MandiSeaton

MuscleSystemLabReport
Mrs.Lafferty
Awholeskeletalmuscleisconsideredanorganofthemuscularsystem.Eachmuscle
consistsofskeletalmuscletissue,connectivetissue,nervetissue,andbloodorvascular
tissue.Anindividualmusclecelliscalledamusclefiber.Musclefibersareenclosedbya
plasmamembrane.Theplasmamembraneisknownassarcolemma.Thecytoplasminside
themusclefiberiscalledsarcoplasm.Withinthesarcoplasm,(T)tubulestransport
substancesthroughoutthefiber.The(T)tubulesarecloseinproximitytothesarcoplasmic
reticulumthatstorescalcium.Oneresearchdoneonthemuscularsystemwasovermuscle
recovery.Growthfactors,includingbasicfibroblastgrowthfactor,insulinlikegrowthfactor,
andnervegrowthfactor,canimprovemuscleregeneration,butthepostinjuryhealing
processremainsincomplete(Huard,J.,Li,Y.,&Fu,F.H.,2002).Anothersourcessaythat
eventhoughpeoplearededicatedtobetterunderstandingskeletalmuscleregeneration,there
hasbeenrelativelylittleimpactonclinicalapproachestotreatingskeletalmuscleinjuries
(Ambrosio,F.,Kadi,F.,Lexell,J.,Fitzgerald,G.K.,Boninger,M.L.,&Huard,J,2009).There
isalsoresearchsupportingdysfunctionofthemitochondriainthehumanskeletalmusclein
type2diabetes(Kelley,D.E.,He,J.,Menshikova,E.V.,&Ritov,V.B.,2002).

Figure1
Figure1(drawnbyMandiSeaton)
isthestructureoftheskeletalmuscle.Thedrawingstarts
withaskeletalmuscle.Itthencontinuesbreakingdownthemuscleintocellsuntilwereach
thesmallstrandsofmyosinandactin.TheimagecanbefoundlabeledbyMandiSeatonon
thinglink.
http://www.thinglink.com/scene/609229820198387712

Whenaneuronstimulatesamusclecellitsendsawaveofactionpotentialoverthe
plasmamembrane.Theactionpotentialreleasesinternallystoragecalciumwhichthencause
amusclecontraction.Thestructureofthemusclefiberallowsforquickdistributionofcalcium
ionsthroughoutthecytosol.(T)Tubulescrisscrossthecell.Whenthecellisstimulated,a

MandiSeaton
MuscleSystemLabReport
Mrs.Lafferty
waveofdepolarizationspreadsovertheplasmamembrane.thewavethenmovesdeepinthe
cellsviathetubules.Heretherearevoltagesensitiveproteinsthatcontrolacalciumrelease
channel.Itisadjacenttothesarcoplasmicreticulum.Thesarcoplasmicreticulumisthemajor
calciumstorageinmusclecells.Thewavescausethechanneltoopenandreleasethe
calciumthroughoutcytosolofthecells.Withinabundleofamusclecell,calledamyofibril,
thecalciumreactswithproteinfilamentstocauseacontraction.Ineachsarcomere,or
contractionunit,thinactinandthickmyosinareopposed,butcannotreactintheabsenceof
calcium.Thisisbecausewheremyosinbindstotheactinfilamentsarecoveredinrodshaped
proteinscalledtropomyosin.Calciumsensitivecomplex,calledtroponinisattachedtotheend
ofeverytropomyosin.Whencalciumfloodsthecel,troponinbindstoitmovingtropomyosin
offofthebindingsites.Openingthemyosinbindingsiteontheactinfilamentallowsmyosinto
crawlalongtheactin.Thisresultsinacontractionofthemusclefiber.Calciumisthenquickly
returntothesarcoplasmicreticulumbyacalciumpump.Withoutcalcium,themyosinrelease
theactin.Theythenslidebacktotheiroriginalposition.
(Receivedfrom
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/muscle.html
)

Figure2
In
Figure2(drawnbyMandiSeaton),
itshowstheactinandmyosinbeforeandafter
contraction.

Figure3

Figure4

MandiSeaton
MuscleSystemLabReport
Mrs.Lafferty
Fi
gure3

(takenbyPedroandMandi
)arelaxedrabbitmusclefiberbeforeATPwasapplied.
Figure4(takenbyRachelandMandi)
israbbitmusclethathascontractedafterATPsolution
wasadded.

ThisrepresentsBothpicturewheretakenatmagnificationx100.

Figure5
Figure6
Figure5and6
showthelengthsanddiametersof5differenttrialincludingrabbitmuscle
fibers.In
figure5
,thelengthineachtrialgotsmallerwhenthefibercontract.Whilein
figure6
,
itcanbeseenthatthediameterstretchedafterthecontractionoccurred.

BeforeATPisadded,themusclefibersarerelaxed.Whenrelaxed,thecellsedgesare
smooth.Anexamplecanbeseenofthisin
figure3.
AfterATPisadded,themusclefiber
contracts.Whencontracted,thecellsedgesbecomeroughandrigid.Anexampleofthiscan
beseenin
figure4
.Thedatareceivedfrommeasuringthefibersbeforeandaftercontraction
showsthatthediameterincreases,whilethelengthdecreases.Youcangetsomevariations
indatafordifferentreasons.Measurementscanaffectthedatadependingontherulers,
microscope,etc.Also,thetemperatureofthelightthemicroscopeisemittingisafactor.The
lengthandnumbersofmusclefibersinthebundlecanchangethemeasurementsdata.The
amountofATPaddedandthetimespentonthemusclefibermaybeafactorinthedegreeof
change.

MandiSeaton
MuscleSystemLabReport
Mrs.Lafferty

Figure8

Figure7

Figure7
isatableshowingdataforcontinuousgrip.Figure8isatableshowingdata
forrepetitivegrip.ThedatafrombothtableswerecollectedbyRhiannonTrevino,Guadalupe
Valverde,andMandiSeaton.Thedatavaluesweretakenfrommygripstrength.

WorksCited

MandiSeaton
MuscleSystemLabReport
Mrs.Lafferty
Alberts,etal.,
MolecularBiologyoftheCell,
FifthEdition,
GarlandSciencePublishing
2008GarlandSciencePublishingandSumanas,Inc.
Lieber,R.(2002).SkeletalMuscleStructure.
Function,andPlasticity,2ndEdn
Philadelphia:LippincottWilliamsandWilkins
.
Huard,J.,Li,Y.,&Fu,F.H.(2002).Muscleinjuriesandrepair:currenttrendsin
research.
TheJournalofBone&JointSurgery
,
84
(5),822832.
Kelley,D.E.,He,J.,Menshikova,E.V.,&Ritov,V.B.(2002).Dysfunctionof
mitochondriainhumanskeletalmuscleintype2diabetes.
Diabetes
,
51
(10),29442950.
Ambrosio,F.,Kadi,F.,Lexell,J.,Fitzgerald,G.K.,Boninger,M.L.,&Huard,J.(2009).
Theeffectofmuscleloadingonskeletalmuscleregenerativepotential:anupdateofcurrent
researchfindingsrelatingtoagingandneuromuscularpathology.
AmericanJournalof
PhysicalMedicine&Rehabilitation
,
88
(2),145155.