Chapter 14 and 15 Homework

5/1/2014
Chapter 14 and 15 Homework

Due: 10:00pm on Friday, May 2, 2014
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Good Vibes: Introduction to Oscillations

Learning Goal:
To learn the basic terminology and relationships among the main characteristics of simple harmonic motion.
Motion that repeats itself over and over is called periodic motion. There are many examples of periodic motion: the earth
revolving around the sun, an elastic ball bouncing up and down, or a block attached to a spring oscillating back and
forth.
The last example differs from the first two, in that it represents a special kind of periodic motion called simple harmonic
motion. The conditions that lead to simple harmonic motion are as follows:
There must be a position of stable equilibrium.
There must be a restoring force acting on the oscillating object. The direction of this force must always
point toward the equilibrium, and its magnitude must be directly proportional to the magnitude of the
object's displacement from its equilibrium position. Mathematically, the restoring force F is given by
F = kx
, where x is the displacement from equilibrium and k is a constant that depends on the
properties of the oscillating system.
The resistive forces in the system must be reasonably small.
In this problem, we will introduce some of the basic quantities that describe oscillations and the relationships among
them.
Consider a block of mass m attached to a spring with force constant k, as shown in the figure. The spring can be either
stretched or compressed. The block slides on a frictionless
horizontal surface, as shown. When the spring is relaxed, the
block is located at x = 0. If the block is pulled to the right a
distance A and then released, A will be the amplitude of the
resulting oscillations.
Assume that the mechanical energy of the block-spring
system remains unchanged in the subsequent motion of the
block.
Part A
After the block is released from
, it will
x = A
ANSWER:
http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=2862739
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remain at rest.
move to the left until it reaches equilibrium and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches
x = A
and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches
x = A
and then begin to move to the right.
Correct
As the block begins its motion to the left, it accelerates. Although the restoring force decreases as the block
approaches equilibrium, it still pulls the block to the left, so by the time the equilibrium position is reached, the
block has gained some speed. It will, therefore, pass the equilibrium position and keep moving, compressing
the spring. The spring will now be pushing the block to the right, and the block will slow down, temporarily
coming to rest at x = A.
After x = A is reached, the block will begin its motion to the right, pushed by the spring. The block will
pass the equilibrium position and continue until it reaches x = A, completing one cycle of motion. The motion
will then repeat; if, as we've assumed, there is no friction, the motion will repeat indefinitely.
The time it takes the block to complete one cycle is called the period. Usually, the period is denoted T and is
measured in seconds.
The frequency, denoted f , is the number of cycles that are completed per unit of time:
measured in inverse seconds, or hertz (Hz).
f = 1/T
. In SI units,
is
Part B
If the period is doubled, the frequency is
ANSWER:
unchanged.
doubled.
halved.
Correct
Part C
An oscillating object takes 0.10 s to complete one cycle; that is, its period is 0.10 s. What is its frequency
Express your answer in hertz.

ANSWER:
f
= 10
Hz
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Correct
Part D
If the frequency is 40 Hz, what is the period T ?
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER:
T
= 0.025
Correct
The following questions refer to the figure that graphically

depicts the oscillations of the block on the spring.
Note that the vertical axis represents the x coordinate of the
oscillating object, and the horizontal axis represents time.
Part E
Which points on the x axis are located a distance A from the equilibrium position?
ANSWER:
R only
Q only
both R and Q
Correct
Part F
Suppose that the period is
. Which of the following points on the t axis are separated by the time interval
?
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ANSWER:
K and L
K and M
K and P
L and N
M and P
Correct
Now assume for the remaining Parts G - J, that the x coordinate of point R is 0.12 m and the t coordinate of point K is
0.0050 s.
Part G
What is the period T ?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem

In moving from the point t = 0 to the point K, what fraction of a full wavelength is covered? Call that fraction
a. Then you can set aT = 0.005 s . Dividing by the fraction a will give the period T .
ANSWER:
T
= 0.02
Correct
Part H
How much time t does the block take to travel from the point of maximum displacement to the opposite point of
maximum displacement?
ANSWER:
t
= 0.01
Correct
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Part I
What distance d does the object cover during one period of oscillation?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
d
= 0.48
Correct
Part J
What distance d does the object cover between the moments labeled K and N on the graph?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
d
= 0.36
Correct
Matching Initial Position and Velocity of Oscillator

