drinkingwater,floodingcontrol,andnew
recreationalopportunities.Costsincludehabitatalteration,populationdisplacement,sediment
capture,riskoffailure,andadeclineinfisheries(WithgottandBrennan).Afewexamples
includetheHooverDamontheColoradoRiverinbetweenNevadaandArizonaandtheThree
GorgesDamontheYangtzeRiverinYichang,China(WithgottandBrennan).TheThreeGorges
Damhashadthemostissuesarisesinceitsconstructionin2003.Ithasdisplacedthousandsof
peopleanddestroyedtheaquaticecosystemsdownstreamalso,failurewithinthedampresents
itselfasarisingproblem.Thedamcost$25milliontobuildandhasfloodedover22citiesalong
withthehomesof1.13millionpeopleinChina(WithgottandBrennan).Furthermore,thedam
hascompletelysubmergeda10,000yearoldarcheologicalsiteandproductivefarmlands.
Scientistsbelievethatpollutantswillgatherbehindthereservoir,preventingthepeopleand
surroundingwildlifefromdrinkingthewater(WithgottandBrennan).ThepeopleofChina

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continuetoremainhopefulthattheengineerswillhelpsolvetheirproblemsandprotecttheir
landandlivelihood.
InconjunctionwiththedilemmaontheYangtzeRiver,theColoradoRiverhasalarge
amountofobstaclesoccurringaswell.InsomepartsoftheColoradoRiver,thewaterdoesnot
reachtheoceanbecausehumanshavedivertedthewaterforotherneeds(WithgottandBrennan).
Areaswithwatershortagesrequiremorewaterbecausetheyhavealowamountofgroundwater
inthedrydeserts,buttheystillhavetosustainjustasmanypeopleandprovidedrinkingwater
forthem(WithgottandBrennan).VastamountsofwaterexittheColoradoRiverforvarious
otherusesasaresult,sometimesonlyatrickleremainsbythetimeitreachestheocean.This
predicamentleadsthefreshwaterecosystemsdownstreamtodecline,whilewipingout
populationsoffishandinvertebrates,changingplantcommunities,anddevastatingthe
downstreamfisheries(WithgottandBrennan).
Anotherissuerelatedtowaterinmodernsocietyconcernsdifferentkindsofwater
pollution.Typesofwaterpollutionincludenutrientpollution,pathogensandwaterbornedisease,
toxicchemicals,sedimentpollution,andthermalpollution(WithgottandBrennan).Arecent
exampleoftoxicchemicalpollutionhappenedonJanuary10th,2014inCharleston,West
Virginia,when5,000gallonsofanindustrialchemicalusedincoalprocessingpermeatedfroma
rupturedstoragetank,ownedbyFreedomIndustries,anddrainedintotheElkRiver.Tomake
mattersworse,thespilltookplacejustupstreamoftheintakepipesoftheregionalwater
company(Gabriel).Thechemical,identifiedas4MethylcyclohexaneMethanol(MCHM),
causedthewatertosmelllikelicorice,whileinducingheadachesandirritatingbotheyesand
skin(Gabriel).Officialsinvolvedinthecleanuplimitedtheuseofthewatertoflushingtoilets

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onlyandprohibiteddrinkingandshoweringinthewaterbecauseconstantexposuretochemical
couldleadtodifficultybreathing.Nooneknowshowlongthecleanupofthespillmaytakesince
thechemicalshavealreadymadetheirwayintothefiltrationsystemandtheyhavetoflushout
thewholesystem,alongwithallfirehydrants(Gabriel).Watercontinuestoplayacrucialrolein
theenvironmentandwithoutit,humansocietywouldnothavetheabilitytofunction.
Inconclusion,engineershaveresponsibilitiesthatincludediscoveringwaystocleanup
suchaccidentsinacosteffectivewaythatwillhavetheleastamountofimpactonthe
environment.Thefieldofengineeringcontinuestochangeaseachdaypassesacivil
engineeringexpertbelievesthatastimeprogresses,thefieldwillcontinuetogrowandinnovate
intheareasoftransportationsystemsandenvironmentalconcerns(Kraft).Engineersneedto
havemindsthatallowthemtothinkcriticallyandexplorenewtechnologyandoptionstohelp
improvetheworldasawhole.Differentengineersmayhavedifferentresponsibilities,butthey
allhaveoneendgoalinmindtobettersocietyandincreaseproductivity.Chemical,civil,and
nuclearengineersallplaycrucialrolesinthedevelopmentoftheworldwhilealldifferent,they
jointogetherinthehopesofreachingthesamegoal.

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