Institute of Academic Services

Mathematics Formulae

Trigonometric Ratios:
Perp
.Hyp

90
Sin=
Hyp
.Perp

90

Cos=

Hypt.
Per

Tan=

Sin=

1
Cosec

Base
Hyp

Cos=

Perp
Base

Tan=

1
Sec

Tan=

Sin
Cos

Cot=

Cos
Sin

1
Cot

Bas

Pythagorean Theorem & Basic Trig. Identities:

(Base)2+(Perp)2=(Hyp)2

sin2 +cos 2 =1

1+tan 2 =sec 2

1+cot 2 =cosec 2

Sign Identities: ()
sin()=sin cos()=cos tan ()=tan csc()=csc sec()=sec cot()=cot

Fundamental Identities:
sin( + )=sin . cos +cos . sin

sin( )=sin .cos cos . sin

cos( + )=cos . cos sin . sin

cos( )=cos . cos +sin . sin

tan ( + )=

tan +tan
1tan . tan

tan ( )=

tan tan
1+tan . tan

Double Angle Identities:

tan 2 =

cos 2 =cos2 sin 2

sin 2=2 sin cos

2 tan
2
1tan

Half Angle Identities:

1cos
sin =
2
2

1+cos
cos =
2
2

1cos
tan =
2
1+cos

Sum to Product:

( P+2Q ) cos( PQ
2 )
P+ Q
PQ
cosP+ cosQ=2cos (
cos (
)
2
2 )
sinP + sinQ=2 sin

PQ
sin (
( P+Q
)
2
2 )
P+Q
PQ
cosPcosQ=2sin (
sin (
)
2
2 )
sinPsinQ=2 cos

Product to Sum:
2 sin . cos =sin ( + ) +sin ( )

2 cos . sin =sin ( + ) sin ( )

2 cos . cos =cos ( + ) +cos ( )

- 2 sin . sin =cos ( + ) cos ( )

Law of Sine:

a
b
c
=
=
sin sin sin

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Mathematics Formulae
2

b 2+ c2 a2
Cos=
2 bc

a =b +c 2 bc (Cos )

Law of Cosine:

b2=a2 +c 22 ac ( Cos )

Cos=

a2+ c 2b2
2ac

c 2=a 2+ b22 ab(Cos )

Cos=

a 2+ b2c 2
2 ab

Law of Tangent:
+
(
2 )
a+b
=
ab

tan (
2 )
tan

(i)

+
(
2 )
b+c
=
bc

tan (
2 )

+
(
2 )
c+ a
=
ca

tan (
2 )

tan

(ii)

tan

(iii)

Half Angle Formulas:

(sb)(sc)

sin =
2
bc

(sa)(sc)

sin =
2
ac

(sa)( sb)

sin =
2
ab

s( sa)

cos =
2
bc

s (sb)

cos =
2
ac

s (sc)

cos =
2
ab

Circumcircle:
The Circumcircle or Circumscribed circle of a Triangle is a circle which passes through all
the vertices of the Triangle. The center of this circle is called the Circumcenter (R) .

R=

abc
4

; where

sb ( sc)
s( sa)
=

and

s=

a+ b+c
2

In-Circle:
The In-Circle or Inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle contained in the triangle,
or a circle inscribed in a triangle is called In-Circle or Inscribed circle. It touches (inwardly) the
three sides of triangle. The center of the In-Circle is called the In-C enter (r).

r=
s

; where

sb (sc)
s( sa)
=

and

s=

a+ b+c
2

Escribed Circle:
An excircle or escribed circle is a circle that lying outside the triangle, touching externally to
one of its sides and touching internally to the extensions of the other two sides.

r 1=

sa

r 2=

sb

r3 =

sc

Area of Triangle (

):

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Mathematics Formulae
sb ( sc)
s( sa)
=

s=

a+ b+c
2

(Also called Heron's or Heros Area Formula)

1
1
1
= ab sin = bc sin = ca sin
2
2
2
=

a2 sin sin b 2 sin sin c 2 sin sin

=
=
2 sin
2 sin
2 sin

Inverse Formulas:
sin 1 A +sin 1 B=sin1 ( A 1B 2+ B 1 A2 )
sin 1 Asin1 B=sin1 ( A 1B2B 1A 2 )
cos1 A +cos1 B=cos1 ( AB (1 A 2)(1B 2) )
cos Acos B=cos

( AB+ (1 A 2)(1B 2))

tan 1 A + tan1 B=tan 1

A +B
1 AB

2 tan 1 A=tan1

tan 1 Atan 1 B=tan 1

AB
1+ AB

2A
1 A2

Table of Trigonometric Values:

/2

degr
ee
in
radia
n

30

45

60

90

180

270

360

3
2

sin :

1
2

1
2

cos :

1
2

1
2

1 Quad.

Sin +ve

All +ve

Tan +ve

Cos +ve

nd

st

2 Quad.

rd

3 Quad.

th

4 Quad.

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Mathematics Formulae
tan :

1
3

3/2

Derivatives Formulas
The Chain Rule
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx

Also Chain Rule is

d
'
fog ( x ) ] = [ f ( g ( x ) ) ] . g' (x)
[
dx

The Power Formula

d n
( x )=n x n1
dx

Product Rule
d
( u . v )=v . u' + u . v '
dx

Quotient Rule
d u v .u' u. v '
=
dx v
v2

()

Others:
d
1
( log a x )= x . ln a
dx
d
1
( ln x )=
dx
x
d x
( a )=a x .lna
dx
d x
x
(e )=e
dx
d
( sinx )=cosx
dx
d
( cosx )=sinx
dx
d
( tanx )=sec 2 x
dx
d
( secx ) =secx . tanx
dx

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d
( cosecx )=cosecx . cotx
dx

Mathematics Formulae

d
( sechx ) =sechx .tanhx
dx

d
( cotx )=cosec 2 x
dx

d
(cschx)=cosechxcothx
dx

d
( sin1 x ) = 1 2
dx
1x

d
( cothx )=cosech 2 x
dx

d
( cos1 x )= 1 2
dx
1x

d
( sinh1 x ) = 12
dx
x +1

d
( tan1 x )= 1 2
dx
1+ x

d
( cosh1 x )= 12
dx
x 1

d
( sec 1 x )= 12
dx
x x 1

d
( tanh1 x )= 1 2 ; if |x|<1
dx
1x

d
( cosec1 x ) = 12
dx
x x 1

d
( coth1 x ) = 1 2 ;if |x|>1
dx
1x

d
( cot1 x ) = 1 2
dx
1+ x

d
( sech1 x ) = 1 2
dx
x 1x

d
( sinhx )=coshx
dx

d
( cosech1 x )= 1 2
dx
x 1+ x

d
( coshx )=sinhx
dx
d
( tanhx )=sech2 x
dx

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