Learning Goal:
Understand how to determine the constants in the general equation for simple harmonic motion, in terms of given initial
conditions.
A common problem in physics is to match the particular initial conditions - generally given as an initial position x0 and
velocity v) at t = 0 - once you have obtained the general solution. You have dealt with this problem in kinematics,
where the formula
1.
x(t) = x0 + v0 t +
at
has two arbitrary constants (technically constants of integration that arise when finding the position given that the
acceleration is a constant). The constants in this case are the initial position and velocity, so "fitting" the general
solution to the initial conditions is very simple.
For simple harmonic motion, it is more difficult to fit the initial conditions, which we take to be
x0
, the position of the oscillator at t = 0, and

, the velocity of the oscillator at t = 0.
v0
There are two common forms for the general solution for the position of a harmonic oscillator as a function of time t:
2.
x(t) = A cos (t + )
3.
x(t) = C cos (t) + S sin (t)
where A,
and
, and S are constants,
is the oscillation frequency, and t is time.
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Although both expressions have two arbitrary constants--parameters that can be adjusted to fit the solution to the initial
conditions--Equation 3 is much easier to use to accommodate x0 and v0 . (Equation 2 would be appropriate if the initial
conditions were specified as the total energy and the time of the first zero crossing, for example.)
Part A
Find C and S in terms of the initial position and velocity of the oscillator.
Give your answers in terms of x0 ,
v0
, and
. Separate your answers with a comma.
Hint 1. The only good way to start

Which of the following procedures would solve this problem in the most straightforward manner?
ANSWER:
Differentiate x(t) twice to find a(t). Then integrate it twice. Plug in v0 and x0 as the constants of
integration.
Differentiate x(t) once to find v(t). Evaluate x(t
desired quantities.
= 0)
and v(t
= 0)
and then solve for the
Dimensional analysis suffices since x0 and v0 have different dimensions.

Use Equation 1. Plug in a = kx(t)/m where k/m
Hint 2. Using kinematic relationships

Find v(t), the velocity as a function of time from Equation 3.
Hint 1. Derivative of a trig function

From the chain rule of calculus, find the derivative of cos (mt) with respect to time.
ANSWER:
d cos (mt)
dt
msin(mt)
ANSWER:
v(t)
Csin(t) + Scos(t)
Hint 3. Initial position

Now you have general expressions for x(t) and v(t). Find the position at
t = 0
ANSWER:
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x(t = 0)
Hint 4. Initial velocity

Find the velocity at time t
= 0
ANSWER:
v(t = 0)
ANSWER:
C
x0 ,
v0
Correct
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of an Oscillator

Learning Goal:
To learn to find kinematic variables from a graph of position vs. time.
The graph of the position of an oscillating object as a function of time is shown.
Some of the questions ask you to determine ranges on the
graph over which a statement is true. When answering these
questions, choose the most complete answer. For example, if
the answer "B to D" were correct, then "B to C" would
technically also be correct--but you will only recieve credit for
choosing the most complete answer.
Part A
Where on the graph is
x > 0
ANSWER:
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A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part B
x < 0
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part C
x = 0
ANSWER:
A only
C only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Part D
v > 0
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Where on the graph is the velocity
v > 0
Hint 1. Finding instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the derivative of the position function with respect to time,
v(t) =
dx(t)
dt
Thus, you can find the velocity at any time by calculating the slope of the x vs.
greater than 0 on this graph?
graph. When is the slope
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part E
v < 0
v = 0
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part F
Hint 1. How to tell if v
= 0
dx(t)
=0
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The velocity is zero when the slope of the x vs. t curve is zero:
dx(t)
dt
= 0.
ANSWER:
A only
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Part G
Where on the graph is the acceleration a > 0?
Hint 1. Finding acceleration

Acceleration is the second derivative of the position function with respect to time:
2
a=
d x(t)
2
dt
This means that the sign of the acceleration is the same as the sign of the curvature of the x vs. t graph. The
acceleration of a curve is negative for downward curvature and positive for upward curvature. Where is the
curvature greater than 0?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part H
a < 0
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Where on the graph is the acceleration a < 0?

ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part I
Where on the graph is the acceleration a = 0?
Hint 1. How to tell if a
= 0
The acceleration is zero at the inflection points of the x vs. t graph. Inflection points are where the curvature
of the graph changes sign.
ANSWER:
A only
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Simple Harmonic Motion Conceptual Question

An object of mass m is attached to a vertically oriented spring. The object is pulled a short distance below its
equilibrium position and released from rest. Set the origin of the coordinate system at the equilibrium position of the
object and choose upward as the positive direction. Assume air resistance is so small that it can be ignored.
Refer to these graphs when answering the following questions.
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Part A
Beginning the instant the object is released, select the graph that best matches the position vs. time graph for the
object.

To find the graph that best matches the object's position vs. time, first determine the initial value of the
position. This will narrow down your choices of possible graphs. Then, interpret what the remaining graphs
say about the subsequent motion of the object. You should find that only one graph describes the position of
the object correctly.
Hint 2. Find the initial position

The origin of the coordinate system is set at the equilibrium position of the object, with the positive direction
upward. The object is pulled below equilibrium and released. Therefore, is the initial position positive,
negative, or zero?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Correct
Part B
Beginning the instant the object is released, select the graph that best matches the velocity vs. time graph for the
object.
Hint 1. Find the initial velocity

The object is released from rest. Is the initial velocity positive, negative, or zero?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Hint 2. Find the velocity a short time later

After the object is released from rest, in which direction will it initially move?
ANSWER:
upward (positive)
downward (negative)
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Correct
Part C
Beginning the instant the object is released, select the graph that best matches the acceleration vs. time graph for
the object.
Hint 1. Find the initial acceleration

The object is released from rest, and a short time later it is moving upward. Based on this observation, what
is the direction of the initial acceleration?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
neither positive nor negative (i.e., there is no acceleration)
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Correct
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Exercise 14.6
In a physics lab, you attach a 0.200-kg air-track glider to the end of an ideal spring of negligible mass and start it
oscillating. The elapsed time from when the glider first moves through the equilibrium point to the second time it moves
through that point is 2.60 s.
Part A
Find the spring's force constant.
ANSWER:
k
= 0.292
N/m
Correct
Exercise 14.9
An object is undergoing SHM with period 0.880s and amplitude 0.320 m. At
instantaneously at rest.
= 0, the object is at
= 0.320 m and is
Part A
Calculate the time it takes the object to go from
= 0.320 m, to x = 0.160 m.
Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:
t
= 0.147 s
Correct
Part B
Calculate the time it takes the object to go from
= 0.160 m, to x = 0.

ANSWER:
t
= 7.33102 s
Correct
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Exercise 14.11
A frictionless block of mass 2.50kg is attached to an ideal spring with force constant 320N/m . At t = 0 the spring is
neither stretched nor compressed and the block is moving in the negative direction at a speed of 13.0m/s .
Part A
Find the amplitude.
ANSWER:
A
= 1.15
Correct
Part B
Find the phase angle.
ANSWER:
= 1.57
rad
Correct
Part C
Write an equation for the position as a function of time.
ANSWER:
1.15m )sin((11.3rad/s )t)
x = (
1.15m )cos((11.3rad/s )t)
x = (
11.3 m)sin((1.15 rad/s)t)
x = (
11.3 m)cos((1.15 rad/s)t)
x = (
Correct
Energy of a Spring
An object of mass m attached to a spring of force constant k oscillates with simple harmonic motion. The maximum
displacement from equilibrium is A and the total mechanical energy of the system is E .
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Part A
What is the system's potential energy when its kinetic energy is equal to
3
4
E?

Since the sum of kinetic and potential energies of the system is equal to the system's total energy, if you
know the fraction of total energy corresponding to kinetic energy you can calculate how much energy is
potential energy. Moreover, using conservation of energy you can calculate the system's total energy in
terms of the given quantities k and A. At this point you simply need to combine those results to find the
potential energy of the system in terms of k and A.
Hint 2. Find the fraction of total energy that is potential energy

When the kinetic energy of the system is equal to
3
4
E,
what fraction of the total energy
is potential
energy?
Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. Conservation of mechanical energy

In a system where no forces other than gravitational and elastic forces do work, the sum of kinetic
energy K and potential energy U is conserved. That is, the total energy E of the system, given by
E = K + U , is constant.
ANSWER:
0.250
Hint 3. Find the total energy of the system

What is the total mechanical energy of the system,
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables m, k, and

If you apply conservation of energy to the system when the object reaches its maximum
displacement, you can calculate the system's total energy E in terms of the given quantities A and
k. In fact, when the object is at its maximum displacement from equilibrium, its speed is momentarily
zero and so is its kinetic energy. It follows that the system's energy at this point is entirely potential,
that is, E = U , where U is the spring's elastic potential energy.
Hint 2. Elastic potential energy

The elastic potential energy
given by
of a spring that has been compressed or stretched by a distance x is
U =
1
2
k
kx
,
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where k is the force constant of the spring.
ANSWER:
E
kA
ANSWER:
2
kA
kA
2
kA
4
kA
Correct
Part B
What is the object's velocity when its potential energy is
2
3
E?

You can calculate the object's velocity using energy considerations. Calculate the fraction of the system's
total energy that is kinetic energy and then find the object's velocity from the definition of kinetic energy. To
simplify your expression write the total energy in terms of k and A. Alternatively, you could directly use the
formula for the object's velocity in terms of the variables k, m, A, and displacement x derived from energy
considerations. The only unknown quantity in such a formula would be the object's displacement x, which
can be calculated from the system's potential energy.
Hint 2. Find the kinetic energy

If the system's potential energy is
2
3
E,
what is the system's kinetic energy?
Hint 1. Conservation of mechanical energy

In a system where no forces other than gravitational and elastic forces do work, the sum of kinetic
energy K and potential energy U is conserved. That is, the total energy E of the system, given by
E = K + U , is constant.
Hint 2. Total energy of the system

The total energy of a system consisting of an object attached to a horizontal spring of force constant
k
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k
is given by
E=
1
2
kA
where A is the maximum displacement of the object from its equilibrium position.
ANSWER:
1
2
1
3
1
6
2
3
kA
kA
kA
kA
Hint 3. Formula for the velocity in terms of position

The velocity of an object of mass
undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by

v=
where k is the force constant of the system,
2
k
A x2
is the object's position, and A is maximum displacement.
Hint 4. Find the object's position

When the system's potential energy is
2
3
E,
what is the displacement
of the object from its equilibrium
position?
Hint 1. Elastic potential energy

The elastic potential energy
given by
of a spring that has been compressed or stretched by a distance x is
U =
1
2
kx
where k is the force constant of the spring.
Hint 2. Total energy of the system

The total energy of a system consisting of an object attached to a horizontal spring of force constant
k is given by
E=
1
2
kA
where A is the maximum displacement of the object from its equilibrium position.
ANSWER:
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2
3k
ANSWER:
m A
2
3
A
3
A
6
Correct
Exercise 14.23
A small block is attached to an ideal spring and is moving in SHM on a horizontal, frictionless surface. The amplitude of
the motion is 0.140m . The maximum speed of the block is 3.81m/s .
Part A
What is the maximum magnitude of the acceleration of the block?
ANSWER:
a
= 104
m
s2
Correct
Exercise 14.31
You are watching an object that is moving in SHM. When the object is displaced 0.600 m to the right of its equilibrium
position, it has a velocity of 2.20 m/s to the right and an acceleration of 8.40 m/s2 to the left.
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Part A
How much farther from this point will the object move before it stops momentarily and then starts to move back to
the left?
ANSWER:
0.240
Correct
Gravity on Another Planet

After landing on an unfamiliar planet, a space explorer constructs a simple pendulum of length 50.0cm . The explorer
finds that the pendulum completes 101 full swing cycles in a time of 145s .
Part A
What is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on this planet?
Express your answer in meters per second per second.

Calculate the period of the pendulum, and use this to calculate the magnitude of the gravitational
acceleration on the planet.
Hint 2. Calculate the period

Calculate the period T of the pendulum.
ANSWER:
T
= 1.44
Hint 3. Equation for the period

The period of a simple pendulum is given by the equation T
= 2L/g
planet
, where L is the length of the
pendulum and gplanet is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on the planet.
ANSWER:
g planet
= 9.58
m/s
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Correct
Properties of Ocean Waves

A fisherman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically without any horizontal motion, owing to waves on
the surface of the water. It takes a time of 2.00s for the boat to travel from its highest point to its lowest, a total distance
of 0.670m . The fisherman sees that the wave crests are spaced a horizontal distance of 6.00m apart.
Part A
How fast are the waves traveling?
Express the speed
in meters per second using three significant figures.

Calculate the period of the ocean waves, using the fisherman's observations. Then, use the period and
wavelength to calculate the speed of the waves.
Hint 2. Calculate the period of the waves

Calculate the period T of the ocean waves.
Express your answer in seconds using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Definition of period

The period of a wave is the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a particular point. This is also
the time it takes to go from one crest to the next, or from one trough to the next.
ANSWER:
T
= 4.00
Hint 3. Equation for the speed of a wave

The speed of a wave is given by
, where f is the frequency of the waves and = 6.00m is the
v = f
wavelength. The frequency is simply the reciprocal of the period, or f
= 1/T
ANSWER:
v
= 1.50
m/s
Correct
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Part B
What is the amplitude A of each wave?
Express your answer in meters using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Definition of amplitude

The amplitude of a wave is the vertical distance from the top of the crest to the neutral position, halfway
between the crest and trough. Equivalently, the amplitude is the vertical distance from the bottom of the
trough to the neutral position.
ANSWER:
A
= 0.335
Correct
The fisherman does not simply move up and down as the waves pass by. In fact, the motion of the fisherman
will be roughly circular with both upward and forward components (with respect to the direction of the wave) as
the wave rises and downward and backward components as the wave falls. The water that comprises the
ocean wave itself moves in this same way. Thus, an ocean wave is not a purely transverse wave; it also has a
longitudinal component.
Exercise 15.4
Ultrasound is the name given to frequencies above the human range of hearing, which is about 20000 Hz. Waves above
this frequency can be used to penetrate the body and to produce images by reflecting from surfaces. In a typical
ultrasound scan, the waves travel with a speed of 1500 m/s. For a good detailed image, the wavelength should be no
more than 1.0 mm.
Part A
What frequency is required?
ANSWER:
f
= 1.50106
Hz
Correct
Standard Expression for a Traveling Wave

Learning Goal:
To understand the standard formula for a sinusoidal traveling wave.
One formula for a wave with a y displacement (e.g., of a string) traveling in the x direction is
y(x, t) = A sin(kx t)
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y(x, t) = A sin(kx t)
All the questions in this problem refer to this formula and to the wave it describes.
Part A
Which of the following are independent variables?
Hint 1. What are independent variables?

Independent variables are those that are freely varied to control the value of the function. The independent
variables typically appear on the horizontal axis of a plot of the function.
ANSWER:
only
x
t
only
only
A
k
only
only
and t
and t
and k and
Correct
Part B
Which of the following are parameters that determine the characteristics of the wave?
Hint 1. What are parameters?

Parameters are constants that determine the characteristics of a particular function. For a wave these
include the amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and period of the wave.
ANSWER:
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only
x
t
only
only
A
k
only
only
and t
and t
and k and
Correct
Part C
What is the phase (x, t) of the wave?
Express the phase in terms of one or more given variables ( A, k,
like .
, , and
x t
) and any needed constants
Hint 1. Definition of phase

The phase is the argument of the trig function, which is expressed in radians.
ANSWER:
(x, t)
kx t
Correct
Part D
What is the wavelength of the wave?
Express the wavelength in terms of one or more given variables ( A, k,
constants like .
, , and
x t
) and any needed
Hint 1. Finding the wavelength

Consider the form of the wave at time t = 0. The wave crosses the y axis, sloping upward at x = 0. The
wavelength is the x position at which the wave next crosses the y axis, sloping upward (i.e., the length of
one complete cycle of oscillation).
ANSWER:
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2
k
Correct
Part E
What is the period T of this wave?
Express the period in terms of one or more given variables ( A, k,
like .
, , and
x t
) and any needed constants
ANSWER:
T
Correct
Part F
What is the speed of propagation v of this wave?
Express the speed of propagation in terms of one or more given variables ( A, k,
needed constants like .
Hint 1. How to find
, , and
x t
) and any
If you've done the previous parts of this problem, you have found the wavelength and the period of this wave.
The speed of propagation is a function of these two quantities: v = /T .
ANSWER:
v
Correct
Breaking Storm Waves

Large waves on the deep ocean propagate at the speed
v=
where g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity and k is the wavenumber.
Seafaring mariners report that in great storms when the average peak-to-peak wave height becomes about 1/7 of the
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wavelength, the tops of the largest ocean waves can become separated from the rest of the wave. They claim that the
wind and the wave's forward velocity cause huge "hunks" of water to tumble down the face of the wave. Some are
reportedly large enough to damage or capsize small vessels.
The reason these "rogue waves" appear is that the amplitude of the water waves becomes so large that the acceleration
of the water in the top of the wave would have to be greater than g for the wave to stay in one piece. Because gravity is
the only significant vertical force on the water, the acceleration cannot exceed g, so instead the water at the top of the
wave breaks off and is blown down the side of the wave.
In this problem, you will compute the ratio of amplitude to wavelength of a rogue wave.
The analytic expression for the vertical displacement of the water surface when an ocean wave of amplitude A is
propagating in the +x direction is
.
z(x, t) = A cos(kx t)
Part A
Find the angular frequency
of water waves.
Express the angular frequency in terms of the wavenumber
and constants such as g and
. All of these
may not be present in your answer.
Hint 1. Define
Express the wavenumber k in terms of the angular frequency of the wave and the wave velocity v.
ANSWER:
k
ANSWER:
gk
Correct
Part B
Find the vertical acceleration az (x, t) of this wave at position x and time t.
Express the vertical acceleration in terms of (Greek letter 'omega'), k,
variables x and t.
, and the independent

The acceleration of a point on the wave is equal to the derivative of the velocity of that point (with respect to
time).
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Hint 2. Find an expression for the velocity

Find the vertical velocity of this wave at position x and time t. We'll call this velocity
vz (x, t)
to distinguish it
from the wave speed v.

Express the vertical velocity in terms of (Greek letter 'omega'), k,
variables x and t.
, and the independent
Hint 1. How to find the velocity

The velocity is the partial derivative of z(x, t) with respect to t. This is simply the derivative of z(x, t)
with respect to t, treating x as a constant.
Hint 2. A helpful derivative

d
dt
cos(a + bt) = b sin(a + bt).
ANSWER:
v z (x, t)
Asin(kx t)
Hint 3. A helpful derivative

d
dt
sin(a + bt) = b cos(a + bt).
ANSWER:
az (x, t)
A cos(kx t)
Correct
Part C
Now find the critical ratio of A to such that this wave will have a maximum acceleration at the top of g. Then
the water at the top would have to accelerate faster than g to stay connected with the wave, which is clearly not
possible!
Express A/ in terms of constants (such as g,
, etc.).
Hint 1. Find the maximum acceleration

From the expression for acceleration found in the last part, what is the maximum negative value of the
acceleration?
Express your answer in terms of A and
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Hint 1. Maximum value of cos(kx t)

The maximum value of cos(kx t) is 1.
ANSWER:
=
amax
Hint 2. Relationship between

Express
and
in terms of k and constants such as
and .
ANSWER:
2
k
ANSWER:
A
= 0.159
Correct
This ratio is about 1/6, which implies a ratio of peak-to-peak wave height to wavelength of about 1/3 (since
amplitude is 1/2 peak-to-peak height). The factor of 2 discrepancy with sailors' experience probably results
from the fact that actually not all the waves are of the same height. In fact, a fraction of only about 1% of the
waves in a ocean storm are "rogue waves," and are about twice the average wave height. So when most of the
waves in a storm have a height to wavelength ratio of 1/6 or 1/7, the rogue waves will just start to have a height
to wavelength ratio of 1/3, where they start doing damage.
Note that x and t do not appear in your answer: You are not focusing on the acceleration of a particular point
on the wave, but rather on the maximum acceleration that any arbitrary point on the wave will experience.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 110%.
You received 14.33 out of a possible total of 14 points, plus 1.05 points of extra credit.
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